计算机专业英语》电子教程.ppt

Computer English Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Key points:Key points: u useful terms and definitions seful terms and definitions of computersof computers Difficult points:Difficult points: d describing the features of escribing the features of computers of each generationcomputers of each generation 2计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Requirements:Requirements: 1. The trends of computer hardware and software 2. Basic characteristics of modern computers 3. Major characteristics of the four generations of modern computers 4. 了解科技英语的特点，掌握科技英语翻译要点 3计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers New Words it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes. 也许早期最具影响力的类似计算机的装置应该是电子数字积分计算机， 或简称ENIAC。它是由宾夕凡尼亚大学的J. Presper Eckert 和John Mauchly 研制的。该工程于1943年开始，并于1946年完成。这台机器极 其庞大，重达30吨，而且包含18,000多个真空管。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 7计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1.1 The ENIAC The ENIAC was a major advancement for its time. It was the first general-purpose, electronic computing machine and was capable of performing thousands of operations per second. It was controlled, however, by switches and plugs that had to be manually set. Thus, although it was a general-purpose electronic device, it did not have a stored program. Therefore, it did not have all the characteristics of a computer . ENIAC是当时重要的成就。它是第一台通用型电子计算机器，并能够执 行每秒数千次运算。然而,它是由开关和继电器控制的，必须手工设定。 因此，虽然它是一个通用型电子装置，但是它没有储存程序。 因此,它 不具备计算机的所有特征。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 8计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1.1 The ENIAC While working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von Neuman. Together, they developed the idea of a stored program computer. This machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC, was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer. It was not completed, however, until 1951. 在ENIAC的研制中，一个天才的数学家Von Neuman(冯.诺伊曼)加入 到 Eckert和Mauchly团队,他们一起提出了储存程序计算机的主意。这部 机器被称做电子离散变量自动计算机, 或简称EDVAC,是第一部包括了计 算机所有特征的机器。然而,直到1951年，它一直没有完成。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 9计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1.1 The ENIAC Before the EDVAC was finished, several other machines were built that incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neuman. One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer, or EDSAC, which was developed in Cambridge, England. It first operated in May of 1949 and is probably the worlds first electronic stored-program, general-purpose computer to become operational. The first computer to operate in the United States was the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, which became operational in August of 1949. 在EDVAC完成之前，其他一些机器建成了，它们吸收了Eckert、 Mauchly和Neuman设计的要素。其中一部是在英国剑桥研制的电子延迟 存储自动计算机,或简称EDSAC，它在1949年5月首次运行，它可能是世 界的第一台电子储存程序、通用型计算机投入运行。在美国运行的第一 部计算机是二进制自动计算机,或简称BINAC,它在1949年8月投入运行。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 10计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 1.1.2 The UNIVAC I Like other computing pioneers before them, Eckert and Mauchly formed a company in 1947 to develop a commercial computer. The company was called the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Their objective was to design and build the Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC. Because of difficulties of getting financial support, they had to sell the company to Remington Rand in 1950. Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and completed it in 1951. Known as the UNIVAC I, this machine was the first commercially available computer. 像他们之前的其他计算机先驱一样,Eckert和Mauchly在1947年组成了一家 公司开发商业计算机。公司名叫Eckert-Mauchly计算机公司。他们的目标 是设计并建造通用自动计算机或UNIVAC。因为难以获得财政支持，他们不 得不在1950年把公司卖给了Remington Rand公司。Eckert 和Mauchly继续 在Remington Rand公司从事UNIVAC的研制工作，并在1951年取得成功。众 所周知的UNIVAC I机器是世界上第一部商业化计算机。 11计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 1.1.2 The UNIVAC I The first UNIVAC I was delivered to the Census Bureau and used for the 1950 census. The second UNIVAC I was used to predict that Dwight Eisenhower would win the 1952 presidential election, less than an hour after the polls closed. The UNIVAC I began the modern of computer use. 第一台UNIVAC I被交付人口普查局用于1950年的人口普查。在投票点关 闭后1小时之内，第二台UNIVAC I 被用于预测D.艾森豪威尔会赢得1952年 总统大选。UNIVAC I开始了现代计算机的应用。 12计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers New Words result in a continuation of the trends begun in the second generation. These trends include reduced size, reduced cost, increased speed, and reduced need for air conditioning. 作为第三代计算机标志的技术发展是在计算机中使用集成电 路或简称IC。一个集成电路就是包含许多晶体管的一个硅片( 芯片)。一个集成电路代替了计算机中的许多晶体管，导致了 始于第二代的一些趋势的继续。这些趋势包括计算机体积减 小、成本降低、速度提高和对空调的需要减少。 21计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970 Although integrated circuits were invented in 1958, the first computers to make extensive use of them were not available until 1964. In that year, IBM introduced a line of mainframe computers called the System/360. The computers in this line became the most widely used third-generation machines. There were many models in the System/360 line, ranging from small, relatively slow, and inexpensive ones, to large, very fast, and costly models. All models, however, were compatible so that programs written for one model could be used on another. This feature of compatibility across many computers in a line was adopted by other manufacturers of third- generation computers. 虽然集成电路发明于1958年,但是直到1964年才出现了第一台广泛使用IC的计算机 。那一年，IBM推出了称为System/360的大型计算机系列。这一系列的计算机成为 使用最广泛的第三代计算机。在System/360系列中有许多机型, 从小型的、相对较 慢的且价格低廉的机型，到大型的、非常快的且价格昂贵的机型。然而,所有的机 型都是兼容的，以便在一个机型上编写的程序可以用于另一个机型。这个在许多 计算机系列间兼容的特征被其他第三代计算机制造商所采用。 22计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970 The third computer generation was also the time when minicomputers became widespread. The most popular model was the PDP-8, manufactured by DEC. Other companies, including Data General Corporation and Hewlett-Packard Company, introduced minicomputers during the third generation. 计算机的第三代也是小型计算机普及的时代。最流行的小型机 是由DEC制造的PDP-8。其他公司,包括数据通用公司和惠普 (Hewlett-Packard)公司,在第三代期间开发了小型计算机。 1.2 Computer Generations 23计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970 The principal software development during the third computer generation was the increased sophistication of operating systems. Although simple operating systems were developed for first-and second-generation computers, many of the features of modern operating systems first appeared during the third generation. These include multiprogramming, virtual memory, and time-sharing. The first operating systems were mainly batch systems, but during the third generation, interactive systems, especially on minicomputers, became common. The BASIC programming language was designed in 1964 and became popular during the third computer generation because of its interactive nature. 在第三代计算机期间，软件的主要发展是操作系统的复杂化程度提高。虽然为第一 代和第二代计算机开发了简单的操作系统,许多现代操作系统的特征首先在第三代 期间出现。这些特征包括多道程序设计、虚拟存储和分时技术。第一代操作系统主 要是批处理系统,但是在第三代期间，交互式系统开始普及，尤其是在小型计算机 上。BASIC语言发明于1964年，并由于其交互式特征而在第三代计算机期间大为流 行。 1.2 Computer Generations 24计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971? The fourth generation of computers is more difficult to define than the other three generations. This generation is characterized by more and more transistors being contained on a silicon chip. First there was Large Scale Integration (LSI), with hundreds and thousands of transistors per chip, then came Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), with tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of transistors. The trend continues today. 第四代计算机比其他三代更难以定义。这一代计算机的特征是 一个芯片上包含越来越多的晶体管。首先，出现了一个芯片上 具有数百和数千个晶体管的大规模集成电路(LSI)，接着出现 了一个芯片上具有数万和数十万个晶体管的超大规模集成电路 (VLSI)。这个趋势在今天仍在持续。 1.2 Computer Generations 25计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971? Although not everyone agrees that there is a fourth computer generation, those that do feel that it began in 1971, when IBM introduced its successors to the System/360 line of computers. These mainframe computers were called the System/370, and current-model IBM computers, although not called System/370s, evolved directly from these computers. 虽然并不是每个人都同意存在一个第四代,那些认为存在的觉得它开始于 1971年，其时IBM开发了System/360系列计算机的下一系列产品。这些大型 计算机称为System/370,当前的IBM计算机虽然不叫做System/370，但都是 从这些计算机直接发展而来的。 Minicomputers also proliferated during the fourth computer generation. The most popular lines were the DEC PDP-11 models and the DEC VAX, both of which are available in various models today. 小型计算机也在第四代期间迅速增长。最流行的系列是DEC公司的PDP-11 机和DEC的VAX机,二者在今天的各种机型中仍然有效。 1.2 Computer Generations 26计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971? Supercomputers first became prominent in the fourth generation. Although many companies, including IBM and CDC, developed high-speed computers for scientific work, it was not until Cray Research, Inc., introduced the Cray 1 in 1975 that supercomputers became significant. Today, supercomputers are an important computer classification. 超级计算机首先在第四代中突起。虽然包括IBM和CDC(控 制数据公司)在内的许多公司都为科学工作开发了高速计算机, 但是直到1975年Cray研究有限公司推出了Cray 1，超级计算机 才变得有意义。今天，超级计算机是重要的计算机分类。 27计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971? Perhaps the most important trend that began in the fourth generation is the proliferation of microcomputers. As more and more transistors were put on silicon chips, it eventually became possible to put an entire computer processor, called a microprocessor, on a chip. The first computer to use microprocessors became available in the mid-1970s. The first microcomputer designed for personal use was the Altair, which was sold in 1975. The first Apple computer, marketed with the IBM PC in 1981. Today, microcomputers far outnumber all other types of computers combined. 也许在第四代计算机开始的最重要趋势是微型计算机的增长。随着越来越 多的晶体管被集成到硅芯片上,将一整个计算机处理器（称为微处理器）放 在一个芯片上终于成为可能。使用微处理器的第一部计算机出现于1970年 代。第一部专为个人使用设计的微型计算机是Altair,它于1975进入市场。 第一部苹果计算机在1981年与IBM个人计算机一起在市场上销售。今天，微 型计算机数目远远超过其他所有类型计算机的总和。 28计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971? Software development during the fourth computer generation started off with little change from the third generation. Operating systems were gradually improved, and new languages were designed. Database software became widely used during this time. The most important trend, however, resulted from the microcomputer revolution. Packaged software became widely available for microcomputers so that today most software is purchased, not developed from scratch. 在计算机的第四代期间，软件的发展开始与第三代有所不同。操作系统 在逐渐地改进，而新的语言被发明。期间数据库软件被广泛使用。然而 ，最重要的趋势起因于微型计算机革命。用于微型计算机的软件包随处 可得，因此今天大多数的软件可以购得,而不需从头开始开发。 29计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2.5 Generationless Computers We may have defined our last generation of computers and begun the era of generationless computers. Even though computer manufacturers talk of “fifth” and “sixth”-generation computers, this talk is more a marketing play than a reflection of reality. 我们可能已经定义了我们最新一代计算机而且开始了计算机的无代时代。 即使计算机制造商谈到“第五”和“第六”代计算机,这些说法更多是市 场行为，而不是真实的反映。 Advocates of the concept of generationless computers say that even though technological innovations are coming in rapid succession, no single innovation is, or will be, significant enough to characterize another generation of computers. 无代计算机的观念提倡者说，即使科技革新接二连三地迅速出现,没有一 种革新是,或将是足够重要，作为另一代计算机的特征。 1.2 Computer Generations 30计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers New Words = GigaByte,吉字节 flops n. 每秒浮点运算次数(floating-point operation per second) 1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions 31计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Some idea of what might be happening in the near future in supercomputer design can be gleaned from a press release issued by the US Department of Energy (DoE). It came out of the SUPERCOMPUTING 2002 Conference held last November in Baltimore, MD. The press release announced that the DoE had awarded IBM a $290 (USD) million contract to build the two fastest supercomputers in the world with a combined peak speed of 460 TFlops. To get an idea of the speed computing throughput 460 teraflops represents, the press release states that, “These two systems will have more than one-and-a- half times the combined processing power of all 500 machines on the recently announced TOP 500 List of Supercomputers.” 从美国能源部发行的通告中，可以收集一些有关在不久的将来超级计算机 设计中可能发生的事情的概念。它来自在马里兰州巴尔的摩市召开的2002 年超级计算会议。该通告称能源部已给IBM拨款2.9亿美元建造世界上最快 的两部超级计算机，其最高综合速度为每秒460兆兆次。为了理解每秒460 兆兆次速度的含义，通告解释说,“这两个系统将会具有最近发布的500强 超级计算机的总处理能力的1.5倍还多。” 1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions 32计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers The first system, “ASCI Purple,” apparently the DoE likes colorful names will be the worlds first supercomputer capable of 100 Tflops. ASCI Purple will have a massive cluster of POWER-based IBM eServer systems and IBM storage systems. This supercomputer represents a fifth-generation system under the Advanced Simulation and Computing Initiative (ASCI) Program. It will serve as the primary supercomputer for DoE. 第一个系统“ASCI Purple”,显然能源部；生动的名字将会 是世界的第一部能够运算每秒100兆兆次的超级计算机。ASCI Purple将具有基于POWER系列的IBM eServer 系统和 IBM 存储 系统的宏大组群。这台超级计算机代表模拟和计算行动计划 (ASCI)支持的第五代系统。它将作为能源部主要的超级计算机 。 1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions 33计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions According to the press release, the second system will be a research machine called Blue Gene/L. It will employ advanced IBM semiconductor and system technologies based on new architectures being developed by DoE and IBM. Blue Gene/L is expected to achieve a peak performance of 360 TFlops with 130,000 processors running under the Linux operating system. It will have the capability to process data at a rate of one terabit per second, equivalent to the data transmitted by ten thousand weather satellites. Applications are expected to include the simulation of very complex physical phenomena in areas such as turbulence, biology and high explosives. 根据通告，第二个系统将会是一部被称为Blue Gene/L的研究机器，它将使 用基于新结构的先进的IBM半导体和系统技术,该新结构是能源部和IBM共 同开发的。Blue Gene/L具有13万台处理器，在Linux操作系统下运行，可 望达到每秒360兆兆次的性能。它将具有以每秒1兆兆位的速度处理数据的 能力,等同于一万个气象卫星传输的数据。其应用预期包括对非常复杂现象 的模拟，如湍流、生物学和高空爆炸。 34计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions The ASCI Purple system will use IBMs next generation microprocessor, the POWER5, employing a total of 12,544 of them. These 12,544 processors will be spread among 196 individual computers. The total memory bandwidth will be 156,000 GBs, the equivalent of simultaneously playing 31,200 DVD movies. A super-fast data highway with a total interconnect bandwidth of 12,500 GB will interconnect the 196 computers. The IBM AIXL operating system will be used to run this configuration. The operating system will contain 50 terabytes of memory, an amount that is 400,000 times the capacity of the average desktop PC. There will also be two petabytes of disk storage or holding the content of approximately one billion books. ASCI Purple系统统将使用IBM的下一代微处处理器POWER5,总总数为为12,544个。这这12,544 个处处理器将分布在196部单单独的计计算机之中。总总内存带宽带宽 将是15.6GB,等同于同时时 地播放 31,200部DVD电电影。一条具有12,500 GB带宽带宽 的超快速数据通道将会把196台 计计算机互相连连接。IBM AIXL 操作系统统将用于运行一个配置。该该操作系统统将包50兆 兆字节节内存，容量是平均桌面个人计计算机的40万倍。还还将有2千兆兆字节节的磁盘盘存 储储，或可容纳纳大约约十亿亿本书书的内容。 35计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.3 Near-future Supercomputer Directions Finally, since the UNIVAC-1s introduction, raw computer speed has increased by about 11 to 12 orders of magnitude in about 50 years, or a factor of 10 every five years. This is a truly remarkable achievement. Its also interesting to contemplate that, if this growth continues over the next 50 years, then by the 100th anniversary of the UNIVAC-1, computers will be operating at speeds on the order of 1023 Flops! 最后, 自从UNIVAC-1的发明以来,计算机的原始速度在50年 内增加了11至12个数量级，或每五年增加10倍。这是一个真 正显著的成就。设想一下也很有趣,如果在未来50年间仍以 这样的速度持续增长,到UNIVAC-1诞生的100周年，计算机 将会以大约每秒1023次的浮点运算速度运行! 36计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 一、复杂长句多 科技文章要求叙述准确，推理谨严，因此一句话里包含三四个甚至五六个 分句的，并非少见。译成汉语时，必须按照汉语习惯破成适当数目的分句 ，才能条理清楚，避免洋腔洋调。这种复杂长句居科技英语难点之首，要 学会运用语法分析方法来加以解剖，以便以短代长，化难为易。例如： Factories will not buy machines unless they believe that the machine will produce goods that they are able to sell to consumers at a price that will cover all cost. 这是由一个主句和四个从句组成的复杂长句，只有进行必要的语法分析， 才能正确理解和翻译。现试译如下： 除非相信那些机器造出的产品卖给消费者的价格足够支付所有成本，否则 厂家是不会买那些机器的。 节译：要不相信那些机器造出的产品售价够本，厂家是不会买的。 后一句只用了24个字，比前句40个字节约用字40%，而对原句的基本内容 无损。可见，只要吃透原文的结构和内涵，翻译时再在汉语上反复推敲提 炼，复杂的英语长句，也是容易驾驭的。 科技英语的特点 37计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 科技英语的特点 二、被动语态多 英语使用被动语态大大多于汉语，如莎士比亚传世名剧罗密欧与朱丽叶 中的一句就两次用了被动语态： Juliet was torn between desire to keep Romeo near her and fear for his life, should his presence be detected. 朱丽叶精神上受到折磨，既渴望和罗密欧形影不离，又担心罗密欧万一让 人发现，难免有性命之忧。 科技英语更是如此，有三分之一以上用被动语态。例如： (a) No work can be done without energy. 译文：没有能量决不能做功。 (b) All business decisions must now be made in the light of the market. 译文：所有企业现在必须根据市场来作出决策。 38计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 科技英语的特点 三、非谓语动词多 英语每个简单句中，只能用一个谓语动词，如果读到几个动作，就 必须选出主要动作当谓语，而将其余动作用非谓语动词形式，才能符 合英语语法要求。 非谓语动词有三种：动名词、分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）和 不定式。例如： 要成为一个名符其实的内行，需要学到老。 这句中，有“成为”、“需要”和“学”三个表示动作的词，译成英语后 为： To be a true professional requires lifelong learning. 可以看出，选好“需要”（require）作为谓语，其余两个动作：“成 为”用不定式形式 to be，而“学”用动名词形式learning，这样才能符合 英语语法要求。 39计算机专业英语 Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 科技英语的特点 四、词性转换多 英语单词有不少是多性词，即既是名词，又可用作动词、形容词、介 词或副词，字形无殊，功能各异，含义也各不相同，如不仔细观察，必致 谬误。例如, light 名词： (启发)in (the)light of由于，根据； (光)high light(s) 强光，精华；(灯)safety light 安全指示灯 形容词：(轻)light industry