山东省高考题型解题技法总论.doc

题型一完形填空山东省 5 年高考完形填空考情统计与命题分析为强化学生的阅读和篇章分析能力，从2014年开始山东高考新增加一篇10个小题的完形填空。该类完形填空在做题方法上与20个小题的完形填空没有本质区别，下面主要以20个小题的完形填空为例进行分析。研究近5年的山东高考完形填空试题，可以发现如下共同特点。(一)选材角度体裁上，以叙为主，叙议结合。选材多为具有一定故事情节的记叙文，一般按照时间线索行文，逻辑清晰，层次分明。题材上，选用贴近考生实际生活的语言材料。文章均富有思想性和教育性，常常通过生活琐事来预示人生哲理与人性，可读性较强。(二)挖空角度首先，文章首句通常不设空，目的是让考生熟悉语言环境，迅速进入主题，对文章有宏观和整体性的把握。其次，挖去的词汇以实词为主，虚词为辅。最后，具体挖空的时候遵循“重复原则”，即挖去的词通常都在保留的上下文中给出解题的线索。(三)选项角度同一空格所对应的四个选项一般是同一词性，或在句子中充当同样的语法成分，这是拟选项时所应遵循的最基本的原则。在完形填空题中，具体的语法规则不再是考查重点，而主要考查考生对上下文的理解，要求考生通过具体的语言环境来做出选择。所以，所拟出的四个选项往往在语法方面都能成立，错误选项多半可以和空前、空后的文字形成某种考生非常熟悉的固定搭配，具有很强的干扰和迷惑作用。(四)考查角度完形填空主要考查5个角度：上下文语义理解、语法结构及逻辑关系、习惯搭配及固定结构、词义辨析和生活常识及文化背景。一、完形填空3大着眼点完形填空注重在语境中考查词义。几乎所有的备选项都要通过联系上文或下文而确定。因此答案有的由空格所在的句子决定，有的由相邻不远的一组句子决定，还有的由整个语篇内容综合决定。因此，依据完形填空设题的考点层次，可将完形填空题分为句内层次题、句组层次题和语篇层次题。明确了完形填空解题的着眼点，就锁定了思考范围，有利于考生快速准确答题。 (一)句内层次题句内层次类题目是指通过阅读空格所处的那一句话即可找出答案的题目。命题角度通常有上下文语义理解、词义辨析、生活常识和文化背景、习惯搭配及固定结构、语法结构及逻辑关系等五种。典例1(2013安徽高考)If you want to learn a new language, the very first thing to think about is why.Do you need it for a _36_ reason, such as your job or your studies?36A.technicalBpoliticalCpractical Dphysical分析：选C本题为句内层次题。由接下来的“such as your job or your studies”可知，此处是问你学一门外语是因为某种现实的需要(诸如求职或求学)吗？practical“现实的”，符合语境。典例2(2013浙江高考)The most valuable lesson I gained from studying in France wasnt just to respect the French people _39_ to respect all people, for your next best friend could be just a continent away.39A.and BbutCor Dso分析：选B本题为句内层次题。由语境“不只是尊重法国人，而是要尊重所有人”可知，前后表示转折关系，要用转折连词but连接。(二)句组层次题句组层次类题目是指通过阅读空格所处的那一句话不能找出正确答案，需要结合题目所在句子以外的句子(句组)才可找出答案的题目。命题角度通常有上下文语义理解、词义辨析和逻辑关系等三种。典例1(2013湖北高考)Zigfried, a little mouse, blew his breath on the frosty window of the farmhouse and rubbed it to see the outside.Still nobody came.Maybe today, he thought _31_.It was only a few days before Christmas and he was watching for a miracle (奇迹)31A.carefullyBexcitedlyChopefully Dproudly分析：选C本题为句组层次题。从语境的叙述看，这只小老鼠在窗户上哈气，然后把窗户擦亮，它满怀希望地想，或许今天会有人来。这里用hopefully指它的一种心情。其中关键词maybe(或许，有可能)说明对奇迹是否在今天出现不能十分肯定，只是“有希望”。B项excitedly(激动地，兴奋地)在这里描述小老鼠的心情是不合适的。典例2(2013安徽高考)We all lead _43_busy_ lives and learning a language takes _44_.You will have more success if you study regularly, so try to develop a _45_routine_.It doesnt matter if you havent got long.Becoming fluent in a language will take years, but learning to get by takes _46_a_lot_less_.44A.courage BtimeCenergy Dplace分析：选B本题为句组层次题。根据下文的“regularly; long; take years”等词语可知，学习语言需要时间。(三)语篇层次题语篇层次类题目是指无法在句内或句组确定答案，需要结合整个语篇才能找到正确答案的题目。这类题目主要考查考生的篇章分析能力。命题角度通常有上下文语义理解和逻辑关系两种。典例1(2013湖南高考)When I was 8 years old, I once decided to run away from home.With my suitcase _36_packed_ and some sandwiches in a bag, I started for the front door and said to Mom, “Im leaving.”“If you want to _37_， thats all right，” she said. “But you came into this home without anything and you can leave the same way.”The door inched open and Moms smiling face appeared.“Did you change your _47_decision_ about running away？” she asked.37A.drop out Bgo byCmove around Drun away分析：选D本题为语篇层次题。根据第一段中的“I once decided to run away from home”可知，作者是要离家出走。47空后的“running away”也是线索提示。典例2(2010安徽高考)First of all, a pen should fit comfortably in your hand and be _40_easy_ to use.Then, the writing point of the pen should _46_allow_ the ink to flow evenly (均匀的) while that pen remains in touch with the paper. _52_， the pen should make a thick, dark line .52A.Meanwhile BGenerallyCAfterwards DFinally分析：选D本题为语篇层次题。由原文第二段段首的First of all和第三段段首的Then以及最后一段的内容可知此处应用finally，表示此段介绍了钢笔的最后一个特点。二、完形填空6大解题技巧(一)利用文章首句解题完形填空首句一般不设空，而首句往往是了解全文的窗口，依据首句所给的信息常常可以看出文章的体裁和背景，从而有利于快速把握文章的主旨大意。文章第一句往往是完形填空做题的切入点，开始几个空往往与首句有密切关系。典例(2013山东高考)I used to be a very selfcentered person, but in the past two years I have really changed. I have started to think about other people _36_ I think about myself. I am happy that I am becoming a _37_ person.36A.sinceBbeforeCor Dunless37A.famous BsimpleCdifferent Dskilled分析：36、37题可利用文章首句解题。通过首句并结合全文可知，本文为记叙文，主要讲述了“我”个人思想的转变。通过首句“我以前是个以自我为中心的人，但是在过去两年里我真正变了”可以推知前两空所在句的含义分别为“我开始在为自己考虑之前，先考虑他人”，“我很高兴我变成一个不同的人”。由此可知36题答案为B,37题答案为C。(二)利用上下文语境解题上下文是形成语境的基础，做题时要学会瞻前顾后，要做到词不离句、句不离段、段不离文。因为，有时如果单独看空格，看似几个选项填入空格都没有错，句子也通顺，但结合全文内容来理解，就只有一个最佳答案。典例(2013山东高考)At first, I just wanted to get my _39_degree_ and be left alone. I thought I was smarter than everyone else, so I hardly ever _40_talked_ to anyone in my classes. By the end of my first semester, I was really _41_lonely_. It seemed as if everyone but me had made friends and was having fun. So I tried a(n) _42_experiment_. I started asking people around me how they were doing, and if they were having trouble I _43_offered_ to help. That was really a big _44_ for me. By the end of the year, I had several new friends, and two of _45_them_ are still my best friends today.44A.dream BproblemCduty Dstep分析：选D本题必须结合上下文语境才能正确解题。由上文知作者以前几乎从不和班里任何人交流，而现在却主动询问别人有什么困难需要帮助，所以这对作者来说是一大“步”，所以填step。(三)利用逻辑关系解题逻辑关系隐藏在句子中、句与句之间以及段落的衔接中。利用逻辑关系，我们可以通过确切、具体的线索，把答案的逻辑意义推测出来，从而确定正确选项。1句中逻辑关系典例(2013新课标全国卷)I tried to find a _47_comfortable_ position and thought it might be restful，_48_ kind of nice, to be _49_pushed_ around for a while.48A.yet BjustCstill Deven分析：选D本题可利用句中逻辑关系解题。由上文“我尽力找到一个舒适的坐姿，认为这样可以放松一些。”可知此处应为表示递进关系的even。表示“我想，要是被人推着四处走一会儿那就太好了。”2句间逻辑关系典例(2013湖北高考)The house came _45_alive_ the next few days.Zigfried _46_enjoyed_ every single hour of them. _47_， the day before Christmas when he was drinking hot chocolate with a _48_satisfied_ smile at the door of his home, he heard the _49_discussion_ of the children of the family about what they might get for Christmas.47A.However BInsteadCMoreover DTherefore分析：选A本题可利用句间逻辑关系解题。从47空前后文的关系来看，此处表示转折关系，故用however。3段间逻辑关系典例(2013天津高考).Such is Dad whatever problem he _25_meets_with_， he never gives up._26_， the disastrous effects of the drought were felt all over our country.26A.Thankfully BHopefullyCUnfortunately DStrangely分析：选C本题可利用段间逻辑关系解题。上文提到父亲无论遇到什么困难都不放弃，下文提到整个国家发生了旱灾，因此，此处选C项。(四)利用语义复现解题复现是一种语境衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等形式，重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的复现现象来选择正确的答案。1原词复现典例(2013四川高考)Even though I was used to regular insults (侮辱) because of the _11_ on my head, it was _12_still_ horrible to hear.“But shell be _17_left_ with scars on her head, and of course her hair wont grow there.”As a child, I cared much about my scars, so I _18_usually_ wore a scarf to cover them up when I left home.11A.hat BscarfCscars Dcuts分析：选C本题可利用原词复现解题。本文后文多次出现scars一词，故C项正确。2同义或近义词复现典例(2013湖南高考)“Wait a minute，” Mom said. “I want your _39_clothes_ back.You didnt wear anything when you arrived.” This really angered me.I tore my clothes off shoes, socks, underwear and all and _40_， “Can I go now？” “Yes，” Mom answered, “but once you close that door, dont expect to come back.”40A.explained BsuggestedCcontinued Dshouted分析：选D本题可利用同义或近义词复现解题。由“This really angered me.”可知，当妈妈向作者要衣服的时候他已经非常生气了，这时候脱下衣服的他更是控制不住愤怒。与anger相对应的词应为“shout”。3反义词复现典例(2013新课标全国卷)It runs in the _33_family_. Michaels father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier.Michael Greenberg feels the _34_same_. A pair of gloves may be a _35_ thing, but it can make a big difference in winter.35A.small BusefulCdelightful Dcomforting分析选A本题可利用反义词复现解题。一副手套虽然是微不足道的东西，但在冬天却能起大作用。与make a big difference相对，选small。(五)利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题英语语言中的很多词汇均以短语搭配的形式出现，完形填空题中的词汇也不例外。很多时候，在分析语境、理清空白处含义的基础上，利用对短语搭配的分析可以快速、准确地推断完形填空的未知信息。完形填空中也经常会测试一些固定结构、固定句式，这时考生就需要用到习惯搭配及固定结构来解题。典例1(2013北京高考)To be a toplevel gymnast, one must be brave.The beam is probably the most _46_fearful_ for anyone because its four inches wide.At the state competition, Lola didnt fall _47_ the beam.In fact, she got an 8.1 out of 10 her highest score yet.47A.to BonCoff Dagainst分析：选C本题可利用习惯搭配解题。由下文“事实上，她得到8.1分也是她的最高分”可知她在国家级的比赛中没有从平衡木上掉下来。fall off“从掉下来”。典例2(2013安徽高考)Well, relax and laugh about your mistakes _52_ youre much less likely to make them again.52A.if BandCbut Dbefore分析：选B本题可利用固定结构解题。此处表达的意思为“放松心态，自嘲自己的错误，这样你再次犯错的可能性就会大大降低”。此处为“祈使句and陈述句”结构，故B项符合语境。(六)利用生活常识和文化背景解题完形填空的语篇中往往渗透着相关的如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去。典例(2012湖北高考)He agreed, but _43_added_， “An odometer without a speedometer (速度计) is like a _44_ without a knife.”44A.pencil BforkCbox Dcake分析：选B本题可利用生活常识和文化背景解题。西方人使用刀、叉吃饭为基本常识，了解西方人的生活方式是解本题的关键。三、完形填空解题流程题型二阅读理解山东省 3 年高考阅读理解考情统计与命题分析ABCD命题分析2013体裁记叙文说明文说明文记叙文分析对比近3年山东英语高考试题，我们发现阅读理解的命题有以下趋势：体裁广泛，题材多样。从体裁和题材上看，近3年山东卷阅读理解题所选文章涵盖记叙文、议论文和说明文等，题材广泛，词汇量适中；阅读材料原汁原味，文化含量加大，文章的风格更具英语语言的特点。选材丰富，时代气息浓郁，涉及了社会、历史地理、科普知识与现代技术、人生观与日常生活等领域。话题人际关系文学与艺术科普知识与现代技术周围的环境2012体裁记叙文说明文说明文记叙文话题历史与地理社会周围的环境科普知识与现代技术2011体裁说明文记叙文说明文说明文话题社会人际关系热点话题科普知识与现代技术一、高考英语篇章的结构与布局英语文章有其特定的行文逻辑和布局方式，了解这些特点对于把握文章的整体结构和主旨大意，进而理清文章的细枝末节都有重要的意义。考生在解答阅读理解题时，往往只关注文章的细枝末节而缺乏宏观把握，实际上，了解文章的整体框架远比仅仅理解细节重要得多。记叙文一般会依据故事发生的线索行文，容易把握和理解，而说明文和议论文与记叙文相比，理解难度稍大一点，从篇章结构的总体特点来看，说明文和议论文这两种体裁的文章有极大的相似之处。下面主要介绍这两种体裁文章的结构与布局的一般规律。1问题解决型一般结构为：提出一个问题对此作出的反应给出对策或作出评价。典例 (2013天津高考B篇)Last nights meteor (流星) shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers. According to Gabe Rothschild, Emerald Valleys mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the citys lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.第一段作者通过人们观看流星却因城市灯光的亮度超过了星光从而影响了人们观看夜空一事，提出光污染问题。“My family was so frustrated，” admitted town resident Duane Cosby.“We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”Astronomers scientists who study stars and planets have been complaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.第二段和第三段分别介绍了普通民众和科学家的反应。There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats, frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating (迁徙的) birds. According to the International DarkSky Association, “100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.”Countless more animal casualties (伤亡) result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a persons chances of getting cancer.第四段和第五段描述了光污染对其他生物和人类的影响。Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.最后一段介绍了一些人的对策。2现象分析型 一般结构为：提出一个现象分析其原因或特点给出建议或提出看法。典例 (2013重庆高考E篇) It is widely known that any English conversation begins with The Weather. Such a fixation with the weather finds expression in Dr. Johnsons famous comment that “When two English meet, their first talk is of weather.” Though Johnsons observation is as accurate now as it was over two hundred years ago, most commentators fail to come up with a convincing explanation for this English weatherspeak.第一段作者首先说明一个普遍都知道的现象：英国人见面谈话爱谈论天气。Bill Bryson, for example, concludes that, as the English weather is not at all exciting, the obsession with it can hardly be understood. He argues that “To an outsider, the most striking thing about the English weather is that there is not very much of it.” Simply, the reason is that the unusual and unpredictable weather is almost unknown in the British Isles. Jeremy Paxman, however, disagrees with Bryson, arguing that the English weather is by nature attractive. Bryson is wrong, he says, because the English preference for the weather has nothing to do with the natural phenomena. “The interest is less in the phenomena themselves, but in uncertainty.” According to him, the weather in England is very changeable and uncertain and it attracts the English as well as the outsider. 第二和第三段分别阐述了Bill Bryson和Jeremy Paxman对这一现象的两种相反观点(即分析原因)。Bryson and Paxman stand for common misconceptions about the weatherspeak among the English. Both commentators, somehow, are missing the point. The English weather conversation is not really about the weather at all. English weatherspeak is a system of signs, which is developed to help the speakers overcome the natural reserve and actually talk to each other. Everyone knows conversations starting with weatherspeak are not requests for weather data. Rather, they are routine greetings, conversation starters or the blank “fillers”. In other words, English weatherspeak is a means of social bonding.最后一段提出了作者自己的观点：英国人见面谈论天气是设计的一种手段。3概括详述型(1)先揭示中心主题，再举例说明。典例(2013浙江高考A篇) No one knows for sure when advertising first started. It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them. That led to the concept of specialization, which means that people would specialize, or focus, on doing one specific job. 第一段揭示了篇章的主题，即广告源自劳动分工的产生。Lets take a man well call Mr. Fielder, for example. He did everything connected with farming. He planted seeds, tended the fields, and harvested and sold his crops. At the same time, he did many other jobs on the farm. However, he didnt make the bricks for his house, cut his trees into boards, make the plows (犁), or any of the other hundreds, of things a farm needs. Instead, he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things. Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr. Plowright. Using what he knew about farming and working with iron, Mr. Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier. Mr. Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows. Perhaps, he thought, other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows.支撑事例1：Mr.Fielder的事例How did Mr. Plowright let people know what he was doing? Why, he advertised, of course. First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers. That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door. It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr. Plowright and his really good plows.支撑事例2：Mr.PlOwright的事例(2)先揭示中心主题，再将主题分成几个更具体的方面进行论述或说明。典例(2013陕西高考C篇) According to sociologists (社会学家), every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification (阶层). Class,_power_and_status are important in deciding peoples rank in society.第一段总说，点明主旨：阶级(class)、权力(power)、地位(status)共同决定一个人的社会地位。Class means a persons economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class! 阶级Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously, people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise (行使) big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相应的) economic class. Generally, however, there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge, there arent too many people who arent millionaires in the US Senate! 权力分三段分别对阶级、权力、地位进行诠释。Status is the honor or respect attached to a persons position in society. It can also be affected by power and class, but not necessarily so. For example, a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.地位,4对比、比较型 典例1(2013重庆高考E篇) Bill_Bryson,_for example, concludes that, as the English weather is not at all exciting, the obsession with it can hardly be understood.He_argues_that “To an outsider, the most striking thing about the English weather is that there is not very much of it.” Simply, the reason is that the unusual and unpredictable weather is almost unknown in the British Isles.Bill Bryson的观点。Jeremy Paxman, however,_disagrees_with_Bryson,_arguing that the English weather is by nature attractive. Bryson is wrong, he says, because the English preference for the weather has nothing to do with the natural phenomena.“The interest is less in the phenomena themselves, but in uncertainty.” According to him, the weather in England is very changeable and uncertain and it attracts the English as well as the outsider.Jeremy Paxman相反的