【托福考试】Vocabulary_by_Subjects.doc

astronomyastronomy天文学astronomical天文的astronomical observatory天文台astronomer天文学家astrophysics天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos宇宙cosmology宇宙学infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial天的celestial body天体celestial sphere天球celestial map天体图dwarf矮星quasar类星体constellation星座galaxy(milk way)银河系cluster星团solar system太阳系solar eclips日食solar radiation太阳辐射solar corona日冕planet行星planetoid (asteroid)小行星revolve旋转，绕转twinkle闪烁naked eye肉眼mercury水星venus金星earth地球mars火星jupiter木星saturn土星uranus天王星neptune海王星pluto冥王星orbit轨道spin旋转satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet彗星space (outer space)太空spacecraft (spaceship)宇宙飞船spaceman (astronaut)宇航员space suit宇航服space shuttle航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut宇航员star恒星stellar恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨corona日冕chromosphere色球层photosphere光球层convection zone对流区vacuum真空infared ray红外线chondrite球粒absolute magnitude绝对量级radiation辐射emission发射，散发high-resolution高清晰度interferometer干扰仪geographygeography地理学geographer地理学家hemisphere半球meridian子午线，经线parallel平行圈，纬线latitude纬度longitude经度elevation海拔altitude高度temperate latitudes温带地区horizon地平线tropics赤道arctic北极antarctic南极expedition探险time zone时区topography地形plain平原plateau (highland)高地lowland低地basin盆地cavern洞穴terrain地域subterranean (underground)地底下coastland沿海地区island岛屿continental island大陆岛volcanic island火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular半岛continent大陆continent shelf大陆架ranges山脉valley峡谷canyon峡谷channel (strait)海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermy)地热terrestrial magnetism地磁continental drift大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度ocean bottom海床sediment沉积物tropical热带的temperate温带的frigid寒带的formation形成frost heaving冻胀现象fieldstone大卵石geologygeology地质学geologist地质学家crust地壳mantle地幔core地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust海洋地壳layer (stratum, strata)地层plate板块fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone断层带rift (crack, split)断裂disintegration (decomposition)分解erosion侵蚀fossil化石igneous rock火成岩sedimentary rock沉积岩metamorphic rock变质岩quartz石英limestone石灰岩marble大理石granite花岗岩lithogenous岩成的lithosphere岩石圈magma岩浆mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床platinum白金silver银copper铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury水银sodium钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier冰川glacier epoch冰川期glacial冰川的glacial drifticeberg冰山volcano火山active volcano活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano休眠火山eruption火山喷发crater火山口lava火山岩浆volcanic火山的volcanic dust火山尘volcanic ash火山灰earthquake地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismic wave地震波cataclysm灾变archeologyanthropologist人类学家paleoanthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist心理人类学家origin起源originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid原始人类homogeneous同一种族的tribe部落clan氏族archeology考古学archeologist考古学家excavation挖掘excavate (unearth)挖掘ruins遗迹，废墟remains遗迹，遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物，文物antique古物，古董antiquity古代，古老stone age石器时代bronze age青铜器时代iron age铁器时代paleolithic旧石器时代mesolithic中石器时代neolithic新石器时代ethnology人种学anthropology人类学morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的ecologyecologist生态学家ecosystem生态系统balance生态平衡fauna动物群flora植物群rain forest雨林food chain食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse effect温室效应infrared radiation红外线ozone layer (ozonesphere)臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外线pollution污染pollution control污染控制air pollution空气污染water pollution水污染noise pollution噪音污染soil pollution土壤污染pollution-free无污染pollutant污染物noxious (toxic)有毒的fumes（有毒）废气waste废物solid waste固体垃圾sewage (waste water)污水sewage purification污水净化sewage disposal污水处理decibel分贝meteorologymeteorology气象学meteorologist气象学家forecast (predict)预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层current气流vapor蒸气evaporate蒸发damp (wet, moist, humid)潮湿的humidity湿度moisture潮湿，水分staturate饱和dew露frost霜fog (mist)雾smog烟雾droplet小水珠condense浓缩crystal水晶体downpour (torrential rain)大雨tempest (storm)暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard (snowstorm)暴风雪avalanche (snowslide)雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪）降水breeze微风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon台风hurricane飓风tornado (twister, cyclone)龙卷风funnel漏斗，漏斗云disaster(calamity,catastrophe)灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾chemistrychemistry化学chemistry property化学特性，性能chemistry composition (make up)化学成分chemical agent化学试剂chemical reaction化学反应chemical change化学变化chemcial bond化学键chemical apparatus化学器械substance (matter, material)物质element元素periodic table周期表hydrogen氢oxygen氧nitrogen氮helium氦carbon碳calcium钙silicon硅sulfur硫iodine碘compound化合物hydrocarbon碳氢化合物derivative衍生物alchemy炼金术petroleum(oil)石油petroleum products石油产品crude oil原油refine提炼，精炼gasoline汽油methane甲烷solution溶液dissolve溶解solvent溶剂solubility可溶性cohesive聚合力adhesive粘合力atom原子nucleus原子核electron电子neutron中子proton质子molecule分子particle粒子ion离子particle accelerator粒子加速器catalysis(catalyses)催化作用catalyst催化剂artificial人造的synthetic合成的synthetic fiber合成纤维polymer聚合物polymerization聚合作用plastic塑料dye染料cosmetics化妆品physicsphysics物理mechanics力学thermodynamics热力学acoustics声学electromagnetism电磁学optics光学dynamics动力学force力velocity速度acceleration加速度equilibrium平衡statics静力学motion运动inertia惯性gravitation引力relativity相关性，相对性，相对论gravity地心引力vibration震动medium媒质frequency频率wavelength波长pitch音高intensity强度echo回声resonance回声；洪亮sonar声纳ultrasonics超声学electricity电static electricity静电magnetism磁性，磁力magnet磁体electromagnet电磁magnetic field磁场electric current电流direct current (dc)直流电alternating current (ac)交流电electric circuit电路electric voltage电压electric shock触电electric appliance电器conductor导体insulator绝缘体semiconductor半导体battery(cell)电池dry battery干电池storage battery蓄电池electronics电子学integrated circuit集成电路chip芯片electron tube电子管vacuum tube真空管transistor晶体管amplification放大（n）amplify放大（v）amplifier放大器，扬声器oscillation震荡optical光学的optical fiber光学纤维lens透镜，镜片convex凸透镜concave凹透镜microscope显微镜telescope望远镜magnifier放大镜spectrum光谱ultraviolet紫外线x raysx射线gamma rays伽马射线microwaves微波dispersion色散transparent透明translucent半透明opaque不透明的mathematicsmathematics数学mathematician数学家arithmetic算术caculation计算calculator计算器abacus算盘numeral数字sum和total总和aggregate总计fraction分数，小数decimal十进位，小数digit数字，数位percentage百分比addition加法plus加上subtraction减法minus减去multiplication乘法multiplication talbe乘法表multiply乘以times（prep）乘以power乘方square平方division除法divide除以algebra代数quantity表示量的数equation方程式，等式formula公式root根geometry几何geometric几何的dimension维parallel平行的，平行线quadrilateral四边形square正方形area面积rectangle长方形，矩形polygon多边形cube立方体volume体积sphere球形circle圆形ellipse (oval)椭圆形cone圆锥形circumference圆周diameter直径radius半径triangle三角形angle角degree度calculus微积分differential calculus微分学integral calculus积分学function函数probability概率statistics统计quantitative量的，数量的qualitative质的，质量的deduction (inference)推论，演绎induction归纳agricultureagriculture (farming)农业agricultural农业的land (soil)土壤，土地soil conservation土壤保护soil erosion泥土流失silt粉砂，泥沙clay粘土，湿土clod土块agrarian土地的，农业的pilot (experimental)试验性的harrow (rake)耙，耙土ridge田埂furrow犁沟plot (patch)小块地ranch农场，牧场plantation种植园orchard果园nursery苗圃seedbed苗床sickle镰刀spade铲shovel平头铲pick镐tractor拖拉机cultivate (till)耕作sow(seed)播种harvest收割weed除草irrigate灌溉manure(fertilizer)肥料spray喷洒insecticide(pesticide)杀虫剂pest害虫rust锈病grain(cereal)谷物，谷粒granary(grain store)粮仓mill碾磨wheat小麦corn玉米rice大米barley大麦sorghum高梁oats燕麦rye黑麦millet小米vegetable蔬菜horticulture园艺学hydroponics水栽法，营养液栽培法greenhouse温室cabbage洋白菜lettuce生菜mustard芥菜spinach菠菜broccoli花椰菜cucumber黄瓜eggplant茄子pepper辣椒pumpkin南瓜tomato西红柿beet甜菜carrot胡萝卜radish小胡萝卜pea豌豆soybean大豆celery芹菜garlic大蒜leek韭菜onion洋葱potato土豆peanut花生sesame芝麻cotton棉花husbandry畜牧业pasture牧场livestock家畜fowl(poultry)家禽cattle牛，家畜buffalo野牛dairy奶牛dairy farm乳牛场hay干草haystack干草堆fodder （feed）饲料trough饲料槽barn (shed)牲口棚stable马厩cowshed牛棚pigpen猪圈sheepfold羊栏roost鸡舍fish farm养鱼场aquaculture水产养殖animaldarwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择class纲order目family科genus属suborder亚目species种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian两栖动物dinosaur恐龙bird鸟类extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物primates灵长目insect昆虫antenna(antennae)触须larva(larvae)幼虫camouflage伪装pest害虫worm虫，蠕虫hibernate冬眠lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色蜥蜴regeneration再生turtle龟beast野兽domesticate驯养predatory (carnivorous)食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食，被捕食的动物carnivore食肉动物scavenger食腐动物migrate迁移wing翅膀bill嘴beak鹰的嘴nest筑巢dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼bat蝙蝠gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩habitat栖息地rodent齿动物（松鼠）primate灵长目动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（珊瑚）shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹clam蛤蜊sponge海绵coral珊瑚starfish海星canary金丝雀chirp（鸟，虫的叫声）唧唧squeak（老鼠等）吱吱porpoise海豚sloth树瀬slothful懒散的hygiene卫生sanitation卫生parasite寄生虫moth蛾caterpillar毛虫hordes群swarms群flock群community群落，部落herd兽群bunch束，捧beaver海狸monogamous一夫一妻的polygamous一夫多妻的polyandrous一妻多夫的trapper诱捕动物者rhinoceros犀牛niche小生态环境vestige退化器官，遗迹oyster牡蛎fertilize使。受精tentacle触角homotherm恒温动物poikilotherm变温动物metabolism新陈代谢baboon狒狒breed品种，繁殖multiply(reproduce)繁殖hatch孵spawn产卵offspring后代anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物microbe微生物herbivorous食草的carnivorous食肉的omnivorous杂食的plantbotany植物学botaniest植物学家botanical (botanic)植物的plant植物aquatic plant水生植物parasite plant寄生植物root根canopy树冠，顶篷foliage (leaf)树叶leaflet小叶rosette丛生stem茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot (sprout)嫩芽，抽枝flower花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel (skin)果皮shell果壳（硬）husk果壳（干）trunk树干branch树枝bough大或粗的树枝twig小树枝bark树皮jungle丛林lawn草坪meadow草地，牧场prairie大草原shrub (bush)灌木cluster一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物herb草photosynthesis光合作用symbiosis共生symbiotic共生的wither (shrivel, fade)凋谢pollen花粉pollinate授粉pollination授粉cell细胞tissue组织organ器官system系统seeds种子everlasting永久的orchid兰花crossbreed杂交sequoia红杉root pressure根压cohesion-tension凝聚张力bore腔，膛column花柱immunity免疫organism生物，有机物necrosis坏死barren贫瘠futile无用的carbohydrate (starch)碳水化合物glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin维他命calorie卡路里malnourished营养不良nutrition营养politicsconstitution宪法legislation立法democrats民主党republicans共和党amendament修正案congress美国国会senate参议院house of representatives众议院monarchy君主制anarchism无政府主义federal system联邦制presidential system总统制municipal市政的metropolitan大都市的centralized中央集权的ideology意识形态maneuver策略tariff关税immigrant移民institutionalize机构化election选举vote选举officeholding任职veto否决american revolution美国革命，独立战争independence war美国独立战争american civil war美国内战radical激进的，根本的overturning颠覆性的independent独立的breathtaking激动人心的military军事的colonize拓殖，殖民per capita人均treason叛国conspiracy阴谋imprisonment监禁release释放pardon特赦accusation谴责，指控welfare福利patronage资助，赞助unionization联合，结合educationeducator教育家higher education高等教育moral charactor道德品质doma