医学课件生理学的研究对象和任务

1. Objects and Assignments of Physiologic Research 生理学的研究对象和任务 Def : The science to research various functions Object : Functional characteristics of life Assignment: Functions; mechanism and regulation of functions 2. Content, Methods and Significance of Physiologic Research 生理学研究的内容方法与意义 Content: Kinds of functions of human or animal , especially for mammal What? Why? How? Methods : 1 Acute animal (experiment) methodology(急性动物 实验法 ) Tissue and organ in vitro methodology (离体组织、 器官实验法) Anatomical methodology in vivo(活体解剖实验法) 2 Chronic animal methodology(慢性动物实验法) Significance of Physiologic Research 生理学研究的意义 1.Foundation of biology and medicine 2.Foundation of psychology and sports etc 3.Animal breeding and protection 4.Manufacture of medical electronic equipment and development of new medicine Cellular and molecular level Organic and systemic level Holistic level 3. Development History and Status of Physiology 生理学的发展历史与现状 Different Levels of Physiologic Research 生理学研究的不同水平 Overview and Branches of The Subject 学科概貌与分支 1.According to research objects Human physiology Animal physiology Plant physiology Microbial physiology General physiology 2. According to Research Level Organ physiology(器官生理学器官生理学) Cellular physiology (细胞生理学) 3.According to Applied Objects Medical physiology Pathology physiology(病理生理学) Athletic physiology Work physiology(劳动生理学) Livestock physiology Aviation physiology 4. Regulation of Body Functions 生理功能的调节控制 (1) Nervous regulation (神经调节 ) Reflex(反射) Reflex arc (反射弧)and its structure effector receptor Reflex types: conditioned，unconditioned Characteristic : relatively prompt，precise Def : A kind of method which uses humoral chemical substance to carry on regulative function . Types ：1. General humoral regulation (全身性体液调节 ) 2. Local humoral regulation (局部性体液调节 ) （ Nervous-humeral regulation神经体液性调节; neurosecretion神经分泌） Characteristic : slow, permanent, dispersive (2) Humeral Regulation体液调 节 (3)Autoregulation(自身调节) Def : when the condition is changed ,organ,tissue and cell bring about adaptive response without nervous or humoral regulation. Characteristics : small range , slow, local 5. Regulative Control System in Vivo 体内的调节控制系统 (1) Non-auto control system （ 非自动控制系统 ） Open-loop system Control part is not affected by controlled part stimulus control part controlled part response (2) Feedback Control System Close-loop system Control part is affected by controlled part 负反馈(negative feedback): It is a kind of process that activities of control part are weakened by feedback information 正反馈(positive feedback): It is a kind of process that activities of control part are enhanced by feedback information (3) Feed-forward Control前馈 Control system The monitor sends feed forward information after it monitors interfering information.The information acts on control system and regulates control information to resist the action that the interfering information affected controlled system. It can keep stable output .监 测装置检测到干扰信息后发出前馈信息，作用 于控制系统，调控控制信息以对抗干扰信息对 受控系统的作用，从而使输出变量保持稳定。 References: Yao Tai , physiology, the sixth edition , McGraw-Hill, 2005 姚泰 生理学 第六版, 2005, 人卫 Wang Bing, human and animal physiology , the second edition, Higher Education Press, 2001 王玢 人体及动物生理学，第二版，高教 2001 I want: 1.Enter“cell” 2.Back to“introduction” 3.Over 4.Back to menu Chapter 1 Organization and Transport of Plasma Membrane 细胞膜的结构及转运机能 Section 1 Plasma Membrane 第一节 细胞膜 1. Chemical composition and molecular structure of membrane 膜的化学组成和分子结构 Membrane structure （1）Lipid-bilayer 脂质双分子 Structure: Its made up by amphilic lipid molecules(双嗜性脂质分子), the hydrophobic portions of which line up in the centre Lipid-bilayer Lipid-bilayer function: Barrier function 屏障作用 Fluidity (Flowing along the surface of the membrane） Stability Lipid-bilayer characteristic ： Structure : Characteristic: liquidity（流动性） （2)Protein(蛋白质) -helix or sphere ( 螺旋或球形) Function of protein ： Transporting substance : carrier ， channel，ion pump Transmitting information: receptor , energy conversion Immunological marker Structure : glucoprotein or glucolipid（ 糖蛋白或 糖脂）(covalent bond) （共价键） (3)Saccharine 糖类 Immunological marker Specific labeling such as recognition site of membrane receptor. Function ：Molecular Language Section 2 Membrane Transport 第二节 物质通过细胞膜的转运 1.Passive transport(被动转运) (1) Simple diffusion(简单扩散) Def: It is the process that fat-soluble substances penetrate membrane along the direction of their chemical concentration gradients.脂溶性物质顺浓度差通过细胞 膜的过程。 Transported substance Flux (通量)： The material mole of across 1cm2 area per second Factors of Affecting Simple Diffusion： Concentration gradient of molecule in two side of cell membrane Permeability Others (2)Facilitated Diffusion(易化扩散) Def : It is the process that membrane protein transport fat insoluble to across cell membrane in the direction of their gradients. 不溶于或难溶于脂质的物质在膜蛋白的帮助 下 顺浓度差通过细胞膜的过程 Channel-mediated Facilitated Diffusion (由通道介导的易化扩散) Transporting ion Fig 1-10 Characteristics of Channel Transport: Opening and closing of channel is decided by membrane potential or chemical information Selectivity Carrier-mediated Diffusion (由载体介导的易化扩散) Transporting glucose , amino acid Fig 1-11 High specificity of structure Saturability (饱和现象) Competitive inhibition Characteristics of Carrier Transport : Characteristics of Facilitated Diffusion 易化扩散的特点 Diffusion in the direction of chemical or electrical gradients Selective Regulative 2.Active transport(主动转运) Def : The process that carrier transport substance against concentration gradient, which requires energy , is called active transport. 细胞膜通过其本身的某种耗能过程将某种物 质从低浓度一侧移向高浓度一侧的过程。 (1)Sodium-potassium pump(钠泵)essence： The pump is activated by the increase of intracellular Na+ or the increase of extracellular K+ Na + -K+ ATP ase (2) Activation of Na+ pump： (3)Molecular mechanism ： The avidity is enhanced by phosphorylation (磷酸化使亲和力上升) The avidity is weakened by dephosphorylation （ 脱磷酸反之） Fig 1-13 (4)Function of Na+ pump ： Forming and keeping the concentration of extracellular Na+ and intrace