语法状语从句.ppt

1、状语从句（一）,pre-class quiz： The old man was nearly knocked over by a car_ he was crossing the street. I had no sooner gone to bed_ someone knocked on the door. _ there is a oppression, there is resistance. You may borrow my dictionary_ you return it to me on time. Keep the windows closed_ it should rain

2、. You should study_ Mary does. The blind man asked the driver to stop the elephant _he could have a “look” A neoconservative once said that America would not be afraid_ all the other countries throughout the world united to oppose it. _ you work hard, you will surely pass the final examination. _ ha

3、rd he studies, he often fails in his examinations.,keys：while / than/where/if (provided that)/in case/ as/ so that (in order that)/even if (even though)/ as long as / no matter how (however),第一节 时间状语从句 一When, while和as 引导的状语从句 1.当while的意思是“在期间”时，所引导的从句谓动词要用延续性的动态动词或表示状态的静态动词； 2.When 的意思是“当.的时候， 在.期间”

4、，它引导的从句有时可以代替while或as引导的从句。 3. As 可用when 或while 代替，区别在于as更强调主句动作和从句动作的同时性。 saw him as he was getting off the bus. (when he got off the bus) 思考： can we use while here? We talked as we ate. 我们边吃边谈。（can we use when or while here?）,注：when 和while 有时可起并列连词的作用,1）when 作并列连词用时意为“突然”，“正在这时”，通常用于句末，不能用于句首。从句的谓

5、语动词常用一般过去时，主句通常用过去进行时，过去完成时或be about to 结构等。 She was about to leave when Mark arrived so she stayed a little longer. He had been walking under the trees when an apple fell down. 2) while 意为“.而.”, .但是.， 连接两个意义上相互对比的成分。 He knew how to answer the question, while I couldnt answer it. Jane was dressed in

6、 brown while Mary was dressed in blue.,二一些形式上为副词的连接词引导的时间状语从句 有些表示时间的副词如once, directly, immediately 等也可作连接词用来引导时间状语从句，意为“一.就.” Directly I received your letter, I came back at once. Immediately he came home, I told him about it. Instantly the button is pressed, the mine explodes. 地雷爆炸 三某些表示时间的名词短语引导的

7、时间状语从句 某些表示时间的名词词组如：the moment, the minute, the instant, the day, the year, any time, last (first) time, next time, each time, every time等也可用来引导时间状语从句。 Every time I met him, I found him to be taller. You can call me any time you want to. The last time I went to the United States, I visited many citi

8、es. The instant the result came out, she told us. The moment he saw me, he turned pale.,四连接词as soon as, since, no sooner than 等引导的时间状语从句 1）连接词as soon as, hardly/scarcely/barely. when/before.，no sooner.than等引导的时间状语从句，意为“刚（一）就.” As soon as their mother came in , the children cried out with pleasure. J

9、ack had scarcely / hardly seen me when / before he left the room.杰克一看到我就离开了房间。 The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country. 那个间谍一踏进国门就奉命要去他国。 注：在no sooner.than, hardly / scarcely / barely .when / before.引导的时间状语从句中，如果把no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely 放在句首，则要用倒装结构。

10、 No sooner had he heard the news than he fainted. 他一听到这个消息就晕了过去。 Scarcely had he entered the room when the telephone rang.,五till 与until 1. 一般情况下可以互换，但是 1）till多与否定形式的主句连用，而until多与肯定形式的主句连用。 He didnt hand in his paper till he had gone it over. (用until也是正确的) 否定 You must stay in bed until you recover fr

11、om your illness. (用till也是正确的) 肯定 在句首只能用until，此时若是在肯定句中谓语为延续性动词意为“直到.为止”； 若是在否定句中谓语为终止性（非延续性）动词意为“直到.才”，此时相当于before. Until he came back the mother would wait. 妈妈要一直等到他回来为止。 Until you told me I had no idea of what she said. 直到你告诉我我才知道她说的什么意思。 2.如果Not until 位于句首，需用倒装结构。 Not until after the war did they

12、 meet again. 直到战后他们才又相见。 Not until he told me did I knew it.直到他告诉我我才知道这件事。 3.It is not until. that结构表示强调。 It wasnt until they had a discussion that they made up their mind.他们直到讨论过后才下定决心。 思考： It was not until she had arrived home_ remembered her appointment with the doctor. A when B that she C and sh

13、e D she,答案为B. that 在句中引导强调句型。直到她到家里才想起与医生有个约会。,六Since 引导时间状语从句与搭配的时态用法 1. 通常情况下，在含有since 从句的复合句中，主句用完成时，从句用一般过去时态。 I have studied (have been studying) Chinese since I went to school. His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since. 他的第一本书非常畅销，从那以后他就成了一位名作家。 2.但是，当主句的

14、主语是时间的it 时，主句可用一般时态,从句仍用过去时态。 It is twenty years since I saw you last. 3.当从句的动词是静态动词或延续性动态动词时，从句也可用完成时态。（以上例句的went, saw 都是非延续性动词） 更多比较见教材P298,第二节 地点状语从句,地点状语从句一般由where, wherever, everywhere和anywhere引导。 Where there is water, there is life. Wherever you go ,youd better take an umbrella with you. Every

15、where we went, we were warmly welcomed. You may sit anywhere you like.,第三节 原因状语从句,一.Because，since和as引导的原因状语从句 在强调句式中，若强调原因状语从句，只能用because 引导的从句 It was because he was careless that he failed. It was because he was ill that he didnt go with us. 二.复合连词引导的原因状语从句 复合连词in that, now that, seeing that, consi

16、dering that 等可用来引导原因状语从句。 例句见教材p300 思考： not that. but that I havent finished writing the report yet, not that I am lazy, but that I have no time. 补充：介词词组引导的原因状语从句 I eat potatoes for the simple reason that I like them. I darent tell you what he did, for fear that he should be angry with me. He was no

17、t severely punished for his crime on the ground that he was young.,第四节 条件状语从句,一If, unless 引导的条件句 注：1) unless不能代替 if.not 引导的虚拟条件句 Mary wouldnt have been so seriously ill if （Not： unless she had ）she hadnt been so careless about her health. 2) Unless不能用and 连接两个unless从句，而if.not 不受限制。 She wont lose weig

18、ht if she does not keep a diet and if she does not take exercise every day. 不能说：She wont lose weight unless she keeps a diet and unless she takes exercise every day. 二其他用来引导条件状语从句的连词 As long as / on condition that/ Suppose / supposing/ Provided / providing that / Given (that) provided , providing 和

19、if If 可以代替Provided, 但是Provided不一定能代替If。 I will lend money to you, provided (=if )you pay me back in 3 weeks. If (not: provided )you dont believe me, I cant help you. 3) in case : 表示不希望的前提条件，表万一。,三 .有时分词短语或介词短语可以表示条件： 讲解见教材P 303 （3） 四条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时 如果主句为一般将来时，从句谓语需用一般现在时代替一般将来时 If I have enough m

20、oney next year, I will go to England. If you are free tomorrow, I will go to see you. 但是，如果从句表示的是主语的意志，意愿或以you 作主语表示请求时，则用will, would。 Id be very glad if you would come.如果你愿意来我会非常高兴。 If you will go, Ill go with you. 如果你愿意去，我也去。,状语从句（二）,第五节 方式状语从句 一as, just as(so) 引导的方式状语从句 We should study as Lenin d

21、id. Just as there is life, so there must be death. 二As if 和as though引导的方式状语从句 He walks as if he is drunk. 陈述语气表推测很可能喝醉了。 He walks as if he were (was) drunk. 虚拟语气，实际上没喝醉。,Like 和as 的用法区别 Like引导的结构描述某种特征或品质，而as引导的指动作进行的方式。 Now I cant sing like I used to. 现在我唱歌不如过去。指唱歌的质量而不是方式。（好，差） Now I cant sing as I

22、 used to. 现在我不能像过去那样唱歌。指唱歌的方式而不是质量。（流行，美声） He writes just like his sister did when she was young. He writes just as his sister did when she was young. The way 引导的方式状语从句 Do it the way (as) I do it. The way you are studying now, you wont make much progress. 像你这样学习，你是不会有多大进步的。,第六节 目的状语从句,一.so that, in

23、order that, that等引导的目的状语从句 在so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句中常用may, might, can, could. We shall finish this task so that we may (can) start another. Mary studied hard in order that she might(could) win the prize. 二Lest, for fear that , in case 引导目的状语从句 引导含消极意义的目的状语从句，该类从句常用虚拟形式should+ do, should可省略。,

24、三目的状语从句可以简化成in order to, so as to 引导的不定式短语，也可简化为for the sake of ,for the purpose of , with a view to 引导的介词短语。 We shall finish this task so that we may (can) start another. =we shall finish this task in order to /so as to start another. 或for the sake of / for the purpose of / with a view to starting

25、again.,四So that引导目的状语从句和引导结果状语从句的区别 So that 引导的目的状语从句，可放在主句之前或之后，并常与may, might, can, could等情态动词连用；so that 引导的结果状语从句只能放在主句之后，并常有逗号和主句分开。 He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear him.目的状语从句 She was exhausted, so that she couldnt eat dinner.她疲惫得吃不下晚餐。 结果状语从句,第七节 结果状语从句,一. That, so that, such that, s

26、o .that, such.that引导的结果状语从句 在sothat结构中，so +adj./adv.+ that ，而在such.that中，such+ a (an) +n.+ that . / Such+n.+that., / such+复数可数名词+that It was such a bad day (so bad a day) that I had to stay at home We have had such bad weather that we can hardly go out. We have had such cold days that we can simply

27、do nothing.,注：当主句的主语和从句的主语指同一个人或物时，that引导的从句可用不定式短语代替。 I walked so fast that I followed him. = I walked so fast as to follow him. I was so excited that I could hardly fall asleep. = I was so excited as not to fall asleep. 二. 在指数量多少的Many，few, much, little前只用so. The teacher gave me so many books that

28、I did not have enough time to read them all. There is so little water in this well that the villagers have to fetch drinking water in a polluted river. / He is such a little child that he cannot move such a big box.这里Little不指数量，而表示very young.,So 或such位于句首时，主句需用倒装语序 So fierce was their dog that no on

29、e dared come near. Such a good grammar book is this that you ought to have it.,第八节 比较状语从句,一. as.as和than引导的比较状语从句 as.as引导的是同级比较，意为“和.一样.”。than引导的是不同级比较，意为“比.更.” 二The+比较级 the+比较级结构 The harder he worked, the happier he grew. The more he thought about it, the angrier he was.,第九节 让步状语从句,Though, although引

30、导的让步状语从句 一般情况下可以互换，但although比though语气更重。 1. 当though 相当于语气较弱的but时，意为“然而”，此时不能用although代替。 Ill try to come to the dinner, though Im very busy.我想来吃饭，不过我很忙。 2. 当强调时，although优先于though. He always goes his own way, although I have advised him not to. 3. 当使用倒装结构时，用though而不用although. Strange though it may se

31、em (though it may seem strange), he remained single all his life. 他终生未娶，此事似乎令人觉得奇怪。 4. 当though 的意思是however时，要放于从句末尾 He said he would come; he didnt , though.,二. Even if 和even though引导的让步状语从句，意为“即使” 参见教材P310（2） 三 . As 和though引导的让步状语从句 As和though引导的让步状语从句通常用倒装结构，as 必须用倒装结构，though可用也可不用倒装。这种倒装是把从句中的表语，状

32、语或谓语动词放在句首。当出现倒装结构时，要用as /though代替although. Rich as he is (Though he is rich), she is very thrifty. Try as you will (though you will try), I dont think you can. Much as I admired his courage (though I admired his courage very much), I dont think he acted wisely. 注：作表语的名词前如有不定冠词a (an),在倒装结构中， 前面不能再加冠

33、词 eg. Child as he is (though he is a child), he can carry such a heavy box. 四. Whatever, however, whoever, wherever, no matter whether, whether, no matter how /what/who等引导的让步状语从句。见教材P311 （4） 五. While引导置于句首的让步状语从句,相当于although.意为“虽然” eg. While (although )I sympathize with you, I am afraid there is lit

34、tle I can do. 表示让步的固定表达法 见教材P311 (6)用法,In-class exercises,1.The engineers are going through with their highway project, _ the expenses have risen. A. even though B just because C now that D as though 2. _ nobody was very enthusiastic about it, they decided to cancel the trip. A See that B Seeing that C So D When 3.Anyone can borrow books from this library_ he keeps them clean and returns them in time. A. even if B unless C so that D as long as 4.Mother shut the window_ she might keep the insects out. A because B in order that C till D as,5.They agreed to rent the house_ the r