欧美语言学句法树练习.ppt

1、Exercise (p60),Exercise 9The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures,A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,NP,DET,N,N,Det,N,A,N,N,A,crippled,passenger,pst,land,t

2、he,airplane,PP,V,P,P,NP,with,N,A,N,extreme,N,caution,A huge moon hung in the black sky.,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,PP,P,P,NP,Det,N,A,N,Det,N,A,N,N,N,A,huge,moon,pst,V,hung,in,the,black,sky,The man examined his car carefully yesterday,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,NP,Det,N,Det,N,N,N,The,man,V,examine,his,car,V,AdvP,AdvP,Ad

3、v,Adv,carefully,yesterday,pst,V,A wooden hut near the lake callapsed in the storm,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,PP,P,P,NP,Det,N,Det,N,A,N,N,A,wooden,hut,pst,V,callapse,the,storm,N,PP,P,P,NP,near,Det,N,the,N,lake,N,in,10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of

4、the sentences.,.,Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,NP,Det,N,N,N,N,CON,N,Jim,has,washed,the,shirts,and,pants,N,AP,dirty,Helen put on her clothes and went out,IP,NP,I,I,VP,VP,CON,VP,V,V,NP,V,V,Adv,V,Helen,pst,put on,her clothes,and,went,out,Mary is fond of literature but tired

5、 of statistics,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,AP,AP,CON,AP,A,A,PP,A,A,PP,Mary,pres,is,fond,of literature,but,tired,of statistics,11.,The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.,You know

6、 that I hate war.,IP,NP,I,I,VP,V,V,CP,C,C,IP,You,pres,know,that,I hate war,He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.,IP,NP,I,I,VP,V,V,CP,C,C,IP,IP,NP,I,I,VP,V,V,CP,He,Pst,said,that,Tom,Pst,asked,whether the class was over,Gerry cant believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam同位语从句作为

7、名词的complement,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,NP,DET,N,CP,N,CP,C,C,IP,Gerry,cant,believe,the,fact,that,Anna flunked the English exam,Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,AP,A,A,CP,CP,C,C,IP,Chris,pst,was,happy,that,his father bought him a Rolls-Royce,The children argued over wh

8、ether bats had wings.,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,PP,P,P,CP,CP,C,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,NP,Det,N,N,The,children,pst,argued,over,whether,bats,pst,had,12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.,The essay that he

9、 wrote was too long,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,AP,N,Det,N,CP,C,NP,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,NP,A,Adv,A,A,The,N,essay,he,pst,wrote,that,pst,was,too,long,Deep structure,The essay that he wrote was too long,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,AP,N,Det,N,CP,C,NP,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,NP,A,Adv,A,A,The,N,essay,he,pst,wrote,t,pst,was,too,long,t

10、hat,surface structure,The essay that he wrote was too long,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,AP,N,Det,N,CP,C,NP,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,NP,A,Adv,A,A,The,N,essay,he,pst,wrote,which,pst,was,too,long,Deep structure,that,The essay that he wrote was too long,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,AP,N,Det,N,CP,C,NP,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,NP,A,Adv,A,A,

11、The,N,essay,he,pst,wrote,which,pst,was,too,long,Surface structure,that,which,t,e,Herbert found the man she loved,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,NP,N,Det,N,CP,N,Spec,C,C,IP,NP,I,I,VP,V,NP,Herbert,pst,found,the,man,she,pst,loved,whom,Deep structure,whom,Herbert found the man she loved,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,NP,N,Det,N,CP

12、,N,Spec,C,C,IP,NP,I,I,VP,V,NP,Herbert,pst,found,the,man,she,pst,loved,e,surface structure,whom,t,ssThe girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics.,IP,I,NP,I,VP,N,Det,N,CP,N,NP,C,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,PP,P,P,NP,The,girl,V,Adv,he,pres,often,quarrels,with,whom,V,V,PP,pres,majors,in linguistics

13、,Deep structure,The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics.,IP,I,NP,I,VP,N,Det,N,CP,N,NP,C,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,PP,P,P,NP,The,girl,V,Adv,he,pres,often,quarrels,with,t,V,V,PP,pres,majors,in linguistics,whom,Surface structure,13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inv

14、ersion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences.,Would you come tomorrow?,CP,C,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,Adv,you,would,V,come,tomorrow,Deep structure,Would you come tomorrow?,CP,C,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,Adv,you,t,V,come,tomorrow,would,Surface structure,Can yo

15、u pass me the newspaper?,CP,C,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,NP,V,Deep structure,NP,you,can,pass,me,the newspaper,Can you pass me the newspaper?,CP,C,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,NP,V,Surface structure,NP,you,t,pass,me,the newspaper,can,Should the student report the incident?,CP,C,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,Deep structure,NP,the stu

16、dent,should,report,the incident,Should the student report the incident?,CP,C,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,Surface structure,NP,the student,t,report,the incident,should,What did you eat for lunch,CP,C,NP,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,PP,V,you,pst,eat,NP,what,for lunch,Deep structure,What did you eat for lunch,CP,C,NP,C,IP,I,NP,I,VP,V,V,PP,V,you,pst,eat,NP,what,for lunch,did,did,t,what,t,Surface structure,Who should this be reported to?,CP,NP,C,C,IP,NP,I,I,VP,V,V,VP,V,V,PP,P,P,NP,this,should,be,reported,to,who,Deep structure,should,who,V,