so用作替代词语法.doc

so用作替代词语法 EG：In the beginning, I was just asexcited as my mother, maybe even more so.这句句末的so是一个替代词(pro-form)，替代上文提到的just as excited as mymother。句中的even moreso意为even moreexcited than my mother。在英语中，用替代词替代上文出现过的句子成分或分句称为替代(substitution)。替代是连接上下文，避免重复的重要手段之一。当so用作替代词时，主要可替代上文出现过的主语补语、谓语部分(predication)或分句。当主语补语在上文中出现过时，在下文中可用so来替代，以避免重复。例如：She was frightened, but I was not so.He was very angry, and his wife was evenmore so.I feel rather hungry. Dont you feel so?Mary looks pretty, but her sister doesntlook so.可以用so替代的谓语部分主要包括“动词+宾语”、“动词+状语”、“动词+宾语+状语”等结构。如果这些结构已在上文出现过，在下文中便可用do so来替代。例如：Jane has read the newspaper today, and shewill do so tomorrow.Tim drinks a lot. Does his father do so?He worked very hard in the past, and hewill do so in the future.Tom speaks quickly, but his son doesnt doso.Dr. Smith always examines his patientscarefully, and he is doing so now.She read the words clearly, but the othergirls didnt do so.在主语补语或谓语部分被替代的情况下，如果上文和下文都是肯定陈述句，而它们的主语又不相同，通常要用“so + be / do +主语”的结构。例如：He was angry, and so was his wife.Mary looks pretty, and so does her sister.They play cards after dinner, and so do we.My father caught a cold, and so did mymother.Jack got up late, and so did Janet.I answered the question correctly, and sodid Lisa.这种结构常出现在日常对话中用于简短的答语，表示相同或类似的情况。例如：A: He is a clever boy.B: So is my little brother.A: Tom came to the class early.B: So did I.A: The chair needs repairing.B: So does the one youre sitting on.如果上文和下文都是否定陈述句，则下文要用“neither / nor +be / do +主语”的结构。例如：Allen isnt an actor, and neither / nor isRobert.She doesnt speak good English, and neither/ nor does her husband.A: Im not worried about it.B: Neither / Nor am I.A: Peter didnt answer the question.B: Neither / Nor did Henry.有必要提示学生注意的是：“so + be / do +主语”或“neither / nor +be / so +主语”结构中的be / do只是最常用的形式。如上文的动词短语中包含除be / do以外的助动词或情态助动词，则下文中要用相同的助动词或情态助动词。例如：I have been to America, and so has Ed.He hasnt come yet, and neither have hisfriends.A: Richard can play the piano.B: So can Linda.A: Tom mustnt come back very late.B: Neither / Nor must his brothers.用替代词so替代分句的情况常见于充当宾语的名词分句，这些宾语分句常跟在一些表示看法、意见的动词之后，这些动词常见的有believe, be afraid, expect, hope, imagine, say, tell, think, suppose等。例如：A: Does Fred live here?B: I think so.A: Am I late?B: Im afraid so.A: Does Tom agree with you?B: I believe so.A: Will the Lakers win the game?B: Many people say so.A: Is Barbara going to the party tonight?B: I suppose / hope so.A: Was she an actress when she was young?B: Ive been told so.A: Your girl friend is going with you,isnt she?B: I expect so.对类似上述问题的否定回答常用not作替代词，也可用“动词否定式+so”。例如：A: Do you think Fred lives here?B: I think not. / I dont think so.A: Is there going to be a meeting tomorrow?B: I su