当代研究生英语读写教程(上)课件Unit2_Text_A.ppt

1、Book One,Unit 2,Book One,Content,Warming-up,Reading,Writing,Text A,Text B,Book One,Warming-up,Book One,Watch this talk show program and discuss in what ways the friendships between mens friendship and womens are different.,Book One,1. Questions: 1) Who do you prefer to chat with, people of your own

2、gender or the opposite gender? Is your best friend of your own gender? 2) Do you have any difficulty in communicating with people of the opposite gender? 3) Have you noticed any similarities or differences between your ways of communicating with your boy friends and girl friends? 2. Each group appoi

3、nt one representative to give a presentation about the groups discussion.,Group discussion,Book One,WHY IS IT SO HARD FOR MEN AND WOMEN TO TALK TO EACH OTHER? Deborah Tannen,Book One,ReadingText A,Text Study,Main Idea the man looked puzzled and hurt. “Its true,” he explained. “When I come home from

4、work I have nothing to say. If she didnt keep the conversation going, wed spend the whole evening in silence.” 2 This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with mar

5、riage.,Book One,Paras.3-5,3 Sociologist Catherine Kohier Riessman, who reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewedbut only a few of the mengave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. 4 In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands mos

6、t often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life. Instead, they focused on communication: “He doesnt listen to me,” “He doesnt talk to me.” I found that most wives want their hus

7、bands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives. 5 In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, wh

8、ile a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.,Book One,Paras.6-8,Linguistic Battle Between Men and Women 6 How can women and men have such different impressions of communication in marriage? Why is there a widespread imbalance in their interests and expectations? 7 In the April 1990 issue o

9、f American Psychologist, Stanford Universitys Eleanor Maccoby reports the results of her own and others research showing that childrens development is most influenced by the social structure of peer interactions. Boys and girls tend to play with children of their own gender, and their sex-separate g

10、roups have different organizational structures and interactive norms. 8 I believe these systematic differences in childhood socialization make talk between women and men like cross-cultural communication. My research on mens and womens conversations uncovered patterns similar to those described for

11、childrens groups.,Book One,Paras.9-11,9 For women, as for girls, intimacy is the fabric of relationships, and talk is the thread from which it is woven. Little girls create and maintain friendships by exchanging secrets; similarly, women regard conversation as the cornerstone of friendship. So a wom

12、an expects her husband to be a new and improved version of a best friend. What is important is not the individual subjects that are discussed but the sense of closeness, of a life shared, that emerges when people tell their thoughts, feelings, and impressions. 10 Bonds between boys can be as intense

13、 as girls, but they are based less on talking, more on doing things together. Since they dont assume talk is the cement that binds a relationship, men dont know what kind of talk women want, and they dont miss it when it isnt there. 11 Boys groups are larger, more inclusive, and more hierarchical, s

14、o boys must struggle to avoid the subordinate position in the group. This may play a role in womens complaints that men dont listen to them.,Book One,Para.12,12 Often when women tell men, “You arent listening,” and the men protest “I am”, the men are right. The impression of not listening results fr

15、om misalignments in the mechanics of conversation. This misalignment begins as soon as a man and a woman take physical positions. When I studied videotapes made by psychologist Bruce Dorval of children and adults talking to their same-sex best friends, I found at every age, the girls and women faced

16、 each other directly, their eyes anchored on each others faces. At every age, the boys and men sat at angles to each other and looked elsewhere in the room, periodically glancing at each other. But the tendency of men to face away can give women the impression they arent listening even when they are

17、. A young woman in college was frustrated: whenever she told her boyfriend she wanted to talk to him, he would lie down on the floor, close his eyes, and put his arm over his face. This signaled to her, “Hes taking a nap.” But he insisted he was listening extra hard. Normally, he looks around the ro

18、om, so he is easily distracted. Lying down and covering his eyes helped him concentrate on what she was saying.,Book One,Para.13-15,13 Switching topics is another habit that gives women the impression men arent listening, especially if they switch to a topic about themselves. The girls in my study t

19、ended to talk at length about one topic, but the boys tended to jump from topic to topic. 14 My study of the 10th-grade children found that when a girl told a friend about a problem, the friend responded by asking probing questions and expressing agreement and understanding. But the boys dismissed e

20、ach others problems. Todd assured Richard that his drinking was “no big problem”. And when Todd said he felt left out, Richard responded, “Why should you? You know more people than me.” 15 Women perceived such responses as belittling and unsupportive. But the boys seemed satisfied with them. Whereas

21、 women reassure each other by implying, “You shouldnt feel bad because Ive had similar experiences,” men do so by implying, “You shouldnt feel bad because your problems arent so bad.”,Book One,Para.16-17,16 There are even simpler reasons for womens impression that men dont listen. Linguist Lynette H

22、irschman found that women make more listener-noise, such as “mhm”, “uhuh”, and “yeah”, to show “Im with you”. Men, she found, more often give silent attention. Women who expect a stream of listener-noise interpret silent attention as no attention at all. 17 Womens conversational habits are as frustr

23、ating to men as mens are to women. Men who expect silent attention interpret a stream of listener-noise as overreaction or impatience. Also, when women talk to each other in a close, comfortable setting, they often overlap, finish each others sentences and anticipate what the other is about to say.

24、This practice, which I call “participatory listenership”, is often perceived by men as interruption, intrusion and lack of attention.,Book One,Para.18,18 A parallel difference caused a man to complain about his wife, “She just wants to talk about her own point of view. If I show her another view, sh

25、e gets mad at me.” When most women talk to each other, they assume a conversationalists job is to express agreement and support. But many men see their conversational duty as pointing out the other side of an argument. This is heard as disloyalty by women, and refusal to offer the requisite support.

26、 It is not that women dont want to see other points of view, but that they prefer them phrased as suggestions and inquiries rather than as direct challenges.,Book One,Paras.19-20,The Sounds of Silence 19 These differences begin to clarify why women and men have such different expectations about comm

27、unication in marriage. For women, talk creates intimacy. Marriage is an orgy of closeness: you can tell your feelings and thoughts, and still be loved. Their greatest fear is being pushed away. But men live in a hierarchical world, where talk maintains independence and status. They are on guard to p

28、rotect themselves from being put down and pushed around. 20 This explains the paradox of the talkative man who said of his silent wife, “Shes the talker.” In the public setting, he felt challenged to show his intelligence and display his understanding. But at home, where he has nothing to prove and

29、no one to defend against, he is free to remain silent. For his wife, being home means she is free from the worry that something she says might offend someone, or spark disagreement, or appear to be showing off; at home she is free to talk.,Book One,Paras.21-22,21 The communication problems that enda

30、nger marriage cant be fixed by mechanical engineering. They require a new conceptual framework about the role of talk in human relationships. Many of the psychological explanations may not be helpful, because they tend to blame either women (for not being assertive enough) or men (for not being in t

31、ouch with their feelings). A sociolinguistic approach by which male-female conversation is seen as cross-cultural communication allows us to understand the problem and forge solutions without blaming either party. 22 Once the problem is understood, improvement comes naturally. Women who feel abandon

32、ed and deprived when their husbands wont listen to or report daily news may be happy to discover their husbands trying to adapt once they understand the place of small talk in womens relationships. But if their husbands dont adapt, the women may still be comforted that for men, this is not a failure

33、 of intimacy. Accepting the difference, the wives may look to their friends or family for that kind of talk. And husbands who cant provide it shouldnt feel their wives have made unreasonable demands. Some couples will still decide to divorce, but at least their decisions will be based on realistic e

34、xpectations.,Book One,Sentence Analysis,Book One,1. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage. (Para. 2, Line 2) pattern: phenomenon wreak: To bring about; cause, give effect to 带来；引起；造成： e.g. They have wreaked dreadful havoc among the wildlife by shooting and trapping. 他们射杀和诱捕野生动物，造成了严重的破坏。

35、havoc: disaster, damage, destruction 灾难，破坏，毁坏 wreak havoc 带来灾难 e.g. The storm wreaked havoc along the coast. 暴风雨给海岸带来灾难。 Paraphrase: This pattern is causing disasters within marriages. 译文：这一现象使婚姻受到严重威胁 。,II.,Book One,2. In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focuse

36、d not on tangible inequities as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life. (Para. 4, Line 1-3)tangible: discernible by the touch; palpable, practicle 通过触摸可以感知的；可触知的；实际的e.g. the tangible benefits of the plan 该项计划带来的实际利益acco

37、mpany: go with, occur or do at the same time 陪同，与一同发生e.g. Every day the mother accompanied her little son to school. 这位母亲每天送小儿子上学。 Will you accompany me in drinking a glass of wine? 愿意陪我喝一杯吗？,Book One,Paraphrase: In my own research, women complain about their husbands, not because they give up their

38、 chances for a career to go to the place where the husbands work, or they have to do most of the homework. 译文：在我本人的研究中，女性对丈夫的抱怨大多不是集中在一些实 际的不平等现象，例如为了跟随丈夫的事业而放弃了发展自己 事业的机会，或者她们所承担的日常生活琐事远远超过她们份 内的部分。,Book One,3. The impression of not listening results from misalignments in the mechanics of conversat

39、ion. (Para. 12, Line 2-3) misalignment: failure to coincide with each other 未对准；错位 mechanics: the method or / and technical aspects of an activity 某种活动的方法与技术 Paraphrase: Women have the impression that men are not listening when they talk because the method men adopt in conversation is different from

40、 womens. 译文: 这种给人没有在听的印象是由于男女对话方式的不同而引起的。,Book One,4. Women perceived such responses as belittling and unsupportive. (Para. 15, Line 1) perceive: To achieve understanding of; apprehend, see 获得对的理解；理解 belittle: To represent or speak of as contemptibly small or unimportant 轻视，小看：当作渺小或不重要来描述或叙说； e.g. a

41、 person who belittled our efforts to do the job right. 一个小看我们为做好工作而付出的努力的人 unsupportive: 拒绝提供支持的，不支持的 Paraphrase: Women take such responses as seeing their problem unimportant and refusing to support them. 译文: 女性把这种回答看作是轻视她们的问题和不支持她们。,Book One,5. “A parallel difference caused a man to complain about

42、 his wife,. ” (Para. 18, Line 1) parallel: (adj.) having the same direction, tendency, or cause 具有同样的方向、倾向 e.g. They have parallel interests. 他们有相同的兴趣。 Paraphrase: Another difference, similar to the difference in conversational habits discussed in paragraph 17, makes a man complain about his wife,.

43、译文: 同样，男女之间的差别也使丈夫抱怨妻子,Book One,6. It is not that women dont want to see other points of view, but that they prefer them phrased as suggestions and inquiries rather than as direct challenges. (Para. 18, Line 5-7) 这是个复合句。主句是“It is not thatbut that”，从句“preferrather than”修饰”but that”，句中“them”指代“other p

44、oints of view”。 phrase: express Paraphrase: It is not that women dont want to see other points of view, but that they prefer to hear these different points of view expressed in the form of suggestions and inquiries, not direct challenges. 译文: 这不是因为女性不想听到别的观点，而是因为女性更喜欢将这些观点以建议或询问的言词表达出来，而不是以直接了当的挑战形式

45、表达出来。,Book One,Language Points,Book One,distract,vt. draw someones attention away from something 分散（注意力等，使分心） e.g. Children are so easily distracted. 儿童的注意力很不容易集中。 The film managed to distract me from these problems for a while. 这部影片分散了我的注意力，让我暂时忘记了这些难题。 vt. disturb in mind or make uneasy or cause t

46、o be worried or alarmed弄糊涂，使心神不安，担心 e.g. He was distracted between two objects. 他被这两件东西所迷惑。 Grief distracted him. 悲伤使他精神错乱。,Book One,reassure,vt. restore confidence to; dispel the apprehensions of 安慰，使放心 e.g. They need to be reassured by parents and teachers that they are still wanted. 他们需要由家长和教师再三给

47、以保证，使之相信他们不是多余的。 His words reassured me. 听了他的话我释然了。 The police reassured her about the childs safety. 警察让她放心，她的孩子很安全。,Book One,intrusion,n. an unwanted event or person in a situation that is private (讨厌的事或人的)干扰，侵扰 into/on/upon e.g. She considered Pams presence in the kitchen an intrusion. 她认为帕姆待在厨房是

48、一种干扰。 I resented this intrusion into my domestic affairs. 我讨厌这种对我家事的干扰。 This is the intrusion of Western values on a culture that has existed for centuries. 这是西方价值观对一种已存在几百年的文化的侵袭。 v. intrude (into/on/upon) 闯入，侵入，侵扰，打扰，把强加于 e.g. A translator shouldnt intrude his own opinions into what hes translatin

49、g. 译者不应该擅自把自己的意思加进译文中。 He had no wish to intrude on their privacy. 他原本就不想触犯他们私人活动的自由。,Book One,inclusive,adj. including much or everything; and especially including stated limits 包括的，包含的 e.g. Reserve double room,June fourth to tenth inclusive. 预订双人房间，六月四日至十日 an all-inclusive charge 包括一切费用在内的价格 inclu

50、sive of e.g. The rent is 50 RMB a week, inclusive of heating and lighting . 房租每星期50元，包括暖气费和照明费 The monthly rent is $20 inclusive of everything. 月房租总共二十美元，包括一切费用在内。 例题：The team consists of 15 people, inclusive _ the captain. A. of B. in C. for D. from 句意：那支队伍包括船长在内共有15人。,of,Book One,例题: 1. The advert

51、isements, along the bridge, have to be done away with, for they sometimes _ the attention of motorists. A. attract B. distract C. absorb D. avert 句意：桥两边的广告必须拆除，因为他们分散驾车者的注意力。 2. Although he was on a diet, the delicious food _ him enormously. A. distracted B. stimulated C. inspired D. tempted 句意：他虽然在

52、减肥，不过还是强烈地被那些美食吸引。 3. Please do not be _ by his offensive remarks since he is merely trying to attract attention. A. distracted B. disregarded C. irritated D. intervened 句意：请不要因为他冒犯的言辞而心烦，他不过是想吸引别人的注意罢了。,B. distract,A. distracted,A. distracted,Book One,clarify,make clear and (more) comprehensible 讲清

53、楚，阐明 近义词：clear up, elucidate e.g. The teachers explanation clarify the puzzling problem. 老师的说明澄清了困扰的问题。 I hope that what I say will clarify the situation. 我希望我说的话能澄清这一情况。 The explanation in the footnote clarified the difficult sentence. 注脚的解释使这一难句容易明了。 例题： High grades are supposed to _ academic abil

54、ity, but Johns actual performance did not confirm this. A. certify B. clarify C. classify D. notify 句意：高分应该高能，但是约翰的实际表现却不尽然。,B. clarify,Book One,frustrate,vt. prevent from accomplishing a purpose or fulfilling a desire 挫败，阻挠 e.g. The terrible weather frustrated our hopes of going out. 恶劣的天气使我们外出的愿望无

55、法实现。 Their attempts to speak to him were frustrated by the guards . 他们想跟他说话，但被警卫拦住了。 vt. make somebody annoyed or angry because you are unable to do what you want 使得某人恼怒，灰心丧气 e.g. Im feeling rather frustrated in my present job; I need a change. 我感到现在干得很不顺心，需要换一换工作。 He was frustrated by his poverty.

56、他因贫穷而灰心丧气。,Book One,frustrating: discouraging by hindering 使人沮丧的，令人泄气的 e.g. a piece of frustrating news 令人沮丧的消息 I find it frustrating that I cant speak other languages. 我不会说别的语言，感到很沮丧。 After two hours frustrating delay, our train at last arrived. 经过两小时令人厌烦的耽搁后，我们的火车终于到达了目的地。,Book One,deprive,V. ( sb

57、. Of sth. ) take away possessions from someone 剥夺，使丧失 近义词：strip, divest e.g. If you do not drive carefully, I shall be obliged to deprive you of your license. 如果您不谨慎驾驶，我将不得不没收您的执照。 What will a student do if he were deprived of his books? 一个学生如果没有了书籍，将怎么办？ V. keep from having, keeping, or obtaining 使

58、不能有；使不能享受 e.g. The trees outside the windows deprive the house of light. 窗外的树木把房子遮挡得暗然无光。 Sickness deprived me of the pleasure of meeting you. 疾病使得我未能和你经常欢聚。,Book One,例题： 1. The accident _ him of his sight and the use of his legs.(97年一月份六级真题第45题) A. excluded B. disabled C. deprived D. gripped 句意： 那场意外夺去了他的视力和双腿。 2. No one can function properly if they are _ of adequate sleep (2000年6月六级真题第57题) A. deprived B. ripped C. stripped D. contrived 句意：没有充足的睡眠，没人能够正常工作。 3. The prisoner was _ of his civil liberty for three years.(2001年1月六级真题第51题) A. discharged B.