第三周法律翻译内容.ppt

1、4. Translate the following paragraphs:,The Common Law and the Civil Law 普通法与大陆法 The term “common law” refers to the system of law developed in England and transferred to most of the English-speaking world. “普通法”这一用语，指的是产生于英国并传播到讲英语的国家的那种法律体系。 It is distinguished from the civil-law system used in Con

2、tinental Europe and in the nations settled by European peoples . 它与大陆法系不同后者适用于欧洲大陆和有欧洲民族定居的国家。,One or the other of the systems is the basis of law in most of the Western world. 在西方世界的大部分地区，其法律不是以普通法为基础，就是以大陆法为基础。 The civil-law system can be traced back to Roman law, which extended to the limits of t

3、he Empire. 大陆法系可追溯到罗马法，它曾在罗马帝国的疆域内普遍使用。 With the disintegration of Rome, its law lost its universality. 罗马帝国分崩离析，罗马法也随之失去其普遍性。,Wherever it was applied, it received admixtures of local customs and differed in content in the various parts of Europe. 当时，罗马法不论适用于何地，都受到当地风俗习惯的影响；因此，欧洲各地的罗马法，其内容各不相同。 Civi

4、l law received its modern impetus from the early 19th century French codes of law created by French jurists under the direct leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte. 19世纪初，法国法学家在拿破仑波拿巴的直接领导之下制定了法国的各法典，大陆法由此获得了现代的影响力。,The basic distinction between the two systems lies in the sources of law upon which they r

5、ely. 这两种法系的根本区别在于它们所依靠的法的渊源不同。 The common law system uses prior decided cases as very high sources of authority. 普通法系以先前的判例作为重要的权力渊源。 The doctrine of stare decisis (let the decision stand) in one of its forms is the essence of the common law system. 以该法系中的一种形式出现的服从先例的原则，就是普通法系的精华。,That doctrine stat

6、es that courts should adhere to the law as set forth in prior cases decided by the highest court of a given jurisdiction as long as the principle derived from those cases is logically essential to their decision, is reasonable, and is appropriate to the contemporary circumstances. 该原则主张，法院应该遵守在本法域最高

7、一级法院判决的先例中所定下的法律。但是所遵从的源于先例的原则在逻辑上既要合情合理，是判决案件必不可少的条件，又要适合当代的情况。,Different courts apply to this policy with varying degrees of strictness; English courts, for instance, are inclined to be more rigorous than American courts in its application. 不同的法院使用这一总政策的严格程度不同，例如，在其使用过程中，英国法院就要比美国法院严格。 The civil l

8、aw, on the other hand, is oriented toward a code of laws. 另一方面，大陆法以法典为中心。,When a controversy is presented to a court or lawyer, the immediate problem is to find the appropriate code provision covering the situation and then apply it to the problem at hand. 法院或律师遇到一项争端时，迫在眉睫的问题是去查出与案情有关的适当的法规条文，然后利用它

9、解决手头的问题。 The courts look to the writings of scholars to aid them in interpreting code provisions. 法院查阅学者的著作，以期在解释法典条文时从那些著作中得到帮助。 Cases are not ignored, but they do not have anything approaching binding authority on judges. 尽管并不是完全忽视案例，但是案例对法官判决的权威性几乎没有任何约束力。,Lecture Three,重要词或词组的翻译,汉语公文体用语的特点,在汉语的法

10、律文本中，其词汇特点也有别于其它文本，如严肃性、规范性、质朴性等。 其严肃性表现在不用比喻、借代、夸张、双关等修辞形式，有言简意赅、概括力强的特点。此外，文言词语也经常使用，这一点与英语十分相似，如：云、其、系、予以、加以、判以、免于、鉴于等古词语时有所见。如：This contract 本合同。 其规范性是指各国法律文件的格式统一，行文笔调一致，篇章结构有统一要求，尤其是同类文本的开头结尾部分几乎是一致的，这就要求翻译工作者应很好理解各种不同语言中有关法律文书的格式与规范写法，不可按其它国家的文本格式依样画葫芦，要按本国法律文本的格式来进行翻译。 因此，法律文本的翻译应遵循以下几个原则：1）

11、语言明确，2）条理清晰，3）行文严谨，4）符合规范格式。,法规名称 参考英译 法 ACT；LAW 条例 ORDINANCEBYLAW,REGULATION 规定 PROVISIONS 办法 MEASURES 实施细则 IMPLEMENTING RULES 暂行规定 INTERIM PROVISIONS 试行办法 TRIAL MEASURS 通知 CIRCULAR， NOTICE 意见 OPINION 纲要 OUTLINE 对合同类法律条文单位的翻译： 总则： GENERAL PRINCIPLES 部： PART 章： CHAPTER 条： SECTION/ARTICLE 款： SUBSECTI

12、ON/CLAUSE 项： ITEM,Where,在普通英文中，用where引导的状语从句，一般为地点状语从句。但在法律英文中，where引导的是法律条款中的条件状语从句，相当于“in the case where/that”,表示“如果“，正式程度远高于”if”，英译汉时，通常做“凡.”或“.的”讲。,例 1 Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched. 凡被告人被判处罚款但没有随即缴付罚款裁判官可命令搜查

13、被告人。,例 2 Where the invoice amount is in the currency of neither exporters nor importers country, the issuing bank must empower a bank in the corresponding currency area to credit or transfer the owed amount on demand to the correspondent bank. 发票金额使用的既非出口国，也非进口国的货币的，开证行必须授权该货币使用领域内的一家银行将这笔金额贷记出口商帐户，

14、或者将这笔金额立即划拨给往来银行。,Whereas,Whereas 在前文中引出签约背景和目的，其法律意义在于：在诉讼时是解释合同本文的依据。通常翻译成“鉴于.”,中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。 This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this _ day of _(month), _ (year) by and between Party A_ (hereinafter called Party A )and Party B _ (here

15、inafter called Party B ) WHEREASTHEREFORE It is hereby agreed as follows: WITNESSETH, WHEREAS NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:,例1 WHEREAS the Licensor possesses know-how for the designin

16、g, manufacturing, installing and marketing of ; WHEREAS the Licensor has the right and desires to transfer the above-signed know-how to the Licensee ; NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the mutual conveniences , through consultation , the Licensor and Licensee agree to enter into t

17、his contract under the terms and conditions set forth as follows : 鉴于许可方拥有专有技术的所有权，有权设计、生产、安装以及销售 鉴于许可方有权且愿意将以上专有技术转让给受让方； 因此，根据以上情况及双方的意愿，经双方协商，达成如下合同条款：,Otherwise,Otherwise 在法律英语中的用法： 跟unless引导的句子（让步状语从句）连用，译成“除.另有.外”； 置放在连词or之后使用，译成“或其他”； 与than一起，通常用来否定句子的主语，相当于unless，译成“除.以外”，或“除非“。,例 1 In this

18、Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, state means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality. 在本条例中除文意另有所指外, “国家”指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。,例 2 A notice under subjection (1) shall, unless it otherwise provides, apply to the income from any property specified therein as

19、it applies to the property itself. 根据第（1）款发出的通知书除其中另有规定外亦适用于通知书内指明的财产的收入一如适用于该项财产本身。,例3 Any person who by threats, persuasion or otherwise induces a witness or a party not to give evidence in any hearing before the Board commits an offence. 任何人籍恐吓怂恿或以其它手段诱使证人或一方当事人不在仲裁处聆讯中作证即属犯罪。,例4 If two or more p

20、ersons are defendants to a claim, as partners or otherwise, a process may be served on any of them. 如有2名或以上的人以合伙人或其它身分而属同一宗申索的被告人，法律程序文件可送达予其中任何一人。,例 5 No will or any part thereof shall be revoked otherwise than - (a) by marriage as provided by section 13; or (b) by another will executed in accordan

21、ce with section 5; or (c) by a written revocation executed in the manner in which the will was executed; or (d) by the burning, tearing or otherwise destroying of it by the testator, or by some person in his presence and by his direction, with the intention of revoking it. 除籍以下方式外任何遗嘱的全部或任何部分均不得撤销- (a)根据第13条的规定籍缔结婚姻而撤销或 (b)籍按照第5条签立的另一份遗嘱而撤销或 (c)籍依照签立遗嘱方式签立的遗嘱撤销书而撤销或 (d)由立遗嘱人或由其它人在立遗嘱人面前并依其指示将遗嘱烧毁撕毁或以其它方法毁灭而其意愿是撤销该遗嘱。,Practice,1）No Contract or any pa