-waterway engineering土木工程师协会教材07707_01_W

1、Chapter 1INTRODUCTION1.1 PURPOSEThis manual provides an overview of the design process and operationof deep-draft navigation projects. Information was obtained from many sources with signicant contributions from recent U.S. Army Corps of En- gineers Manuals, publications of the Permanent Internation

2、al Association of Navigation Congresses (PIANC) and the following web sites:U.S. Army Corps of EngineersCOE, Digital Visual LU.S. Coast Guard Digital U.S. Coast GuardNational Oceanic and Atmospheric NOAA Photo LibraryAIt

3、should be noted that web site addresses can be temporary and may dis-appear in the long term as agencies reformat navigation information.English measurement units are used for the U.S. navigation system and design guidance, metric is used for guidance reported by PIANC (1 m =3.3 ft).Ship Channel Des

4、ign and Operation (ASCE Manuals and Reports on En- gineering Practice No. 107) was prepared by a task committee of the Wa- terways Committee, which is part of the Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute.This manual provides an overview of the design process and operation of deep-draft navigation

5、 projects. The reliability of ship channels is not only of immense importance to commerical navigation but is also vital to national defense interests for rapid deployment of Navy, Army, and Coast Guard vessels.The manual covers channel design practice, dredging and disposal, con- struction practice

6、s, operation activites, environmental considerations, and contributions of the United States Coast Guard and National Oceanic and12SHIP CHANNEL DESIGN AND OPERATIONFIGURE 1-1. Long Beach Harbor ().INTRODUCTION3Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to navigation. Channel design prac-tic

7、e includes both the United States experience, primarily by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and methods used in other parts of the world as reported by the Permanent International Association of Naviga- tion Congresses (PIANC).This manual is intended as a design guide for practicing enginee

8、rs, a reference for government agencies involved with the design and operation of deep draft navigation systems, and a text book for classes or short courses related to navigation engineering.1.2 BACKGROUNDThe reliability of ship channels is not only of immense importance tocommercial navigation but

9、 is also vital to our national defense interests for rapid deployment of our Navy vessels.Ship channels are the connecting link between the ocean shipping lanes and coastal or inland deep-water ports. These channels can be very short when the port is immediately behind coastal breakwater, such as in

10、 the Port of Long Beach (Figure 1-1).The ship channel also could wind its way up a major river, like the 106- mi-long Columbia River channel that serves the Port of Portland, Oregon (Figures 1-2 and 1-3).The 965-ft Evergreen Class container ship (4,200 TEU Capacity) is an example of a commercial ves

11、sel that uses ship channels (Figure 1-4).FIGURE 1-2. Columbia River Ship Channel (COE, Digital Visual Library).4SHIP CHANNEL DESIGN AND OPERATIONFIGURE 1-3. Ports of Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington (Port of Portland/Spencer Gross Photography).1.3 NATIONAL DEFENSEA major component of the

12、U.S. national defense system is the Navywar ships. The U.S. Army also has a considerable eet of vessels. These ships need a home port in a protected harbor. Ship channels provide the vital link between the home port and the vessel operation in the open ocean. Therefore, a safe and reliable navigable

13、 channel is crucial to the rapid deployment of the Navy and Army eets. Figure 1-5 shows one of the aircraft carriers in the Chesapeake Bay ship channel.The investment in these military ships is considerable. For example, the eight Nimitz-Class aircraft carriers cost about $4.5 billion each. The 27 T

14、iconderoga Class cruisers cost about $1 billion each.1.4 ECONOMIC VALUE TO THE NATIONDespite the growth in high-tech communication and high-speed trans-portation, the nations ports and waterways remain the crucial backboneINTRODUCTION5FIGURE 1-4. Evergreen Class Ship in Columbia River Channel (Port

15、of Portland/Ackroyd Photography).FIGURE 1-5. USS George Washington at Hampton, Virginia (Navy Newstand ).6SHIP CHANNEL DESIGN AND OPERATIONof our economy. Nearly 25 billion tons of cargo are shipped to, from, orthrough 40 states each year.More than 95% of imported and exported goods

16、 to and from overseasmove by ship, including nine million barrels of oil per day.The U.S. marine transportation industry supports nearly $1 trillion in commerce and 13 million jobs.The unit cost to transport commodities over inland waterways is two to three times lower than that of other forms of tr

17、ansportation. The ability to ship goods safely and reliably via inland waterways translates into about $7 billion annually in transportation savings for American businesses.More than 67% of all consumer goods purchased by Americans pass through U.S. harbors.An example of regional economic values is

18、the Port of Houston, Texas.This port moved a total of 148 million tons of cargo in 1996 and is respon- sible for some 200,000 jobs. In 1996, 5,400 ships and 50,000 barges moved on the channel.According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, the U.S. interna-tional trafc is expected to double by 2

19、020.1.5 PROJECT RESPONSIBILITIESThe deep-draft navigation system in the United States includes mostmajor coastal ports, some river systems, such as the Mississippi to Baton Rouge and Columbia to Portland, and the Great Lakes. The major entities in design and operation of this system include the foll

20、owing:U.S. Army Corps of Engineerschannel design, construction, andmaintenance.U.S. Coast Guardsafety issues, aids to navigation, accident as- sessments, search and rescue, and vessel trafc control at some projects.NOAAcharts, global positioning systems (GPS), and weather fore- casts.Ports Authoriti

21、esdesign, operation, and maintenance of port facil- ities.Usersshipowners and captains who are responsible for safe ship operations.INTRODUCTION71.6 SCOPEThis manual focuses on ship channels 20 ft and deeper. Design of theinland navigation system, primarily 9-ft-deep channels for barge trafc, is pre

22、sented in ASCE Manuals and Reports No. 94, Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, and Channels (1998). Small boat navigation (recreation and shing boats) is covered in ASCE Manuals and Reports No. 50, Planning and Design Guidelines for Small Craft Harbors (1994).These three manuals present the latest information on