2016职称英语综合类教材word 打印版 已缩印可以直接打印.docx

第一篇 taking pictures of the world meet annie griffiths belt, a national geographic photographer. belt has worked for national geographic since 1978, and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world. in fact,antarctica is the only continent belt hasnt seen yet. belts photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality. they also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world. belt has photographed the ancient city of petra, jordan , as well as the green landscapes of the lake district in england. recently, her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in north america. everywhere that belt goes, she takes pictures of people. belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language. the greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into peoples lives, she has said. the camera is like a passport, and i am often overwhelmed by how quickly people welcome me ! knowing how to break the ice has helped to make belt a successful photographer, but experts say that anyone can learn to connect with new people. when people speak the same language, greeting and small talk can make strangers feel more comfortable with each other. when people dont speak the same language , a smile is very helpful. having something in common can also help break the ice. for example , belt has traveled with her two children , so when she takes pictures of children or their parents, they all have that family connection in common. even bad weather can help people to connect when they are experiencing it together. belt has some advice if you are thinking about a career in photography. you can volunteer to take pictures for a local organization that cant afford to hire a professional photographer. you can also take a good, honest look at your best photographs. if youre a real photographer, your photos are good because of your personal and technical skills. belt also recommends studying and learning from photos taken by professional photographers. remember, the next time you look as a beautiful photograph, you might be looking at the work of annie griffiths belt. and the next time you meet a new person, dont be afraid to break the ice. the connection you make could be very rewarding. 译文：镜头中的世界让我们来认识摄影师艾妮?格里菲斯?贝尔特。贝尔特从1978年以来就一直在为国家地理杂志拍摄照片，她的拍摄足迹几乎遍布世界上的所有大洲。事实上，南极洲是贝尔特唯一没亲眼见过的大洲。贝尔特的拍摄作品因美轮美奂和质量上乘而广为人知，它们也反映了世界上不同的文化和地区。贝尔特曾经为约旦古城佩特拉和英格兰湖区的美景拍过照片。最近，在一本介绍北美未开发的自然区域的书中出现了她的摄影作品。无论去哪里，贝尔特都在所到之处拍下人物照片。贝尔特已经找到在语言不通的情况下和不同年龄、不同民族的人进行沟通的方法。“我的工作的最大优势就是可以走进人们的生活，”她说，“照相机就像通行证一样，而且我常常由于人们迅速地接纳我而被搞得手足无措!”知道如何打开话题帮助贝尔特成为了一名成功的摄影师，但是专家们声称任何人都能学会如何同陌生人打交道。当语言相通时，打招呼和相互寒暄能使陌生人之间感到更舒适。当语言不通时，微笑就会变得很有用。彼此的共同点也有助于打开话题。比如，贝尔特常和她的两个孩子一起旅行，所以当她为孩子们或孩子们的父母拍照时，他们就有了相同之处：家庭联系。甚至一起体验坏天气也可以帮助人们增进相互间的交流。如果你正在考虑从事摄影行业，贝尔特对此有一些建议。你可以当个志愿者为没钱请专业摄影师的地方机构拍摄照片。你也可以用诚实的态度仔细端详自己最好的摄影作品。如果你是一位真正的摄影师，你的作品会因为你的个人特色和精湛的技艺而变得出类拔萃。贝尔特也推荐向专业摄影师的作品学习。记住，当你下一次看到漂亮的照片时，也许你看的正是艾妮?格里菲斯?贝尔特的作品。当你下一次遇见陌生人时，不要害怕打开话题。你为沟通所做的一切都是非常值得的。own your childrens educationhelping them isnt about showing your kids how to do the workits about being genuinely interested and having regular conversations about what theyre learning,says jgary knowles，a professor at the ontario institute for studies in education，part of the university of torontorozon has a slew of suggestions for how to get more,-involvedget to know the teacherdiscuss ways to tailor the assignments to your childs learning stylespend time in the classroomask for outlines of unit studies so you can find supplementary materials at the library or through videosread your childs textbooks：if you work a few pages ahead，youll be able to help them with problems they encounterreading is another must，says rozoneven after your children can read themselves，hearing somebody else read aloud is importantwe nearly always have a book on the go1; we read for at least a half hour before bedtimethe more engaged a parent is, the more the child benefits，adds bruce amithe evidence is clear：parental involvement is one of the most important factors in school successarai cites the national longitudinal survey of children and youth，sponsored by human resources development canada(hrdc)，which is measuring all aspects of child developmentthe hours children spend in class are but2 one element of their education，states hdc，which says parental support，along with teacher support and a positive attitude towards schoolall contribute to academic successi see every moment of every day as a learning experience says goforththe most satisfying part of it is seeing the，love of learning continuedim not squelching my childrens desire to learn by insisting they learn they learn because they want toadds jeanne lambert，mother of carey graham: make the time3，take the time4，guide，lead，and encourageif nothing else，your children learn you care，and thats the most important lesson you can give them译文：“拥有”孩子的教育多伦多大学安大略教育学院的教授j.gary knowles说：“帮助孩子不是告诉孩子怎样做。你要 对他们所学的东西真正感兴趣，并和他们经常进行对话。”怎样才能更多地参与，rozcm给了许多建议。“与老师相识，并讨论怎样量体裁衣地布置一些 适合你孩子学习风格的作业。花些时间在教室里。索要每个单元的提纲，这样的话，你可以在图 书馆或者电视里找到补充材料。阅读孩子的教科书：如果你能提前读几页，你就能帮他们解决遇 到的问题了。”rozcm认为朗读是另外一件必须做的事情。“即使你的孩子已经能自己阅读了，听别人大声朗读也是重要的。我们几乎总是有一本书在读，每天睡前我们至少阅读半个小时。”bruce ami说，父母投入越多，孩子获益越多。“有证据清楚地表明：父母的参与是孩子在 学校的学习得以成功的重要因素之一。” ar祐引甩了加拿大人力资源发展部（hrdc)发起的一 项对孩子发展的各个领域进行测量的全国青少年纵向调查。hrdc表明，“孩子在课堂的时间 只是他们所受教育的一部分”，父母的支持、老师的帮劢和对待学习的积极态度都会促进学业 的成功。goforth说：“我把每一天的每一刻都看做是学习的经历。” “最满意的部分就是看到对学习的 热爱得以延续。我不会一味地压制我的孩子对学习的渴望。他们学是因为他们想学。”carey graham的妈妈jeanne lambert补充说：“抽出时间，花点心思，去指引、引导和鼓励。 即使没有别的收获，你的孩子也会知道你在乎他们，这是你能够给孩子上的最重要一课。” 第三篇 across the desertsthe sahara desert is the largest desert in the world. it stretches across africa from senegal to egypt. the sahara desert is an unfriendly environment. during the day its very hot, and at night its sometimes very cold. it is also difficult to find water in the sahara.in 2006, kevin lin, ray zahab, and charlie engle decided to do something very difficult. they made the decision to run across the sahara desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). it seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. the three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.on the morning of november 2, kevin, ray, and charlie started their trip across the sahara. every morning they began running at 5:00. at11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). every day it was the same thing. they got up and ran. they listened to music on their ipods, and they ran and ran.kevin, ray, and charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. kevin, ray, and charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. thats a lot of food! they also needed to drink a lot of water.the three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. it was often very hot (140f/60c) during the day, and the heat made them sick. their legs and feet hurt. sometimes it was very windy, and they couldnt see. one time they got lost. but they didnt quit. after 111 days, kevin, ray; and charlie successfully finished their trip across the sahara desert. they hugged each other and put their hands in the water of the red sea. then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.穿越沙漠撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。从塞内加尔到埃及，它横跨了非洲。撒哈拉沙漠的环境不是很好。白天非常热，晚上有时又很冷。而且，在撒哈拉沙漠中很难找到水。 2006年，kevin lin, ray zahab和charlie engle决定做些困难的事情。他们决定跑步穿越4300英里（6920公里）的撒哈拉沙漠。这似乎是不可能完成的，但是他们还是想尝试一下。他们三人喜欢挑战自己，而这将是一个很大的挑战。 11月2日的早晨，kevin, ray和charlie开始了他们跑步穿越大哈拉的旅程。他们每天早晨5点开始跑。到上午11点停下来，休息到下午5点。然后他们继续跑到晚上9点半。他们每天大概跑40英里（64千米）。每天如此。他们起床，跑步。听着ipod里的音乐不停地跑。 在旅途中，kevin, ray和charlie需要吃很多食物。大多数的人每天需要2000卡路里的热量。kevin, ray和charlie每天需要6000-9000卡路里。那是很多的食物！他们每天也需要喝大量的水。 三人在途中也出现了很多问题，很多次他们都想放弃回家。白天通常很热（140华氏度/60摄氏度），高温导致他们生病。他们的腿和脚都受了伤。有时候天刮起大风，他们什么也看不见。有一次他们迷路了。但是他们没有放弃。111天以后，kevin, ray和charlie成功完成了穿越撒哈拉沙漠的旅途。他们彼此拥抱，把手伸进红海的海水里。然后他们跑进旅馆好好洗了个澡。第五篇plants and mankindbotany（植物学）, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. we dont know what our stone age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrialial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. they have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and many other purposes. tribes living today in the jungle of the amazon recognize hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. to them botany has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of “knowledge” at all.unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants. and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. when our neolithic ancestors, living in the middle east about 10,000years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. from then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.译文：植物与人类植物学，即对植物研究的科学，在人类文明发展的历史长河中占据着特殊地位。我们不知道 旧石器时代的祖先们对植物究竟了解多少，但根据我们对现存的前n:业社会的研究,可以肯定对 植物及其特点的详细了解一定非常久远。这种分析是合乎逻辑的。植物不仅是其他-切生物所需 食物的根基，甚至也是其他类型植物的食物来源。它们对于人类的幸福始终是相当重要的，它们 不仅仅为人们提供食物，还提供衣服、武器、工具、染料、药品、住所和许多其他东西。生活在 亚马逊河的丛中的原始部落，能识别成百上千种不词植物，知道每丨种植物的属性。他们没有 植物学这个概念，甚至可能没有意识到它是知识界的一个分支：不幸的是，我们的工业化程度越髙,人类与植物间的直接联系就越少，而且对植物学知识的 了解也就变得越来越模糊。然而每个人都会在无意识中获得大量的植物知识，很少会有人分辨不 出玫瑰、苹果或兰花。大约万年前，当居住在中东的新石器时代的老袓先们发现某些草可以用 来种植，而且到了来年再把种子种在地里可以得到吏好的收成时,人们与植物之间的联系迈出了 崭新伟大的一步。谷物的发现创造了人类农业发展史上的奇迹，即耕种庄稼。从那时起，人类就 越来越多地从可控制的几种植物的生产丰族取生计纟而不是从野生的众多种类中东采一点，西摘 一点。在数万年的经验中积累起来的知识以及与大自然中各种植物的紧密联系也就开始消失。*第六篇brandsthe word brand is a comprehensive term that encompasses other narrower terms. a brand is a name, term, symbol, and/or special design that is intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers. a brand differentiates one sellers products from those of competitors. a brand name consists of words, letters, and/or numbers that can be vocalized. a brand mark is the part of the brand that appears in the form of a symbol, design, or distinctive coloring or lettering. it is recognized by sight but may not be expressed when a person pronounces the brand name.a trademark is a brand that is given legal protection because, under the law, it has been appropriated by one seller. thus trademark is essentially a legal term. all trademarks are brands and thus include the words, letters, or numbers that can be pronounced. they may also include a pictorial design. some people erroneously believe that the trademark is only the pictorial part of the brand.one major method of classifying brands is on the basis of who owns themproducers or middlemen. sunbeam, florsheim, spalding (athletic products), and sara lee are producers brands, while allstate, shurfine, sysco, craftsman, and penncrest are middlemens brands.the terms national and private have been used to describe producer and middleman brand ownership, respectively. however, marketing people prefer the producer middleman terminology. to say that the brand of poultry feed marketed in three states by a small birmingham, alabama, manufacturer is a national brand, whereas the brands of penneys or sears are private brands, stretches the meaning of the terms national and private.译文：品牌品牌是一个综合性的术语，它包括其他范围更小的术语。一种品牌可以是一个名字、一个术语、一个符号或是一个特殊的标志，用以区别不同卖主或卖主群体的货物或劳务。品牌可以把一个卖主的商品同其他竞争者的商品区分开来。一个品觯的名字由可以清晰读出的单词、字母及数字组成。商标是品牌的一个组成部分，其形式为一个符号、一种图案、一种与众不同的色彩或字母书写。它可以从视觉上确认，但在读品牌的名学时不一定能表达出来。商标是受法律保护的品牌，因为依据法律，它已被卖主占有了。因此，商标实质上是一个法律术语。所有的商标都是品牌，它也就包括可以被读出的单词、字母及数字。商标上也可能有图案设计。有些人错误地认为，商标仅是品觯中的图案部分。品牌分类的一种主要方法是依据其所有人制造商和中间商来划分。山比母、弗拉什姆、 斯巴尔丁（体育用品）和萨拉李等是制造商的品牌，而奥斯泰特、舒费因、赛斯克、克拉夫茨曼 和penncrest则是中间商的品牌。 国有和私有这两个术语分别用于描述制造商与中间商的品牌所有权。不过，销售人员更偏爱生产者中间商这个术语。我们说阿拉巴马州伯明翰市一家小广生产的、在三个州都有出售的家禽饲料为国有品牌，而penneys或sears为私有品牌，就把国有和私有这两个术语的意思引申了。*第八篇 easy learningstudents should be jealous. not only do babies get to doze their days away, but theyve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.by the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. marie cheour at the university of turku in finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake.to test the theory, cheour and her colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first few days of their lives. they exposed all the infants to an hour of finnish vowel soundsone that sounds like “oo”, another like “ee” and a third boundary vowel peculiar to finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between. eeg recordings of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups. one group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.when tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies whod heard the tricky boundary vowel all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognise this new sound. they could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.cheour doesnt know how babies accomplish this night-time learning, bunt she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies dont “turn off” their cerebral cortex while they sleep. the skill probably fades in the course of the first year of life, she addsso forget the idea that you can pick up tricky french vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. but while it may not help grown-ups, cheour is hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.译文：容易的学习学生们应该感到嫉妒。婴儿们不仅整天睡觉，而且他们还能在睡眠中掌握学习的艺术。 婴儿到了一周岁时，他们可以识别出很多音，甚至一些简单的单词。芬兰turku大学的marie cheour怀疑他们进步这么快的原因可能是他们不仅在醒着时学语言，而且在睡觉时也在学语言。为了检验这个理论，cheour和她的同事们在45个新生儿生命最初的几天里对他们进行了研 究。他们让所有的婴儿听一个小时的芬兰元音一其中一个类似“00”，另一个类似“ee”，还有 一个芬兰语和类似语言特有的边界音，听起来像两者之间的声音。在此之if和之后的婴儿大脑的 脑电图记录显示新生儿不能辨别这几个声音。然后，其中15个婴儿随他们的母亲回去了，而另外的婴儿被分成两个睡觉时学习小组。一个 组的婴儿夜间睡觉的时候还放着同样三个元音的录音，而其他的婴儿只听其他的较容易区分的元音。在早晚各进行了测试之后，那些整晚都在听难识别的边界音的婴儿显示出的脑波活动说明他 们现在能够识别这个新声音了。甚至当这个音的音调变化时他们仍能够识别出来，而其的婴儿 没有一个能识别这个边界音的。cheour不知道婴儿是如何完成这个夜间学习的,但是她怀疑这种特殊能力说明跟大人不一 样，婴儿睡觉时没有把大脑皮层“关掉”。她接着说，这种技能可能在生命的最初过程中渐渐消 失，因应忘掉这样一个想法，即你作为一个成年人只需要把一盘语言录音带塞在枕头下面就可 以学会法语中一些麻烦的音。伹是，虽然这并不能帮助成年人，chedtir希望这些睡眠时间可用来 帮助那些从基因上来说会发生语言障碍的婴儿。*第十篇 the workers role in managementtraditionally, it has been the workers role to work and managements role to manage. managers have planned and directed the firms operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. managers have rarely felt compelled to obtain the workers opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. at most, companies have providedsuggestion boxes in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. in recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor一they have a vital stake in the companyand may be able to make significant contributions to its management. furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers and their dependents. this is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. should workers, then, play a stronger role in management?workers should have a role in management. at the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions (a common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions). between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs, often with no warning. at least 90 days notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.it should become a general practice to include work&s in some managerial decision making. there ought to be representatives of the workers on the firms board of directors or other major policymaking groups. if rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvements, their morale will rise, and their productivity will increase. as a further incentive, they must be given a share in the companys profits. this can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.译文：工人在管理中的作用传统上，工人的作用是生产，管理者的作用是管理。管理者计划和指导公司的运作，而很少想到去征求劳动者的意见。管理者们很少觉得应听取工人的意见或向他们的雇员解释公司的决定。公司最多提供些“意见箱”