常见四级作文题型写作技巧

常见四级作文题型写作技巧 1 对比分析题型作文 对比分析题型作文在大学英语四级考试中多次出现，包括两种： 1）要求作者客观地分析并阐述某一事物的利与弊即正反两方面，然后指出自己的看 法。 常见提纲形式：某某事物为我们带来许多好处；然而也有弊端或存在某种问题； 你的体会。 作文套用格式：提出要评论的事物或观点；分别陈述这一事物的利与弊；归 纳得出作者的结论 2）指针对某个问题，有两种不同观点，要求考生对这两种不同的观点进行分析，说 明理由。 常见提纲形式：有些人认为；而另有些人则认为；你的观点 作文套用格式：目前存在某个问题，人们有不同的观点；两种观点各自的理由； 我的看法。 实例 1-1996 年 1 月真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write on the topic:The Two-day Weekend. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese) below. 1. 双休日给大学生带来的好处； 2. 双休日可能给大学生带来的问题； 3. 我应当怎样过好双休日。 范文 The Two-day Weekend Since the carrying out of the two-clay weekend, college students have benefited a lot from it. Firstly, after five days study, they are very tired. They can use the weekend to have a good rest. Secondly, the two-day weekend provides them more chances to contact with the society. For example, they can take a part-time job or go sightseeing. Thirdly, they can use it to review the lessons and preview what they will learn next week. Every sword has two blades. Problems do exist in some college students two-day weekend. Some lazy students may spend most of the time sleeping, doing nothing else. Some may be addicted to playing cards, drinking, leaving their homework far away. Therefore, the two-day weekend can bring nothing useful to them. As for me, I will make good use of the time to have a rest and develop my own hobbies, such as reading, listening to music or playing sports. And I should prepare myself for the next weeks study. 2 点评：这篇作文属于第一种，即分析并阐述某一事物的利与弊。第一段分析了双休日 给大学生带来的好处；第二段指出事物有两面性，双休日也给大学生带来了一些问题；第 三段得出作者的结论，要充分利用双休日。本文内容切题，层次清楚，论证充分，连贯性 较好，无重大语言错误。 实例 22006 年 12 月真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the CCTV Spring Festival Gala. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜晚看春节晚会； 2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会； 3. 我的看法。 范文 The CCTV Spring Festival Gala There is always a heated discussion over the issue of the Spring Festival Gala organized by CCTV before and after the Chinese Lunar New Year. Some people are in favor of the program, while others maintain that the program is a waste of money and time. In the eyes of the first group of people, the Spring Festival Gala should be encouraged for the following reasons. First, the gala has become a tradition for most people to spend the holiday, and they feel that they can find nothing else to do. Besides, the program can offer some talking materials for their family, friends and relatives. However, those who argue against the gala and propose to cancel it also have their reasons. To begin with, the gala costs a lot, but the quality is not as good as expected. Whats more, people may do something else if the gala is cancelled. For example, the family may play games, or chat with each other to the relation between each much closer. As is discussed above, it is obvious that there is some truth in both arguments. In my opinion, the program does more harm than good if watching it as the only thing to do on the eve of the lunar new year. It is likely to make this most important festival boring and meaningless. 点评：这篇作文属于第二种，即对某个问题的两种不同的观点进行分析，说明理由。 第一段指出问题，人们对春节联欢晚会的举办意见不同；第二段分析了许多人喜欢在除 夕夜晚看春节晚会的原因；第三段分析了有些人提出取消春节晚会的理由；第四段得出 作者自己的看法，春节联欢晚会弊多于利。本文内容切题，表达思想清楚，结构合理， 语言通顺。 2 现象解释题型作文 现象解释型作文要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释分析， 并加以评论。 作文套用格式： 说明现状； 阐述这种现状产生或存在的原因； 做出分析总结 实例：2007 年 12 月真题 3 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Selecting Courses. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 各大学开设了各种各样的选修课 2. 学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课 3. 以你自己为例 范文 Selecting Courses Recently, people in growing numbers show their concern about selecting courses. In some colleges, students are permitted to pick out their courses professors freely. The reasons are listed as follows: In the first place, students can choose the teacher according to their interests, which will be helpful for their future careers. Besides, selecting courses can reduce the rate of students absence indirectly for students usually choose their favorite teachers. As far as I am concerned, every coin has two sides. On the one hand, students may learn the course better, because they may choose the professor they liked. On the other hand, if the professor who is very popular and a great number of students would like to attend his/her course, the classroom must be overcrowded. It will have a bad impact on the class. 点评：第一段说明现状：各大学开设了各种各样的选修课；第二段阐述这种现状产生 或存在的原因：学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课；第三段以自己为例来做出总结。 文章层次清楚，语义连贯，内容表达清晰。 CET-4 (Dec.,2005)WRITING Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 名校校园正成为旅游新热点； 2. 校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同； 3. 我认为 范文： Nowadays some famous university campuses have become new popular visiting spots. More and more people come to visit them. However, people have very different views as to whether the university campuses should be open to tourists. Some think that the university campuses should be open to tourists for it can help people to have a chance to feel the cultural atmosphere on the campuses. It is of particular importance for those who are dreaming to study there but still have no chance to do so. While 4 others feel that tourism will spoil the quietness of the campuses and consequently the students cannot concentrate on study. In my opinion, famous university campuses should be open to tourists because as we all know universities should be open places and be able to accept those who are willing to feel the atmosphere there. But actually in order to keep the universities running smoothly as before, there must be some rules to guide the tourists. 点评：第一段开门见山地引出焦点话题：名校正成为旅游的热点，语言规范地道；第 二段提出两方面的观点并阐明其理由，论点明确，说理充分，层次清楚；第三段表明自己 的观点并提出自己的建议。整篇文章表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语 言错误。 3 问题解决题型作文 问题解决型作文也是大学英语四级考试中经常出现的题型。这类作文是关于某个社 会现象或社会问题，要求作者分析该问题所产生的原因或造成的后果，并得出结论或提 出解决办法，该类作文的写作方法通常以演绎的顺序展开。 如在图表作文中，第一段要求大家对图表描述，而往往在第二段、第三段就要求分 析原因和提出解决方法。至于提纲型作文则很大以部分是提出一个问题，让考生进行分 析并提出建议等。 作文套用格式： 提出某个社会问题或现象； 解释其产生的原因或分析造成的 后果； 给出解决问题的办法或建议，或对目前无法解决的问题提出展望。 实例 -1996 年 6 月真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write on the topic: Global Shortage of Fresh Water. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese) below. . 人们以为淡水是取之不尽的(提示:雨水、河水、井水)； . 实际上淡水是非常紧缺的（提示：人口增加，工业用水增加，污染）； . 我们应该怎么办。 范文 Global Shortage of Fresh Water Generally, people think that fresh water is inexhaustible. There is plenty of fresh water in the rivers and lakes. What is more, we have a lot of underground water. Such an opinion leads to a shocking waste of water. Actually, fresh water is in a short supply. Due to the rapid population increase, fresh water consumption remains great. Besides, with the development of industry, more water is needed. More over, a lot of our rivers and lakes have been so polluted that water from them is undrinkable. 5 We must take some measures to solve the problem of water shortage. First, population growth should be slowed down to reduce fresh water needs. Second, pollution should be controlled to purify fresh water in the rivers and lakes. What is the most important of all, we should cherish every drip of water in our daily life. 点评：这篇作文是属于问题解决型。首段给出一种社会现象人们以为淡水是取之 不尽的，指出这会导致严重浪费水源；第二段分析淡水非常紧缺的原因；第三段提出解决 水源短缺应采取的措施。本文内容切题，文理通顺，表达正确，语义连贯，无重大语言错 误。 4 支持同意题型作文 该类题型作文要求考生对社会上存在的某种积极的现象或观点进行分析，说明其重 要性或价值，也就是通过摆事实、讲道理的方式，来说服读者信服某个观点，它是论说 文的一种。 其常见形式是： 目前存在某种积极的现象或观点； 该现象或观点的作用、意 义或价值； 呼吁结尾。 在大学英语四级作文考试中 此类题型经常和问题解决题型结合考查。 实例 CET-4 1990 年 6 月真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minuets to write a composition on the title: Make Our City Greener, your composition should be based on the following outline: 1：城市绿化的状况 2：绿化的好处（如：清洁空气，美化城市，改善气候） 3：怎样才能实现绿化 范文： Make Our City Greener In recent years many trees have been planted in the cities and much care has been taken of the planted trees. In spite of all this, the greening process is relatively slow compared with cities in many other countries. We can benefit much from making our cities greener by planting trees. First, trees absorb carbon dioxide to produce oxygen which is essential to the health of human beings. Second, trees and other greenery make our cities more beautiful. Third, trees can also improve the climate of the cities. Since we can get so much from making our cities greener, we should spare no effort to do that. We should plant more trees and take better care of them. We also should not cut down the trees. In a word, we should do everything to add to the greening of our cities. 点评：这是一篇支持同意型的作文，作者支持城市绿化这种积极的社会现象。第一段 指出目前城市绿化的状况；第二段分析了绿化的好处；第三段得出结论，我应该尽到一切 努力使我们的城市得到更好的绿化。文章内容切题，说理充分，令人信服，无语言错误。 5 记叙文题型作文 6 要求考生写一篇记叙文，描述事件发生的时间、地点、原因、人物及结果，最后对事 件进行简单分析。 其常见形式是： 总结描述，交代清楚故事涉及的人物、时间、地点； 第二段 具体描述，具体描述事件发生的原因、经过和结果：起因经过结果； 第三段 对事 件的分析，分析句 1+分析句 2+分析 3。 实例：CET-4 2003 年 9 月真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured). You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1简单叙述一下这位同学生病（或受伤）的情况 2同学、老师和我是如何帮助他/她的 3人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是 范文 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured) During the SARS period in this spring, the year of 2003, one of my classmates, Li Ming, was struck down by the virus and was immediately sent to hospital. The news spread quickly on campus. At first, we were terrified and wondered if we were infected too. However, through our governments publicity on mass media, we gradually conquered the fear and set out to try our best to help her. Some teachers provided daily necessities while some students recorded the English class contents for him so that Li Ming could not be left behind. With our care and concern, Li Ming recovered quickly. Such an incident teaches us a good moral. Our society is full of love, warm and peaceful, in which people-from man to woman, from individual to individual-lend others a hand. Just like a famous song goes, “the world will turn it to heaven only if everyone contributes a little.“ and I do believe that its my great honor to live in this love-filled paradise! 点评：第一段交代故事涉及的人物、时间、地点：简单结描述同学生病（或受伤）的 情况，语言简练；第二段具体描述同学、老师和我是如何帮助他/她的，形象生动，层次清 晰；第三段对事件的分析：人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受，感情真挚。 6应用文 （书信、演讲词等）写作技巧 应用文的范围很广，包括书信、便条、广告、简历以及通知等诸方面。英语考试中的应用 文以书信为主、兼或有报告、演讲词、导游介绍之类的要求，这一点在大学英语四级考试 中屡有所见。 61 书 信 英文书信一般包括六个部分： 信头-写信人的地址和日期 收信人内文地址-收信人的姓名及地址 称呼-对收信人的称谓语，写在内文地址以下两行 正文-写信人的身份及写信目的 结束客套语-信尾谦辞 签名 1）称呼或称谓（Salutation） 7 这里指写信人对收信人的称谓。从左边顶格写起，自成一行，比信内地址低两行。其 开头词和专有名词的第一个字母还应大写。称谓后，英国人喜用逗号，而美国人则用冒号。 “Dear” 的用法：最常见的是用 Dear + （头衔）姓或名，如：Dear Professor Chen, Dear Mr. Alan 或 Dear Isabel, 也就是在 Mr., Mrs, Miss, Ms, Prof., Dr. 等后只用姓，不用名 字。如果关系比较亲密，可用 My Dear。 给某个机构或你不认识的人写信，则按如下称呼写： Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, Sirs, Gentlemen, Dear Madame, Ladies or Madame, To Whom It May Concern. 写给政府各部门首长，如参议员、法官、大使、市长等可用 Hon. （Honorable 阁 下的缩写），表示尊重。 2）正文（Body） 正文是书信的主要部分。通常在低于称呼一行处写起，每段开头要向后缩进五到 八个字母。正文从内容结构上一般包括： 写信人的身份及写信目的 -位于开头部分，一般是寒暄或点明写信的目 的；要写得贴切、热情、恰如其分。 写信人的想法，请求等细节 -位于中间部分，叙述一封信的主要内容，要 求写得具体明了，直截了当 向收信人表示谢意、希望等 -位于结尾部分，通常写一些表示祝愿、问候、 感谢等结束敬语或希望之类的话语。 下面是一些写信时的常用表达： 开头语常用表达： 寒暄或关于“接到你的某月某日的信” Excuse me of not writing you for such a long time. Your letter dated the 10th inst. （instant 本月） is at hand. I feel complimented by the kindness of your letter which arrived this morning. Words cant express my delight of receiving your letter dated Aug. 27. 点明目的，表示通知、消息。 I am writing to ask if you can do me a favor. I have the pleasure to tell you that our friend, Jim, will get married in the New Years Day. I am very much delighted to inform that you will get a promotion soon. 结尾语常用表达： We send you our best wishes. With best regards. Looking forward to hearing from you soon. Love to all you. Please give my best regards to your family / parents. All the luck in the world to you. 3）结尾谦辞（Complementary Close ） 结尾谦辞指写信人对收信人的谦辞称，写在正文下第二、三行处，从信纸中间稍 向右处或齐头左顶格写起，第一字母大写，末尾加逗号。结尾谦辞根据通信人之间关系的 亲疏恰当选择。常见的有以下几种： 通常使用： 8 Sincerely,（Your Sincerely; Sincerely yours; Most sincerely） Truly，（Yours truly; very truly yours） 给上级、长辈、领导或公务信件用： Respectively yours, Faithfully yours, 一般同事或熟人之间用： Yours ever, Your friend, Cordially yours, 写出亲属或关系非常亲密的是： With love, Love, All my love, Forever yours Yours affectionately, Your loving son / daughter 4）书信作文的语体问题 就书信作文而言，作文内容固然重要，但语体更是问题。英文书信大致可分为事 务书信（Business Letters）和个人书信（ Personal Letters）两种。前者是单位与单位或个人 与单位之间来往的信件，语体比较正规（formal）；后者则是个人与个人之间的飞鸿，表 达较为随便（Personal）。但有时，同一封信可以采用正式与非正式两种语体表达，这就要 求考生具有明辨和变换语体的能力。会变换语体，就要掌握大量词汇和句子结构、套语， 尤其是同义词的不同感情色彩以及委婉语气和祈使句的应用。一般说来，正式文多采用包 含 would, should, might 等情态动词的语句，而个人书信除对师长的客套外，大都可融进少 量口语体的句子（如祈使句、感叹句等）。值得一提的是广义虚拟语气在书信中的应用 （凡要表达客气委婉的语气或留有余地的主观愿望而使用的虚拟语气属广义用法）。广义 虚拟语气涉及到若干固定句式，比如： 陈述看法 I believed/thought/guessed/supposed/that+表述内容（用过去时代替现在时是客气 委婉的表示。） 提出劝告、建议 It would/could be fine to do You might as well do You should do 提出请求、询问意向 I would （very much ） like to V Could you . Would you 表明意向 I was wondering if I wondered if 以上句式在正式或比较正式的书信中是常见的，应学会使用。 实例-2002 年 1 月真题 9 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜 质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。 范文： A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus January 12th, 2002 Dear Mr. President, I am a student here. I write you this letter to say a few words about the dining halls in this university. First, the food in the dining halls is not delicious enough, either too salty or too watery, especially in Dining Hall 3. Second, the prices in dining hall are very high and usually we cannot afford it. Third, the dining halls are always very crowed and we can seldom find seats if arriving there not early enough and the tables are not cleaned in time. Anyway, what is good is that the working staff in the dining halls are quite kind, friendly and patient, and they usually try their best to meet the demand of the students and teachers. Thus I suggest enlarging the dining halls and improving the quality of foods and reducing the prices to what is acceptable to all the students. Best wishes. Yours respectively, Li Ming 点评：信的格式正确，语体正规，层次清楚，内容明了，语言流畅。 6. 2 演说辞 写作演讲辞应注意这种文体所独有的特点：文章应该能激发听众的感情，以博得听众 的支持。一般来说，包括五个部分： 1） 问候语 2）介绍情况 3） 提出并论述话题（Discussion of the Topic） 4） 呼吁行动（Appeal to Action ） 5）结尾语（Closing Remarks） 当然虽然一个演讲包括以上五部分，但未必是五段，在四级考试中，可以把问候语、 介绍情况合为一段，论述话题一段或两段，而把呼吁行动以及结尾语融在一起为一段。 实例-2005 年 1 月真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the student union. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese. 1 你认为自己具备是什么条件（能力，性格，爱好）可以胜任学生会主席工作， 2 如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？ 范文 A Campaign Speech Dear fellow students, 10 It is a great honor for me to stand here and give my speech. To begin with, I am Tom, a junior from the English Department. As some of you may know, I am the monitor of Class 4, Grade 2. As for the position of president of the students union, I think there are several things making me feel qualified to take the job. Firstly, I have gained a lot of experience and received wide praise from my classmates for my job as monitor. Secondly, I am warm-hearted and always ready to help others, quick to react to the needs of my fellow students. Thirdly, I am good at organizing activities and have organized a number of English corners and discussions. If I am lucky enough to be elected the president, I will contribute great efforts to serve the interests of our school. Specifically speaking, I will organize various activities and do more exchanges with other schools to help our learning and make the life even more colorful. I sincerely hope you may give me a chance. Thank you. 点评：本文是一篇竞选演说辞。第一段简要介绍自己的情况，体现出演讲自然开场的 风格；第二段，介绍自己的能力和性格，说明自己能够胜任学生会主席这一职位， 条理清 晰，层次清楚；第三段说明如果当选将为学生做什么，并希望得到大家的支持，语言流畅、 生动，能激发大家的感情。 63 导游解说辞 当今世界旅游事业蓬勃发展，旅游业已成为各国重要的经济部门。为了招揽游客，导 游解说和旅游指南就显得十分必要，大学英语考试中有关旅游的题目也是很多。 导游解说除了开头结尾的客套话，中间则是对景点的介绍，而旅游指南里面大部分也 是对景点大介绍。 导游解说词和旅游指南的语言既具有广告宣传文字的特点，也具有某些报导文字和游 记文字的特色。其语言既比较规范，又具有大众化，辞令明快优美，富于表现力和说明力， 向旅游者介绍某个地方的特色，提供游览的信息，帮助游人了解和欣赏要游览的地方，有 时还告诉游客诸如交通、食宿、花费、时间表等出外旅游常见问题。 大家看下面的实例，体会一下导游解说词和旅游指南的写作特点： 实例-2004 年 6 月真题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction. You should write at least 120 words according to the following guidelines: Your role: a tour guide Your audience: a group of foreign tourists Your introduction should include: some welcoming words the schedule for the day a description of the place the tourists will be visiting （e.g. a scenic spot or a historical site, etc.） You should make the introduction interesting and the arrangements for the day clear to everybody. 范文 A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction Dear friends, 11 May I have your attention, please? First, welcome to China for a visit, and thank you for trusting our travel agency. Im your tour guide, Wang Xiao. You may call me Xiao Wang, or Linda, thats my English name, as you please. Ill do my best to make your trip as pleasant an meaningful as possible. The following is the schedule for the day. The first spot we are going to visit is the Great Wall, the grandest fortification in ancient China. The next sight to look around is the Ming Tombs, which are the best-preserved tombs for 13 emperors in Ming Dynasty more than one thousand years