四级写作讲座.ppt

1、大学英语四级讲座写作专题,2,四级考试时间分配,写作 30mins,快速阅读 15mins,听力 35mins,仔细阅读（包括选词填空和篇章阅读）25mins,完型和改错二选一15mins,翻译和简答二选一5mins,3,4,应对策略,同学们最担心的是听力选项的预览时间，从表中可以看出，在9：55-10：00之间收答题卡一和最后试音时间时可以预览听力部分的选项， 建议考生要充分利用这段时间扫描passage部分的选项，弄清三篇文章的主题，至于短对话第一题的四个选项在播音前6秒看还来得及。,5,注意作文和快速阅读后要收答题卡一，然后才能开始做后面的试题。学生平常练习时应注意每部分时间的控制，在规

2、定的时间内完成规定的项目，不要跨区做题，这样才能适应新四级的考场要求。 注意写作文的时候，没有试题册，这样会避免考生从试题册中寻找相关的英语表达抄到作文中。,6,做翻译题时，试题册已经收上去，避免考生从试题册中找单词的拼写或习惯用语。 新四级考试，题型多样，题量大时间紧，但考生只要在考场上合理有效的利用好时间，在考试结束时，能顺利答完所有的题目，一定会取得满意的成绩。,大纲解读,考查方式 考试的第一部分 将直接影响以后的做题 字数在120字以上，时间为30分钟。 客观来看，平均每分钟4个单词， 写作真的那么难吗？难在何处？ 所占分值比例为15% 不可放弃，为六级和考研英语打下坚实的基础 选用考

3、生所熟悉的题材。考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等。 我们都具体考过哪些题材？那类文章呢？,写作要求 写作部分要求考生用英语进行短文写作，思想表达准确，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作部分考核的技能是： A 思想表达 表达中心思想 表达重要或特定信息 表达观点、态度等 B 篇章组织 围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点 连贯地组句成段，组段成篇 C 语言运用 运用恰当的词汇 运用正确的语法 运用合适的句子结构 使用正确的标点符号 使用衔接手段表达句间关系（如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等） D 写作格式 运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式,9,一、考核要求,四六级大学英语

4、写作考试时间均为30分钟，分值占总分的15% 四级要求考生写出一篇不少于120词的短文，试卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写;或给出关键词要求写成短文。 要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作的内容包括日常生活和一般常识。短文写作部分的目的是测试学生运用英语书面表达思想的初步能力。,高分守则 好的开始是成功的一半 3-5分钟冷静构思提纲、关键词语或句型避免思维“短路” 清晰整洁至关重要 卷面整洁、书写流畅、段落分明、标点清楚 词数限制心中有数 在规定次数范围内完成文章；写得越多，缺点越多 奖励分“分分必争” 文章整体完整合理，负荷大纲要求，句子段落

5、前街紧密，语言表达有亮点 小细节不放过 避免低级语法错误和拼写错误，以免因小失大,11,二、大学英语四级作文评分原则及标准,首先，卷面一定要清晰、干净、整洁。不要乱涂乱画，若有删节，在文字的中间画道横线 第二，段落按要求写，要求写几段就写几段。一般情况下，中间一段长，开首段和结尾段较短，让人第一感觉就是内容充实 第三，开好头，结好尾。 第四，按要求的字数写，可以比要求的字数稍微多一点。字数少了给人的感觉是缺乏内容，字数太多了，文章显得繁琐，阅卷老师心理会烦，你的分数会受影响。,12,评分标准,2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，但 多数为严重错误。 5分基本切题。表达思想

6、不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错 误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分切题。表达思想清楚、文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分切题。表达思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言 错误，仅有个别小错误。 注：只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分(按规定写三段的作文),评分方法 CET作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员按总的印象给分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 一般来说，阅卷老师在10秒钟内就会根据第一印象

7、给出分数档次，进而确定具体分数。该分数一般在印象分基础上下浮动10%。,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about Women in the Modem World in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop the idea in completing the paragraph. Your part of the c

8、omposition should be at least 120 words not including the words given. Remember to write clearly. You should write this composition on the Composition Sheet. Women in the Modern World 1.Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. 2.With the changes in their social role ,womens

9、 position in the family has been improved as well. 3.In spite of these changes ,the liberation of women has not been completely realized.,Women in the Modern World Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. Long ago ,women only did something in the kitchen or at home. Now man

10、y of them have serious jobs to serve for people. What men can do so can women. With the changes in their social role, womems position in the family has been improved as well. Today in the family, the wife often lots her husband to do something at home tat ago, only women did something. Men are foned

11、 of doing something at home. In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized. Sometimes, the matter, the husband hitting his wilf, often happened. In the factory the women do as much as the men, but the liberation of women.,评分：2分 评语：该文章除所抄起始句外，几乎一无是处，尤其是从第二段起，完全放手

12、胡写，词不达意，不知所云。,Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. In today, many women have a work. They worked as well as men playing an important part in factories. There are many women in government also. They lead other people country, and make out plans. There are many women scie

13、ntist slso. They event new things to improve our life. With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well. In ancient womens position in family is bity. They had to looks after their children, did every how husband ordered her to do .But now it is changed.

14、 They are equal to her husband. They have the right of speaking of idea, discussion thing with her husband, do what she wants to do. In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized. We also should realize, women liberty are limited. For example, many factories wan

15、t men become its workers but the chance of women is less than men. Everyone should do their best to change this condition. Im sure, the liberation of women should be increased.,评分：5分 评语：基本切题，但语言基本功差，存在大量语言错误。如：They lead other people country.(不估作者想说什么)；many women scientist slso (scienitst不知道加“s”也还罢了，

16、只是不知单词slso从何而来)；They event new things(event想来应为invent之笔误)，等等。,Women are playing an increasing important part in society today. Many women today are playing an important part at works that was thought only could be done by the men before. For an example, some women are not secretary in the office, in

17、stead, they become manager of a company. With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well. In the world today, more and more women have their own job. They get their own salary, and become more independent from their husband. With the economic situation

18、improved, their family position is improving. In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized. Many husbands only want his wife to stay at home, and do house works or do some shopping. They only want their wife to be a houswife, but not a manager of a company.,评分：

19、8分 评语：基本切题语言也比较连贯作者想要表达的思想还算清楚，但仍有一些较大错误，如：more and more women have their own job(许多妇女只一个job?)；Many husbands only want his wife do house works.(许多丈夫们共有一个wife,而且让她干家里的“works”,“著作”?),Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. More and more women go to work to earn money instead

20、 of keeping the house or looking after the children. Women have entered many fields of society including scientific field. As we know, many women sports teams have won the worlds champions such as Chinese womens Volleyball Team. With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family ha

21、s been improved as well. Husbands are not the masters of wives in many places, Husbands and wives are equal now. They join together to overcome difficulties and share happiness. In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized. Also in some places ,women are consid

22、ered being “thing” belong to men. They have little chance to find jobs. They dont get equal pay for equal job. This is a problem must be solved not only by society but also by women themselves.,评分：11分 评语：切题，思想表达清楚，连贯，虽有个别错误，但未影响整体意思的表述。如后一句This is a problem must be solved(就是结构上的一个重大错误：名词problem后面，应跟

23、一个定语从句，但该句既没有引导词，又欠缺主语，形不成一个从句)。,Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. In many countries, more and more women are acting as workers, farmers, scientists and even leaders. We can say that almost all jobs which men can do are done perfectly by women. Women are no longer lo

24、oked down upon by society. With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well. Husband and wife are now equal in the family. They cope with problems of daily life together, and share happiness with each other. Also, you can hardly find out that in todays f

25、amilies, women are being busy with dinners, whereas men are comfortably sitting in armchairs, reading newspapers. In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized. A number of men still jealously guard their rights, and regard women as incapable creature. Few women

26、 are allowed to attend important international meetings dominated by men. Thats really the problems we should solve immediately.,评分：14分 评语：切题：语言流畅，用词适当，句子也有一定变化，虽有个别小错，但不影响意思的表达。,2分 一塌糊涂 5分 稀里糊涂 8分 马马虎虎 11分 清清爽爽 14分 漂漂亮亮,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on

27、 the topic: It Pays to Be Honest . You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: It Pays to Be Honest 1.当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象 2.诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实,Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society. For example, some businessmen s

28、ell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat in the exams. Dishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but consumers wont buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or even be sent to prison. By contrast, honest pe

29、ople gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to their promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons are sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager to make friends with them. Besides, it i

30、s easier for a person with a good record to get a good job. Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later. In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honour. So it is important that we should be honest.,Nowadays,

31、many people choose not to be honest in our modern society. We almost can find such things every day of our life: some students cheat in the exam for higher marks; some corporations tell wrong data to the public in order to get more investment; and some doctors treat their patients with unnecessary a

32、nd expensive medicines in order to make money, sometimes damaged the patients health, even their life. Seeing this situation, I think it must be changed. Being honest will benefit not only others, but also ourselves. First, your honesty will make others willing to trust you. Second, being honest can

33、 lead you to face your problem bravely, which helps to solve it. And the last, honesty surely helps to make the society more harmony. So, I think everyone should start to be honest and everyone should have the idea that our society can not do without honesty.,In our modern social life, there are man

34、y examples around us show many people are cheated. Advertisements cheat people, salesmen cheat people, even ones closest friends cheat him or her. So many heartbreaks are heard everyday that we cannot help asking: where is our honest exist? Everybody is taught honest in the primary school or even in

35、 the kindergarten. Honesty does good not only to ourselves, but to others as well. If we are honest to others, we will be happier and be in a better mood. Otherwise, well feel guilt at last. To a company and its advertisement, honesty will bring it more consumer and more profit. If we cheat others,

36、friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone. To a company, no consumer will buy your product again! So, as the above is said, it pays to be honest. Lets create a morally outstanding social,With the development of modem economic and industry., competitive is becoming more and more ob

37、vious. At the same time, the performance of dishonest is becoming more and more clearly. Nowadays, there are many dishonest performance in our society. For example, some people found that he saled goods had past the perservation date. Not throw them away, they revised the perservation date, and sale

38、d them again after several days. Another case in the point, a pair of shoes was made from goat. However, in order to sale at a high price, the salers would say they were made from cow which has good quality. From the foregoing, we can see that dishonest does not only harm to yourselves but also harm

39、 to others. And it is no use only realise the harmness of dishonest. We should be honest from now on and be honest in our daily life. It is only that people all over the world are honest then our country will be beautiful and wealthy.,Now in our society, many people are not honest in doing soming, w

40、e often can meet with soming happened cause by people who are not honest. For example, Now we take the bus need carry cents own, and when you upstairs the bus, you should put the cent into the money box. Every people do that, but some of the people put the other things instead the cents. For another

41、 example, it is more normal that in the exams we can always find some students see others. I consider that every people should be honest. As a people, honest should be first, because it can make us to be increase and make our society develop. In doing every thing we should be honest all, study, work

42、, life and so on. If you are honest, every people will be friend to you, and who will regard you are good people. But if you dont be honest, people must unwilling to trath with you. So if you are want to be a good people, remember honest first.,1. 滔滔不绝“意识流”,有一部分考生在考试时一见到作文题，便感到很对自己的胃口，觉得有很多内容要写。于是乎千

43、言万语涌上心头，写着前一句想着后一句。往往前句尚未写完便接上了后一句，辛辛苦苦写了一大堆（甚至有写11个自然段的）犹觉余意未尽。结果令判卷的老师头疼不己，无法继续往下看。 意识流创作有两种表现：自由分段语言杂乱,三、英语写作困境与对策,33,我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落：一篇120词左右的作文一般不会超过12句话，把这12句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大约只说那么几句话，绝不多说。 事实上往往是说得越多，错误越多。因此，跟着提纲走，每一段不要写得太多，点到为止，见好就收，这才是最稳妥的对策。,对策:,34,2. 真情流露没必要,考试时，监考老师通常发现有的考生坐在那里根本就是在

44、玩深沉，他在那里思考人生的伟大哲理；他在那里要想出一个观点，想出一个理由，想出一个措施，非要显得与众不同。陷入这种境地的考生，显然犯了一个根本性的错误。参考时间为30分钟的作文，一般应该在25分钟之内完成，再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。 不管原因也好，措施也好，某一考生想到的任何一点，很可能命题人早已料到，而且肯定会被成千上万的考生重复无数遍。因而曾经令自己激动一时的想法，在判卷的老师看来全无感觉。规定式作文的拓展空间本来就非常有限，所以“真情流露”是没有必要的。,35,对策 ：,写作的三个角度：语言第一位；结构第二位；内容第三位 要求：结构简单，语言卓越，内容只要相关即可,36,3. 用词贫

45、乏，句式单一,许多考生的作文错误倒不多，相当符合语法要求，但用词贫乏，过多使用如more and more, I think, as you know等表达，并且句子结构过于简单。 统计结果表明，差的作文中简单句多，而好的作文简单句少；差的作文从句、连词、分词结构出现的频率大大低于好的作文；差的作文中关键词和同义表达出现的频率低于好的作文。用词的丰富和句式的多样应该主要通过多看好文章，仔细琢磨好文章中的用词和句子来提高。换句话说，也就是要从阅读中学习写作。,37,四级写作中如何选词,We should use different ways to get to know the society.

46、 We ought to make use of various methods to get to know the society. We are supposed to take advantage of diverse means to get to know the society.,38,选词的基本原则,尽量用四级范围内的积极的,活跃的，常用的词或词组 尽量用表达最贴切,最生动,最有力的词或短语 尽量用最符合所写话题,所用文体的词或表达,39,四级考生在措词方面存在的问题：,可供“调遣”的词汇量贫乏，用词大部分局限于中 学词汇。比如，我们一提到“重要的”，大多数同学首先会想到“im

47、portant”这个单词，那么提升一下的话就可以想到它的如下同义词：significant, vital, crucial, critical， etc 表达相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词单调。 比如， Big =great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous etc.,40,策略,调动大学期间学过的更生动，更丰富的词汇表达意思。比如，引起、导致- cause, lead to, result in, bring about, give rise/birth to 用具体，生动，有针对性的词语。 比如，利用 use, make use of, make

48、 (good, effective, wide, wise, full) use of sth, take (full) advantage of 文中如需要多次表达同一词义时，以同义词，近义词等避免重复使用同一词。比如，适应- adapt to, adjust to, makefit, get used to, be accustomed to,41,30个最经典的替换词,42,1. individuals,characters, folks 代替 (people ,persons) 2. positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising (有希望的)，pe

49、rfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding 代替 good 3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse(有害的)代替bad 如果 bad 做表语，可以有 be less impressive 代替 eg. An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approache

50、s to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.,43,4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of , many, if not most) 代替 many. 注：用many, if not most一定要小心，many后一定要有词。 Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that.同理用most, if not all ,代替most. 5: a sl

51、ice of, quiet a few , several代替some,44,6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think (因为是书面语，所以要加that) 7. affair, business ,matter 代替 thing 8. shared 代 common 9. reap huge fruits代替get much benefit 10. for my

52、part ,from my own perspective 代替 in my opinion,45,11. Increasingly), growing 代替more and more。所以当修饰名词时用 increasing/growing. 修饰形容词，副词用 increasingly (注意没有growingly 这种形式. Eg. sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth. 12. little if anything,或 little or no

53、thing 代替 hardly 13. benefitial rewarding代替helpful 14.shopper, client, consumer, purchaser, 代替customer 15. exceedingly,extremely代替very,46,16. hardly unnecessary, hardly inevitable .代替 necessary, inevitable 17. sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 代替 sb take interest in 18. cap

54、ture ones attention 代替 attract ones attention. 19. facet, dimension, sphere 代 aspect 20. be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of 代 indicate, suggest ,fear,47,21. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger代替cause. 22. There are several reasons behind sth代替.reasons for sth 23. desire 代替 want.

55、 24. pour attention into 代替 pay attention to 25. bear in mind that 代替 remember,48,26. enjoy, possess 代替 have (注意process是过程的意思) 27. interaction 代替 communication 28. frown on sth 代替 be against , disagree with sth 29. to name only a few, as an example 代替 for example,49,四级写作中如何造句,50,善用词组,如果我们能够在单词的基础上，进

56、一步想到与之同义的词组，那么文章就会显得与众不同，更具有英语的味道。 比如上面所说的“重要的”这个单词，当我们想到important的时候，如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我们会想到“be of importance”。因为，语法中规定：形容词等于of加这个形容词的名词形式。 如果再提升一步，我们还学过一个常用的词组叫做“play an important role in-”。,51,句型多样,简单句，并列句和复合句交替使用，灵活使用各种句子结构如：插入语，倒装句，强调句，非谓语动词，疑问句等。 若要写好作文，要写好句子，首先要掌握句子结构和句式变化及句子类型，可通过对泛读课文经典句子的背诵提高

57、应用语言基本句型的能力。 要善于模仿。Imitation is a good way to learn.,52,适当用代替主动，这样能更客观的反映事实,句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用 we should pay attention to 而用 Attention should be paid to. ) 举个经典结尾2004年六月四级作文的最后一段： It is, therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. T

58、hus，its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively.,被动句,53,插入语,一种是有两个逗号之间引起的成分称之为插入语 第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。 Jinan, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city. Other people may give us instrumental support financial aid, material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us res

59、olve and cope with our problems.,54,比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 如,however / therefore /for example/I believe做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词，助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 比如说：other individuals, however, take the attitude that,55,Only + 时间状语 Ex: Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future. Only + 介词词组 Ex: Only by planning his time carefully can he improve efficiency