2012考研英语基础阶段测试题及答案

1、2012考研英语基础阶段测试题及答案万学海文考试时间：180分钟 满分：100分学员姓名： 卡号： 主管咨询师： 是否学数学：参加考试类型:(A、自愿参加 B、督促参加 C、强制参加) (以上内容请写在答题纸上)Section I Vocabulary and StructureDirections: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your ans

2、wer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (20 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times _ 1979.A fromB afterC forD sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose D.

3、1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time _b_ the last bus.A to have caught B to catchC catching D having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we _d_ so formally.A neednt dress up B did not need have dressed upC did not need dress up D neednt have dressed up

4、3. I apologize if I _d_ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.A offend B had offendedC should have offended D might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist _a_ what to do and what not to do.A to be told B having been toldC being told D to have been told(C)5. Greater efforts to in

5、crease agricultural production must be made if food shortage _c_ avoided.A is to be B can beC will be D has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _d_ it comes to classroom tests.A before B asC since D when7. There are over 100 night schools

6、 in the city, making it possible for a professional to be re-educated no matter _c_ he does.A how B whereC what D when8. Ive kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school _d_ twenty years ago.A about B sinceC till D with9. He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _ insuffic

7、iently popular with all members.A being considered B consideringC to be considered D having considered10._ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.A Had it not been B Were it notC Be it not D Should it not be11. Please _ yourself from smoking

8、and spitting in public places, since the lawforbids them.A restrain B hinderC restrict D prohibit12. Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of _ every business operation in the whole country.A practically B preferablyC precisely D presumably(A)13. Preliminary estimation p

9、uts the figure at around $110 billion, _ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.A in proportion to B in reply toC in relation to D in contrast to14. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will _ at the end of this month.A expire B exceedC terminate D c

10、ease15. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read _ letters from their families.A sentimental B affectionateC intimate D sensitive16. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to _, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A revolt B revolveC

11、 reverse D revive17. I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite _.A arbitrary B rationalC mechanical D unpredictable18. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer _ according to the weather.A altered B convertedC fluctuated D modifie

12、d19. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not _ their prospect of promotion.A spur B furtherC induce D reinforce20. In what _ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.A applies B accountsC attac

13、hes D amountsSection II Cloze TestDirections: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most hist

14、orians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They _21_ that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the _22_ man. But they insisted that its _23_ results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the _24_ of the Engli

15、sh population. _25_ contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a _26_ agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, _27_, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists _28_ history and economics, have _29_ two things: tha

16、t the period from 1650 to 1750 was _30_ by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.21. Aadmitted Bbelieved C claimed D predicted22. A plain B average C mean D normal23. Amomentary B prompt C ins

17、tant Dimmediate24. A bulk B host C gross D magnitude25. A On B With C For D By26. A broadly Bthoroughly Cgenerally Dcompletely27. A however Bmeanwhile C therefore D moreover28. A at B in C about D for29. Amanifested Bapproved C shown D speculated30. A noted B impressed C labeled D markedSection III

18、Reading ComprehensionDirections: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corre

19、sponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is als

20、o, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesnt help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypts leadersh

21、ip in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods leftall in return for a giant

22、 reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.

23、The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even

24、though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflic

25、ts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You dont need a dam to be saved.31. The third sentence of p

26、aragraph 1 implies that _.A people would be happy if they shut their eyes to realityB the blind could be happier than the sightedC over-excited people tend to neglect vital things(C)D fascination makes people lose their eyesight32. In paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to _.A areas short o

27、f electricityB dams without power stationsC poor countries around India(D)D common people in the Narmada Dam area33. What is the myth concerning giant dams?A They bring in more fertile soil.B They help defend the country.C They strengthen international ties.(D)D They have universal control of the wa

28、ters.34. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as _.A “Its no use crying over spilt milk”B “More haste, less speed”C “Look before you leap”(C)D “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in Americ

29、a, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has gr

30、own on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that

31、occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the stat

32、istics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplaceall that re-engineering and downsizingare only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and i

33、nvestment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First

34、, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says

35、 that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient t

36、hought to long term profitability. BBDOs Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish“the worst sort of ambulance cashing.”35. According to the author, the American economic situation is _.A not as good as it seemsB at its turning pointC much

37、 better than it seems(A)D near to complete recovery36. The official statistics on productivity growth _.A exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB fall short of businessmens anticipationC meet the expectation of business people(B)D fail to reflect the true state of economy37. The author raises

38、 the question “what about pain without gain?” because _.A he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”B he does not think the productivity revolution worksC he wonders if the official statistics are misleading(B)D he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses38. Which of the following

39、 statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.B New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.(A)D The consultants are a bunch of good-for-n

40、othings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileos 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and th

41、e humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its criticsbut no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Pau

42、l R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New

43、 York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned sciences objectivit

44、y. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of t

45、he last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean

46、environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of enviro

47、nmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term anti-science can lump together too ma

48、ny, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”39. The word “schism” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the conte

49、xt probably means _.A confrontationB dissatisfactionC separation(C)D contempt40. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to _.A discuss the cause of the decline of sciences powerB show the authors sympathy with scientistsC explain the way in which science develops(D)D exemplify the division of science and th

50、e humanities41. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.B Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.C The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.(A)D Tagging environmentalists as “anti-scien

51、ce” is justifiable.42. The authors attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is _.A impartialB subjectiveC biased(A)D puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest

52、reaches a near standstill.This developmentand its strong implications for US politics and economy in years aheadhas enthroned the South as Americas most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nations head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 mil

53、lion peoplenumerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II, and the pattern still

54、 prevails.Three sun-belt statesFlorida, Texas and Californiatogether had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th with Cleveland and Washington. D. C. dropping out of the top 10.Not all that sh

55、ift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say, Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, tooand so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instancesl Regionally, the Rocky Mo