时态和动词不规则过去式.doc

The simple past tense 一般过去时一.概念：一般过去时是表示在过去的时间里发生的动作或状态，通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。二时间状语：yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, long long ago, a minute ago,last year(week, month), once upon a time, just now, in those days.三过去时的用法：1有确定的过去时间状语时要用过去式。例：We had a good time last week.2表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去式。例：The boy closed the door, turned off the window, and then went to bed.3. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作，要用过去式。例：She often came to help me at that time.四.一般过去式的构成形式：Be动词的过去式肯定句：主语+ be动词的过去式（was, were） 例：He was ill yesterday.否定句：主语+ be动词的过去式（was, were）+ not 例：He was not ill yesterday.一般疑问句：直接把be动词提到句首。例：Was he ill yesterday? Yes, he was./ No, he wasnt.一般动词的过去式肯定句：主语+动词的过去式 例：He played football last week.否定句：主语+ did not +动词原形 例：He did not play football last week.一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形 例：Did he play football last week? Yes, he did./ No, he didnt.五动词变过去式的几种常用规则：1一般动词直接+ ed; 例：look-looked want-wanted listen -listened2以e结尾的词直接+ d; 例：live-lived phone-phoned3以辅音字母加y结尾, 变y为i加ed; 例：try-tried study-studied4重读闭音节结尾的，词尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母+ ed;例：stop-stopped plan-planned 六具体示例：Be动词 肯定句She was nine two years ago. They were my students long long ago.否定句 She was not nine two years ago. They were not my students long long ago.一般疑问句Was she nine two years ago? Were they your students long long ago?肯、否定回答 Yes, she was. / No, she wasnt. Yes, they were. / No, they werent.实意动词 肯定句 She watched TV last night.否定句 She didnt watch TV last night.一般疑问句 Did she watch TV last night?肯、否定回答Yes, she did. / No, she didnt.不规则动词过去式和过去分词巧记方法一、原形、过去式和过去分词的词形和读音都相同的单词，结尾字母一般是t或d。如： cut-cut-cut, hit-hit-hit, put-put-put, cost-cost-cost, let-let-let, shut-shut-shut, set-set-set, hurt-hurt-hurt, spread-spread-spread 特殊：动词read的过去式和过去分词虽然词形与原形一致，read-read-read，但发音分别是ri:d-red-red。 二、有些动词的过去分词与原形是一样的。如： come-came-come, become-became-become, run-ran-run, overcome-overcame-overcome 三、有些动词的过去式和过去分词相同。如： 1. 把单词结尾的字母d改为t。如： end-lent-lent, spend-spent-spent, send-sent-sent 2. 改变单词中间元音字母。如： sit-sat-sat, win-won-won, shine-shone-shone, hold-held-held 3. 以eep结尾的动词，把eep改为ept。如： keep-kept-kept, sleep-slept-slept, sweep-swept-swept 4. 过去式和过去分词都以augh或ough结尾的动词。如： buy-bought-bought, fight-fought-fought, think-thought-thought, bring-brought-brought, teach-taught-taught, catch-caught-caught 5. 有的以ay结尾的动词，在过去式和过去分词中把ay变成aid。如： say-said-said, lay-laid-laid, pay-paid-paid 6. 另有一些其它形式的变化。如： have-had-had, learn-learnt-learnt, leave-left-left, lose-lost-lost, make-made-made, meet-met-met, feel-felt-felt 四、有些动词原形中含有字母i，在过去式中变i为a，在过去分词中变i为u。如： begin-began-begun, sing-sang-sung 五、以字母ow或aw结尾的动词，在变成过去式时，通常把元音字母变成e，在变成过去分词时，通常只在词尾加n。如： blow- blew- blown, draw-drew-drawn, grow-grew-grown, throw-threw-thrown, know-knew-known 六、有些动词的过去分词是在原形词尾加n或en，变成以en结尾的单词。如： Rise-rose-risen, arise-arose-arisen， give-gave-given, take-took-taken, fall-fell-fallen, drive-drove-driven, eat-ate -eaten 特殊： write-wrote-written, speak-spoke-spoken, ride-rode-ridden, get-got-gotten （1） AAA型（动词原形、过去式、过去分词同形） cost（花费） cost cost cut（割） cut cut hit（打） hit hit hurt 伤害） hurt hurt let（让） let let put（放） put put read （读） read read spread (伸展/ 传播) spread spread (2) AAB型（动词原形与过去式同形） beat（跳动） beat beaten (3) ABA型（动词原形与过去分词同形） become（变成）became become come（来） came come run（跑） ran run (4) ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形） dig（挖） dug dug get（得到） got got hang（吊死） hanged hanged hang（悬挂） hung hung hold（抓住） held held lay (产卵) laid laid shine（照耀） shone shone sit（坐） sat sat win （赢） won won meet（遇见） met met keep （保持） kept kept sleep（睡） slept slept sweep（扫） swept swept feel（感觉） felt felt flee (逃跑) fled fled smell（闻） smelt smelt leave（离开） left left build（建设） built built lend（借出） lent lent send （传送) sent sent spend（花费） spent spent sink (沉下)sunk /sank snuk /sunken lose （丢失） lost lost burn （燃烧） burnt burnt learn（学习） learnt learnt mean（意思是）meant meant catch（抓住） caught caught teach（教) taught taught bring(带来） brought brought fight （战斗) fought fought buy（买） bought bought think（想） thought thought hear （听见） heard heard sell（卖） sold sold tell（告诉） told told say（说） said said find（找到) found found feed ( 饲养 )fed fed have/has(有) had had make（制造) made made stand（站） stood stood smell （闻）smelled /smelt smelled /smelt stick (粘贴 /刺) stuck stuck spell (拼写)spelt/spelled spelt/spelled spit (吐唾沫）spat spat understand(明白)understood understood (5) ABC型（动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形） begin（开始）began begun drink（喝） drank drunk hide （躲藏）hid hidden ring（铃响） rang rung sing （唱） sang sung swim（游泳） swam swum blow（吹） blew blown draw （画） drew drawn fly（飞） flew flown grow（生长） grew grown know（知道） knew known throw（投掷）threw thrown show（出示） showed shown break（打破）broke broken choose（选择)chose chosen forget（忘记)forgot forgotten (forgot) freeze （结冰 凝固）froze frozen speak（说） spoke spoken wake（醒） woke woke drive（驾驶）drove driven eat（吃） ate eaten fall（落下） fell fallen give（给） gave given rise（升高） rose risen take（取） took taken mistake(弄错)mistook mistaken ride（骑） rode ridden write（写） wrote written do（做） did done go（去） went gone lie（平躺） lay lain see（看见） saw seen wear （穿） wore worn be ( am, is, are )（是）was, were been -spoke-spoken, ride-rode-ridden, get-got-gotten 一般现在时态在英语中，由于谓语动作发生的时间不同，或表达不同时间存在的状态，谓语动词都要发生相应的变化，这种动词形式的变化就叫做动词的时态。一般现在时态除主语为单数第三人称外，谓语动词一律用动词原形，常与下列时间状语连用：always, usually, ofen, sometimes, every(month, week, Sunday)如果主语为第三人称单数，那么谓语动词的词尾就要发生变化。1.Be动词 have 动词 Im a teacher. You are a teacher. She(He) is a teacherWe/You/They are teachers. I/You have an English book.She/He has an English book. We/You/They have English books.2.第三人称单数行为动词变化规则一般情况下词尾加-s以-ch,-sh,-o,-s,-s结尾的动词尾加-es以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词先变y为i后再加-eslive-liveslearn-learnsclean-cleanshelp-helpsteach-teacheswash-washespass-passesgo-goesfix-fixesstudy-studiescarry-carriesfly-flies3一般现在时动词词尾变化读音规则4.一般现在时态的用法表经常发生的动作、行为或存在的状态。I go to school every day except Saterday and Sundays. There are 22 classes in our school表一种客观事实或普遍真理。The earth is round. The sun is bigger than the moon.(1)一般现在时的否定形式 动词be 的否定形式：主语+am/is/are+not + 表语 Im not a work. He/She is not a teacher. We are not Japanese.动词have 的否定形式：主语+ have/has +not any/no +宾语I have not any/no pens.=I dont have (any) pens. 其他行为动词一般现在时的否定式是：如果主语是I,you或复数时，就在动词前加 do not, 可缩略为dont;如果主语是第三人称单数时，就在动词前加does not, 可缩写为doesnt.但此时，动词一定要变原形。I speak Enlish. I dont speak English. We/You/They speak English. We(You, They) dont speak English. He/She /It speaks English. He/She /It doesnt speak English. 注; doesnt 和 dont 后一律用原形。（2）一般现在时的疑问句式 动词be的疑问式：只需要将be动词提到句首，第一个字母大写，句号变问好即可。Mr. White is a writer. Is Mr. White a writer?动词have的疑问式动词have/has 表示“有”变为疑问句时，可直接把have/has放在句首。如果have/has表示其他意思时，就要借助动词do/does来提问了。I have a beautiful skirt. Have you a beautiful skirt?Mary has a new school bag .Has Mary a new school bag ?They have classes every day.Do they have classes every day?She has breakfast at 6:30 every day.Does she have breakfast at 6:30 every day? 其他行为动词一般现在时疑问句式：Do/Does + 主语+行为动词的原形（+宾语）+ 状语?Do you often go to school by bike? Does he read English every morning?一般将来时一.意义:表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或重复发生的动作，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如：tomorrow , soon ,next Monday , next year , next weekend , this afternoon , this evening 二. 构成及变化一般将来时常用的两种结构be going to+动词原形 : 表示打算、准备做的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事。shallwill+动词原形 : 表示将要发生的动作或情况，没有太多的计划性, 还用来表示意愿1. be going to +动词原形1.肯定句主语+ be(am /,is,/ are) going to +动词原形+其它成份My sister is going to learn English next year. 我姐姐准备明年学英语。2.否定句 主语+be（am / is / are）not going to +动词原形 +其它成份I am not going to（go to）the cinema tonight. 我今天晚上不打算去看电影。3.一般疑问句 Be (am / is / are)+主语+going to+动词原型+其它成份?Is your father going to play basketball with you ?No , he isnt.你父亲打算和你去打篮球吗?不。4.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词(Wh-)+一般疑问句 ?Where are you going to spend Spring Fesital.? 春节你打算在哪过？5.注意: be going to 结构后面习惯上不跟 go ， come 等表位移的动词，一般用该动词的进行时形式表示。如: Hes going to New York next week.下周他要去纽约.2. will /shall +动词原形 （在书面语中，主语是第一人称时，常用shall ,在口语中，所有人称都可以用will）1.肯定句 主语+will/shall+动词原形+其它成份I (shall) write to him next week. 下周我将给他写信。2.否定句主语 + will /shall+ not + 动词原形 +其它成份They wont watch TV this evening.今天晚上他们不看电视。3.一般疑问句 will/shall+主语 +动词原形+其它成份Will you stay at home with us tomorrow ？ 明天你和我们呆在家里好吗？4.特殊疑问句 特殊疑问词(Wh-) +一般疑问句When will your father be back? 你爸爸什么时侯回来？附 :Shall I /we 常用来征求对方意见，而问对方是否愿意，或者表示客气的邀请，常用Will you?他们的回答比较灵活。1Shall we go to the park ?肯定Sure , lets go .否定 No , lets go to the cinema.2.Will you please come to my birthday party next week ?肯定Yes, I will. / Sure .否定 Im sorry. Im afraid I cant.现在进行时现在进行时用助动词be的人称形式加现在分词构成，它的肯定、否定、疑问形式如下：I am working。 I am not working。 I am i working？现在进行时主要表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。Where are they having the basket-ball match？They are putting up the scaffolding。Hes showing a foreign guest round the city。在不少情况下，表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子，并没有“正在”这样的字，在译为英语时却必须用进行时态：How are you getting on with the work？ The work is going fairly smoothly。You are making rapid progress。 t is blowing hard。 Who are you waiting for？Wenever I see her，she is working in the garden。我每次看到她时，她总是在花园里干活。在一般现在时所列的表示状态和感觉的动词，一般不能用于进行时态，因为他们不能表示正在进行的动作。但如果词义转变，能表示一个正在进行的动作，就能够用于进行时态，试比较下面的句子：Do you see anyone over there？你看到那里有什么人吗？Are you seeing someone off？你在给谁送行吗？I hear someone singing。我听见有人唱歌。They are hearing an english talk？他们在听一个英语报告。What do you think of it？你觉得这怎么样？What are you thinking about？你在想什么？另外，表示无法持续动作的动词，一般不宜用于进行时态，但有些可以用于这个时态表示重复、即将等：He is jumping up and down。她一上一下地跳着。The train is arriving。火车就要进站了。The old man is dying。老头病危了。现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安安排要进行的动作（这是多有一个表示未来时间的状语）：We are leaving on friday。Are you going anywhere tomorrow？A foreign guest is giving a lecture in english this afternoon。Xiao Hong！coming。Wo is interpreting for you？W are having a holiday next Monday。但这仅限于少量动词，如go，come，leave，start，arrive，lunch，return，dine，work，sleep，stay，play，do，have，wear等。另外，“be going+不定式”这个结构经常用来表示即将发生的事或打算（准备）做的事：I am afraid it is going to rain。It is going to be rather cold tomorrow。She is not going to speak at the meeting。在这个结构中过去有许多人不赞成用go和come这两个动词，感到很别扭，主张不说Are you going to go anywhere tomorrow？而说Are you going anywhere tomorrow？不说Is she going to come？而说is she coming？但现在在这种结构中用两个动词的人越来越多，这种用法基本上被大家接受了。此外，在时间和条件状语从句中，间或也可用现在进行时表示将来的情况或一般情况：Do not mention this when you are talking with him。Remember that when you are taking a rest，some else is always working。If she is still sleeping，do not wake her up。现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时，表示一个经常性动作或状态，这是或是为了表示一种感情（a）如赞叹、厌烦等，或是为了强调情况的暂时性（b）。a How are you feeling today？（比How do you feel today？更显亲切）Xiao Hua is doing fine work at school。（比Xiao Hua does fine work at school。更富赞美）He is always thinking of his work。表赞许He is constantly leaving his thing about。她老是乱扔东西。（表不满）He is always boasting。他老爱说大话。（表厌烦）bHe is sleeping in the next room now。他现在现在是在隔壁房间睡了（不再原来房间睡了）。The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill。Where is he working？他现在在那里工作？（可能刚换工作）For this week we are starting work at 7：30。He is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired。be间或可用于进行时态，表示一时的表现：You are not being modest。He is being silly。She is being friendly。Xiao Hong is being a good girl today。Do not talk rot。i am being serious。注： 在there和here引起的句子中，常可用一般现在时代替现在进行时：Here comes the bus。（=The bus is coming.）There goes the bell. (=The bell is ringing.)在某些情况下两种情况都可以用，没有多少差别：I wonder (am wondering) how I should answer then.Does your leg hurt? (is your leg hurting?)It itches (is itching) terribly. My back aches (is aching). I write (am writing ) to inform you现在完成时现在完成时由have的人称形式加过去分词构成。他的肯定、否定及疑问形式如下：I have read it. I have not read it. have you read it?现在完成时表示现刻以前发生的动作或情况，可以是：1 到现在为止的这一时期中发生的情况（可能时多次动作的总和，也可表示状态和习惯性动作）：We have opened up 200 mu of land this year.How many pages have you covered today?i havent seen him for many days.2. 对现状有影响的某一已发生的动作：The delegation has already left. I have seen the film many times. The city has taken on a new look.注： 这个时态有时还可以表示过去曾发生过一次或多次的情况，也可以说是一种经历：All our children have had measles. Mans hairs have grown white in a single might.He says that he has seen a meteor at some time.这个时态的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是讲迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是讲一个影响现状的动作，这样它不是从时间上就是从后果上和现在联系起来。根据这个特点我们可以判断什么时候用一般过去时，什么时候用现在完成时：1 当有一个表示过去某时的状语（包括when）时，不能用现在完成时：I saw her a minute ago. Just now Xiao Lin came to see you. When did you get to know it?2.当有一个表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，多用现在完成时：Up till now we have planted over 24,000 fruit trees.We havent had any physical training classes this week.He has learned a good deal since he came here.3.在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never这类副词作状语时，常可用现在完成时：this is the second game. they ve already won a game.have you got the plan ready yet? no, not yet. Ive just received a money order. 4.在单独谈一个过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时，通常用一般过去时，如果谈一件已经发生的事，不考虑它是什么时候发生的，而主要考虑对现在的影响，多用现在完成时：Did you get up very early? Has he got up? What did you have for lunch?Have you had lunch? I got the news from Xiao Yu.Ive got no news from him. 注： 有since引起的状语时，主要谓语通常用完成时态：We met in 1972,and have been good friends ever since (then).It has rained a great deal since you left.we havent seen each other again since them (since we parted in 1952). 但在表示时间长度时可用一般现在时。l 在使用一个表示状态的动词（如be, seem等）作谓语时，间或也可用现在时态：Its ok since i fixed it. It seems a long time since i was here.Im getting interested in china since you came here. 间或用过去时，特别时在口语中。I lost ten pounds since i started swimming.在since引起的状语从句中，通常用一般过去时。但间或可用现在完成时：I havent seen him since i have been back.since i have known her, she has been fond of sports.有时同样一句汉语，由于使用场合不用，译成英语时可能需要不同时态：Has xiao yang come? Did xiao yang come?How many people have gone to the factory?How many people went to the factory? We havent invited him. We didnt invite him.有时同样一个动作，也随着说话的意图不同而用不同时态表示：Has he gone to town? how did he go there? 后一句谈动作本身，与现在无联系。Have you had your lunch? where did you have it？ 你吃中午饭了吗？在那吃的？Has she left? why did she leave so early?某些动词的现在完成时刻表示一直持续到现在的状态：How have you been (recently)? The