高级英语1何兆熊-U5-Conservatives-and-Liberals.ppt

1、Unit 5 Conservatives and Liberals,新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列教材（修订版）高级英语1电子教案,Detailed Reading,Contents,Warm Up,Global Reading,Consolidation Activities,Further Enhancement,Text Appreciation,Section 1: Warm Up,Political Quiz: Where do you stand politically? What political category do you think you fit into, the

2、 conservative type or the liberal type? Where do you stand on important national issues? The political map on the Quiz gives an accurate representation of the true, diverse political world. The Quiz measures tendencies, not absolutes.,Lead-in,Background Information,How do you stand on PERSONAL ISSUE

3、S?,Section 1: Warm Up,Lead-in,Background Information,20 10 0 Government should not censor speech, press, media or Internet. A M D Military service should be voluntary. There should be no draft. A M D There should be no laws regarding sex between consenting adults. A M D Repeal laws prohibiting adult

4、 possession and use of drugs. A MD There should be no National ID card. A M D,Scoring: For each statement, circle A if you Agree, M for Maybe (or dont know), or D if you Disagree. 20 for every A, 10 for every M, and 0 for every D.,How do you stand on ECONOMIC ISSUES?,Section 1: Warm Up,Lead-in,Backg

5、round Information,20 10 0 End “corporate welfare.” No government handouts to business. A M D End government barriers to international free trade. A M D Let people control their own retirement: privatize Social Security. A M D Replace government welfare with private charity. A MD Cut taxes and govern

6、ment spending by 50% or more.A M D,Scoring: For each statement, circle A if you Agree, M for Maybe (or dont know), or D if you Disagree. 20 for every A, 10 for every M, and 0 for every D.,Section 1: Warm Up,Lead-in,Background Information,Find your score on the chart.,Mark your PERSONAL score on the

7、lower-left scale; your ECONOMIC score on the lower-right. Then follow the grid lines until they meet at your political position. The chart shows the political group that agrees with you most.,Section 1: Warm Up,Lead-in,Background Information,What does your score on the chart mean?,Libertarians suppo

8、rt a great deal of liberty and freedom of choice in both personal and economic matters. They believe governments only purpose is to protect people from coercion and violence. They value individual responsibility, and tolerate economic and social diversity.,Libertarians,Section 1: Warm Up,Lead-in,Bac

9、kground Information,What does your score on the chart mean?,Left (liberals) generally embrace freedom of choice in personal matters, but support central decision-making in economics. They want the government to help the disadvantaged in the name of fairness. Leftists tolerate social diversity, but w

10、ork for what they might describe as “economic equality”.,Left (liberals),Section 1: Warm Up,Lead-in,Background Information,What does your score on the chart mean?,Right (conservatives),Right (conservatives) favor freedom of choice on economic issues but want official standards in personal matters. T

11、hey tend to support the free market, but frequently want the government to defend the community from what they see as threats to morality or to the traditional family structure.,Section 1: Warm Up,Lead-in,Background Information,What does your score on the chart mean?,Centrists,Centrists favor select

12、ive government intervention and emphasize what they commonly describe as “practical solutions” to current problems. They tend to keep an open mind on political issues. Many centrists feel that government serves as a check on excessive liberty.,Section 1: Warm Up,Lead-in,Background Information,What d

13、oes your score on the chart mean?,Statists want government to have a great deal of control over individuals and society. They support centralized planning, and often doubt whether liberty and freedom of choice are practical options.,Statists,Section 1: Warm Up,About the Author Ralph Waldo Emerson wa

14、s born on May 25, 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. He is widely regarded as one of Americas most influential authors, philosophers and thinkers. In 1836, Emerson expressed the main principle of his philosophy, known as Transcendentalism, in the essay “Nature”, in which Emerson held that knowledge can

15、be obtained by studying thought rather than by practical experience.,1803-1882,Background Information,Lead-in,Section 1: Warm Up,Emerson urged independent thinking and stressed that not all lifes answers are found in books. In his The American Scholar addressed to the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Cambr

16、idge in 1837, Emerson stated that: “Books are the best of things, well used; abused, among the worst.” He believed that a scholar learns best by engaging life. Emersons essays on “The Conduct of Life” outline what one might do to engage life “skillfully”. This essay is an excerpt from a lecture Wald

17、o Emerson gave at the Masonic Temple, Boston, on December 9, 1841, and was published as part of Nature: Addresses and Lectures in 1849 together with “The Transcendentalist”, an epoch-making essay in the history of American cultural thoughts.,Background Information,Lead-in,Section 1: Warm Up,Saturn S

18、aturn, in Roman religion and mythology, god of harvests, later identified with the Greek Kronos. Little is known of the origins of his cult. His reign was regarded as the Golden Age. He was the husband of Ops and the father of Jupiter, Juno, Ceres, Pluto, and Neptune. It was said that after the fall

19、 of the Titans, Saturn fled to Italy, where he settled on the Capitoline Hill, civilized the people, and taught them the arts of agriculture.,Background Information,Lead-in,Section 1: Warm Up,Uranus Uranus, in Greek religion and mythology, the heaven, first ruler of the universe, son of Gaea (the ea

20、rth). He was the father of Gaeas children, the Titans, the Cyclopes, and the Hundred-handed Ones (the Hecatoncheires). Fearing that his children would rebel against him, he imprisoned them, but Kronos, or Saturn in the Roman mythology, a Titan, with the help of Gaea, castrated him, thereby taking aw

21、ay his power.,Background Information,Lead-in,Section 1: Warm Up,Jupiter Chief god of ancient Rome and Italy. Like his Greek counterpart, Zeus, he was worshiped as a sky god. With Juno and Minerva he was a member of the triad of deities traditionally believed to have been introduced into Rome by the

22、Etruscans. Jupiter was associated with treaties, alliances,Background Information,Lead-in,and oaths; he was the protecting deity of the republic and later of the reigning emperor. His oldest temple was on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. He was worshiped on the summits of hills throughout Italy, and all

23、 places struck by lightning became his property. His sacred tree was the oak.,Section 1: Warm Up,Fate Fate, in Roman mythology, the spoken word (fatum) of Jupiter, the unalterable will of heaven. The plural (Fata, the Fates) was used for the “destinies” of individuals or cities, and then for the thr

24、ee goddesses that controlled human destiny.,Background Information,Lead-in,Section 2: Global Reading,What is the text mainly about?,Structural Analysis,Main Idea,This piece of analytic writing presents the readers with a sharp contrast between Conservatism and Liberalism, two most fundamental ways o

25、f thinking in human life. The author not only outlines respectively the features of the two parties from a neutral stand, but also makes objective and dialectic comments on both. It is his sincere efforts that lead to his most enlightening conclusion: Each is a good half but an impossible whole and

26、in a true society, in a true man, both must combine.,Section 2: Global Reading,Please divide the text into 3 parts and summarize the main idea of each part.,Structural Analysis,Main Idea,Part I,(Paragraphs 1-2) A rough description of the antagonism between the two parties,In the first two paragraphs

27、, the author briefly describes the antagonism between the party of Conservatism and that of Innovation and points out the essence of the antagonism, which is the reflection of the two poles of human nature.,Structural Analysis,Main Idea,Part III,(Paragraphs 10-11) The differences between the two way

28、s of thinking,Paragraph 10 presents a sharp contrast between Conservatism and Reform. Paragraph 11 gets across to the readers the messages that only when both the elements of conservatism and reform are combined can beauty be achieved.,Part II,(Paragraphs 3-9) Two ways of thinking reflected in an ol

29、d fable,Paragraphs 3-9 contain “a fragment of old fable” which vividly and clearly illustrates the different ways of thinking of the two parties.,Section 2: Global Reading,Section 3: Detailed Reading,1 The two parties which divide the state, the party of Conservatism and that of Innovation, are very

30、 old, and have disputed the possession of the world ever since it was made. This quarrel is the subject of civil history. The conservative party established the reverend hierarchies and monarchies of the most ancient world. The battle of patrician and plebeian, of parent state and colony, of old usa

31、ge and accommodation to new facts, of the rich and the poor, reappears in all countries and times. The war rages,Conservatives and Liberals,Section 3: Detailed Reading,not only in battlefields, in national councils, and ecclesiastical synods, but agitates every mans bosom with opposing advantages ev

32、ery hour. On rolls the old world meantime, and now one, now the other gets the day, and still the fight renews itself as if for the first time, under new names and hot personalities. 2 Such an irreconcilable antagonism, of course, must have a correspondent depth of seat in the human constitution. It

33、 is the opposition of Past and Future, of Memory and Hope, of the Understanding and the Reason,Section 3: Detailed Reading,It is the primal antagonism, the appearance in trifles of the two poles of nature. 3 There is a fragment of old fable which seems somehow to have been dropped from the current m

34、ythologies, which may deserve attention, as it appears to relate to this subject. 4 Saturn grew weary of sitting alone, or with none but the great Uranus or Heaven beholding him, and he created an oyster. Then he would act again, but he made nothing more, but went on creating the race of oysters. Th

35、en Uranus cried, “a new work, O Saturn! The old is not good again.”,QUESTION,Section 3: Detailed Reading,5 Saturn replied, “I fear. There is not only the alternative of making and not making, but also of unmaking. Seest thou the great sea, how it ebbs and flows? So is it with me; my power ebbs; and

36、if I put forth my hands, I shall not do, but undo. Therefore I do what I have done; I hold what I have got; and so I resist Night and Chaos.” 6 “O Saturn,” replied Uranus. “Thou canst not hold thine own, but by making more. Thy oysters are barnacles and cockles, and with the next flowing of the tide

37、, they will be pebble and sea foam.”,7 “I see,” rejoins Saturn, “thou art in league with Night, thou art become an evil eye: thou spakest from love; now thy words smite me with hatred. I appeal to Fate, must there not be rest?”“I appeal to Fate also,” said Uranus, “must there not be motion?”But Satu

38、rn was silent and went on making oysters for a thousand years. 8 After that, the word of Uranus came into his mind like a ray of the sun, and he made Jupiter; and then he feared again; and nature froze, the things that were made went backward, and to save the world, Jupiter slew his father Saturn.,S

39、ection 3: Detailed Reading,Section 3: Detailed Reading,9 This may stand for the earliest account of a conversation on politics between a Conservative and a Radical, which has come down to us. It is ever thus. It is the counteraction of the centripetal and the centrifugal forces. Innovation is the sa

40、lient energy; Conservatism the pause on the last movement. “That which is was made by God,” saith Conservatism. “He is leaving that, he is entering this other,” rejoins Innovation. 10 There is always a certain meanness in the argument of conservatism, joined with a certain superiority in its fact. I

41、t affirms because it holds. Its fingers clutch the fact, and it will,QUESTION,not open its eyes to see a better fact. The castle, which conservatism is set to defend, is the actual state of things, good and bad. The project of innovation is the best possible state of things. Of course, conservatism

42、always has the worst of the argument, is always apologizing, pleading a necessity, pleading that to change would be to deteriorate; it must saddle itself with the mountainous load of all the violence and vice of society, must deny the possibility of good, deny ideas, and suspect and stone the prophe

43、t; whilst innovation is always in the right, triumphant, attacking, and sure of final success.,Section 3: Detailed Reading,Section 3: Detailed Reading,Conservatism stands on mans incontestable imitations; reform on his indisputable infinitude; conservatism on circumstance; liberalism on power; one g

44、oes to make an adroit ember of the social frame; the other to postpone all things to the man himself; conservatism is debonair and social; reform is individual and imperious. We are reformers in spring and summer, in autumn and winter we stand by the old; reformers in the morning, conservers at nigh

45、t. Reform is affirmative, conservatism negative; conservatism goes for comfort, reform for truth. Conservatism is more candid,Section 3: Detailed Reading,to behold anothers worth; reform more disposed to maintain and increase its own. Conservatism makes no poetry, breathes no prayer, has no inventio

46、n; it is all memory. Reform has no gratitude, no prudence, no husbandry. It makes a great difference to your figure and to your thought, whether your foot is advancing or receding. Conservatism never puts the foot forward; in the hour when it does that, it is not establishment, but reform. Conservat

47、ism tends to universal seeming and treachery, believes in a negative fate; believes that mens temper governs them; that for me, it avails not to,Section 3: Detailed Reading,trust in principles; they will fail me; I must bend a little; it distrusts nature; it thinks there is a general law without a p

48、articular application, law for all that does not include any one. Reform in its antagonism inclines to asinine resistance, to kick with hoofs; it runs to egotism and bloated self-conceit; it runs to a bodiless pretension, to unnatural refining and elevation, which ends in hypocrisy and sensual react

49、ion. 11 And so whilst we do not go beyond general statements, it may be safely affirmed of these two metaphysical antagonists, that each is a good half, but an impossible whole. Each exposes,QUESTION,Section 3: Detailed Reading,the abuses of the other, but in a true society, in a true man, both must

50、 combine. Nature does not give the crown of its approbation, namely, Beauty, to any action or emblem or actor but to one which combines both these elements; not to the rock which resists the waves from age to age, nor to the wave which lashes incessantly the rock, but the superior beauty is with the

51、 oak which stands with its hundred arms against the storms of a century and grows every year like a sapling; or the river which ever flowing, yet is found in the same bed from age to age; or,Section 3: Detailed Reading,age to age; or, greatest of all, the man who has subsisted for years amid the cha

52、nges of nature, yet has distanced himself, so that when you remember what he was, and see what he is, you say, what strides! What a disparity is here!,ACTIVITY,QUESTION,Section 3: Detailed Reading,What is the essence of the irreconcilable antagonism between the two parties? (Paragraphs 1-2),It is ro

53、oted in the human constitution, and is the reflection of the two poles of human nature.,Section 3: Detailed Reading,What is such a fable intended for? (Paragraphs 3-9),The authors intention of telling the fable is to echo the statement in paragraph 2 that the conflict between the conservative and th

54、e liberal can be traced back to ancient times even before human beings were created. Even those immortal gods were also subject to these two opposing ways of dealing with things. Therefore we can see how prevalent and powerful the two opposites are.,Section 3: Detailed Reading,According to the autho

55、r, what are the major concerns of conservatism? (Paragraph 10),Conservatism emphasizes tradition, authority, law and order and the impossibility of achieving anything Utopian which romantics long for.,Section 3: Detailed Reading,Do conservative and liberal ways of thinking invariably fall into two d

56、efinitely different categories of thought patterns? (Paragraph 10),No. They might coexist in one person at different stages of his life. Therefore, the author says, “We are reformers in spring and summer, in autumn and winter we stand by the old; reformers in the morning, conservers at night.”,Secti

57、on 3: Detailed Reading,According to the author, will the so called “irreconcilable antagonism” inevitably lead to disastrous consequences? (Paragraph 11),Not necessarily so. As soon as people establish the idea in their mind that both elements should be combined, they might work out a way to strike

58、a balance between the two. To realize that there exist the possibility of a solution and the necessity of mutual understanding may well be the first step people take on their long way to success.,Section 3: Detailed Reading,Activity 1: Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs Conservatives and liberals appr

59、oach almost every issue with completely different philosophies, underlying assumptions, and methods. Of the following beliefs, which ones do you think are held by conservatives and which by liberals?,Section 3: Detailed Reading,a. Human life begins at conception. Abortion is the murder of a human being. An unborn baby, as a living human being, has separate rights from those of the mother. Taxpayer dollars should not be used for the government to provide abortions. b. A woman has the