正确区分可数名词与不可数名词.doc

第一章 名词 正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数（单复数）之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 第一节 可数名词 考点一 单复数 可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s，变为复数形式，其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 例如：various colors(various是各种各样的，后面当然要用复数形式) 下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s，但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则： 1结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如：buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes 2结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories 3结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives 4结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs 例题： (1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. ABCD 答案：A 应改为：Flowers 解释：表泛指时，可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数，因谓语是复数，故改为复数 (2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic ABCD pain. 答案：A 应改为：Doctors 解释：表泛指时，可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数，因谓语动词是复数，故名词也用复数 考点二 复数形式特例 这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆，作为考题并不过多的出现，但是在题干中的出现率却非常高，因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 1单复数词形相同 如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species，sheep, deer, aircraft等 2外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena 3通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部)， 4复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) 5 不规则的名词复数 child - children mouse - mice louse - lice tooth - teeth foot - feet 6注意：有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 例题： (1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading ABC jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. D (2) Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed ABC feet. 答案：D 应改为：foot 解释：feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 词汇：sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 考点一 否定限定词no (1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. No one is here. (2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 例题: (1) The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is - clearly understood. (A) none (B) no (C) not (D) nor 答案: C 解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 (2) Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when ABC Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. D 答案: A 应改为: No 解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 考点二their等物主代词 1物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外)， 例如：不能说no my car, my no car，但是可以说 My two red cars 2英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系，这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 例如：Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. 这里用their 而不用 the 例题: (1) A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten ABC the lives. D 答案: D 应改为: their 解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 (2) A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any ABC specific way. D 答案: B 应改为: its 解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 例题: (1) In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or ABC relating those objects. 答案: B 应改为: is a set 解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 (2) At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. ABCD 答案: D 应改为: responses 解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few 注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25， 后面谓语动词用单数) A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) 考点一 不定冠词a / an 不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数，a和an 的主要区别是: a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour 不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). 例题: (1) How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever ABC been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. D 答案: B有错 应改为: puzzle. 解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle (2) Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a ABCDquestion of physiology and of culture. 答案: D有错应改为: day解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day (3) Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the ABCnonprofessional metal worker.答案: C应改为: still a practical解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 例题:(1) A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world.ABCD 答案: A应改为: An emotion解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an (2) If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine ABC chemically with other atoms.D 答案: A应改为: an atom解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an考点二 定冠词the 定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指，针对TOEFL应注意以下几点：(1) the和可数名词单数连用，表示一类人或物，如：the fern(蕨类), the wallflower (2) 序数词之前必须用the，如：the first woman, the nineteenth century但前面有物主代词时除外，如 my first baby (3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外)，如：the largest city, the most advanced technology (4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如：the development of the watch, (5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如：the globe(地球)，the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun 在下列情况下，一般不用the：(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加，如：Dennis Chavez(人名)，Alaska(地名)，English(英语), February(二月), America(美国)但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上thethe Great Lakes(美国五大湖)， the Changjiang River(长江) (2) 无特指的不可数名词前，如：algebra(代数学), advertising， accounting（会计学）(3) 表示类别的复数名词前，如：Historians believe that, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from(4) 一些固定词组中，如：in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed乘车的词组：by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车),by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空)on foot (步行)， by plane(乘飞机)， by ship (乘船)，打球的词组：play tennis, play baseball, play basketball 注意：表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如：He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. 例题：(D) Historically, - chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used.(A) it was the(B) that the(C) there was a (D) the 答案：D解释：空格后是主谓句，A、C可先排除，B使原句只有从句没有主句，只剩下D可选，D是定冠词作名词material的限定词，表特指 (2) The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of ABAlaska and a territory of the Canada.CD 答案：D应改为：of解释：Canada是国名，属专用名词，之前不能加定冠词 (3) The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to 考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, 如：a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture（一件家具）， two pieces of work（两份工作） an item of news(一条新闻) 2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 不能够说：an advice(一个建议) ，而应该说 a piece of advice 3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, 而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 例题：(1)Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and ABCDtrade.答案：C应改为：advertising解释：advertising是不可数名词，不能加冠词词汇：barter: 实物交易考点二 限定词 不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词：much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的)little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 例题：(1) Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear ABCimage, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment.D 答案：D应改为：little. 解释：equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little (2) Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge AB thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn.CD 答案：B应改为：much evidence解释：many是复数名词的限定词，而evidence是不可数名词，应用much作限定词 另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。例如： a lot of students , a lot of moneythe rest of the students, the rest of moneyPansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun.ABCnineteenth century.D答案：D应改为：to the nineteenth解释：nineteenth是序数词，之前应加the 第五节 所有格及of结构考点一 词尾加 s或 的所有格 所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +s, 如: my mothers coat, the headmasters home， the presidents office 如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 , 如: the students union, the ladies room 例题:(1) It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes -round shape into a teardrop shape. (A) of the drop (B) the drops (C) drop of (D) drops their 答案: (B) 解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 (2) Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an events - is equal to the probability that it will not occur.(A) occurs(B) will occur(C) can occur(D) occurring 答案：D 解释：句中已有谓语动词, s只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除考点二 of结构 所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系，或者说凡是不能够加s的名词，都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词)如： the title of the passage 例如:(1) James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names ABCof some works years after their completion.D 答案: C应改为: paintings解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 (2) Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and ABCDspinal cord. 答案: B应改为: stimulation解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式第六节 名词在句中的作用考点一 名词(词组)作主语 填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语例题:(1) In 1964 -of Henry Ossawa Tanners paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. (A) was a major collection (B) that a major collection (C) a collection was major (D) a major collection 答案: (D) 解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 (2) The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of ABCD medieval alchemists. 答案：A应改为：beginnings. 解释：句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语例题:(1) In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a -to New Yorks rockn roll fans.(A) new dance, the twist(B) twist, was the new dance(C) twist, the new dance that(D) new dance is the twist 答案: (A) 解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 (2) Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicants instep ABto see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch.CD答案: D 应改为: promise. 解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town.例题:(1) In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, -for children in Boston, Massachusetts.(A) that institutes(B) while instituted(C) was an institution(D) an institute 答案: (D) 解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 (2) Martha Graham, -, has run her own dance company for half a century.(A) is the great modern choreographer(B) one of the great modern choreographers(C) that the great modern choreographers(D) the modern choreographers were great 答案：B 解释：此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任；A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句考点四 名词(词组)作定语 名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等 例题:(1) Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, ABis a prosperous trading and distribute center.CD 答案: D应改为: distribution/ distributing.解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 (2)Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects.ABCD 答案: D应改为: color解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 附注：这是从一著名辅导学校出的复习光盘里导出来的，共分17章，在20号考试前已经发了重要的2部分了。现把其余的15章也分章贴出来了。另外做了一个总的压缩文件在：4/overseas/fdown/toefl.zip第二章形容词形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇，在句中主要作定语修饰名词，同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分第一节 形容词修饰名词形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词，如：modern art, electric current, great responsibility；这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例，几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词，主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 例题：(1) The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival.ABCD 答案：C应改为：certain. 解释：certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 (2) Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities.ABCD 答案：C应改为：visual. 解释：vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 注意1：大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话：The man was awake.There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语)这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 例题：(1) Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means ABCof on-the-spot, alive reports. D 答案： D应改为：live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的)解释：alive不能做定语, 只能做表语，所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) (2) Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also ABCgather data from documentary and oral sources.D答案： A应改为：like解释：alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 注意2：形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉.如：a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等， 注意3：形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, 一般来说：这个排序的规则是: 冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词如: two young American students my three red pencils考点一 含有标志词than 1最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象，如：It takes less time to go there by air than by train. She possesses more books than I do. He is more intelligent than I expected.than可视为比较级的标志词，在填空题中，空后含有than的， 通常空格处需要填比较级，空格前含有比较级的，通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 例题：(1) Maine has - weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. (A) coolest (B) the coolest (C) cooler (D) the cooler 答案：A解释：标志词than意味着应用比较级，A, B可先排除；D多the; 只有A正确 (2) Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has.ABCD 答案：A应改为：more解释：标志词than表明此句应用比较级，而不是最高级 2为避免重复，than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来:情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, 如：The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain.(that 指代the population) His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues.(those 指代 designs) 情况2: 在省略的过程中，若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 如：The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may probably contribute more to the success of a play. 例题： Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain - other animals.(A) than do(B) that are having(C) which have(D) that do 答案：A解释：空格前出现了形容词比较级，空格后是比较对象，应由than连接，选项中只有A符合条件，其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装考点二 (not) so /asas 比较级特殊句式(not)so/asas 表示“如同一样、不如”等意思，其结构和than句式相仿，但asas之间的形容词必须用原形，而且asas必须搭配使用，如：It is as good as it looks. The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. 填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as)，要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as)，一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。例题：(1) The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as -.(A) possibly little nourishment(B) nourishment possibly little(C) little as possible nourishment(D) little nourishment as possible 答案：D解释：空格处需要动词have的宾语，同时包含asas句式，A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构，C语序有误，均可排除。D中asas possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. (2) There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire - 400,000 B.C.(A) so early(B) the earliest(C) as early as(D) so early that 答案：C解释：依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达，只有C符合题意，用的是比较级特殊句式as.as考点三 the sameas 此句式也常用来表示“和一样”，the same和as既可连用，也可分开使用，如：She looks just the same as before. I got the same feeling as you did.改错题中常将此句式误用为the samelike /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 例