国外人类记忆课件MemoryPresentation.ppt

1、Memory: Temporal Effects, Subjectivity, Retrospectivity-Prospectivity, and so much more!,Overview of talk,Background and Introductions Temporal aspects of memory Activity Prospective memory Overview Activity Experiment 1 review,Temporal Aspects of memory,What is memory? What is forgetting Encoding?

2、Retrieval? What happens in between memories? Interference? What is interference? Emotion? Information?,Temporal Aspects of memory,Activity (10 minutes) Write about an experience (1-2 paragraphs for each) that occurred or will occur: 5 years ago 5 day ago 5 days from now 5 years into the future Once

3、you are done, lets hear from you all!,Temporal Aspects of memory,Episodic memory Memory of autobiographical eventsA type of declarative memory Solomon Asch: “the very meaning of a message can change as a function of the source to which it is attributed.” The meaning of the statement is dependent on

4、not only who says it, but also on how the recipient of the message interprets it. How subjective are our memories?,Trope & Liberman, 2011,Construal Theory,Solomon Asch: “that the very meaning of a message can change as a function of the source to which it is attributed.” “A little rebellion.is a goo

5、d thing”,Construal Theory,Solomon Asch: “that the very meaning of a message can change as a function of the source to which it is attributed.” “A little rebellion.is a good thing”,Temporal Aspects of memory,Construal: person perceives, comprehends, and interprets the world around him or her. Constru

6、al level theory (CLT) proposes that we do so by forming abstract mental construals of distal objects. we cannot experience what is not present, we can make predictions about the future, remember the past, imagine other peoples reactions, and speculate about what might have been. Predictions, memorie

7、s, and speculations are all mental constructions, distinct from direct experience. What are mental constructions?,Trope & Liberman, 2011,Temporal Aspects of memory,Psychological distance is egocentric Its reference point is the self Transcending the self in the here and now entails mental construal,

8、 and the farther removed an object is from direct experience, the higher (more abstract) the level of construal of that object. Similar distances from reference point are related to each other “Subjective reality impacts person”,Trope & Liberman, 2011,Mental Construals Temporal Aspects,5 days ago,5

9、years ago,5 days from now,5 years from now,More abstract,Less abstract,More abstract,Trope & Liberman, 2011,Prospective Memory,Overview (Give me a descriptionIt seems you all know by now) Activity (in groups of 3-5 people) Develop a theory of prospective memory Draw a diagram of how it might work Cr

10、eate an experiment Dependant variables? Independent variables?,Prospective Memory,Typical paradigm Multiple Blocks Block 1 (Baseline) Ongoing task (LDT) Block 2 (PM Blocks) Ongoing task (LDT) PM task What makes it difficult? Types of processing Semantic Orthographic Effort = Depletion of cognitive r

11、esources,Dependent Measures Response Times (in ms) Low Effort High Effort Ongoing Task Accuracy (in proportions) Low Effort High Effort PM Task Accuracy (in proportions) Low Effort High Effort,Prospective Memory,Theories of PM - What we know? Multiprocess Theory (Einstein & McDaniel, 1995) Cue focal

12、ity Monitoring Spontaneous Retrieval,Prospective Memory,Theories of PM - What we know? Multiprocess Theory (Einstein & McDaniel, 1995) Cue focality Monitoring Spontaneous Retrieval Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP) Match in processing Mismatch in processing,Prospective Memory,Theories of PM - Wh

13、at we know? Multiprocess Theory (Einstein & McDaniel, 1995) Cue focality Monitoring Spontaneous Retrieval Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP) Match in processing Mismatch in processing Effects of Effort (Marsh et al., 2005) High Effort = lower performance Low Effort = high performance,Prospective

14、Memory,Theories of PM - What we know? Multiprocess Theory (Einstein & McDaniel, 1995) Cue focality Monitoring Spontaneous Retrieval Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP) Match in processing Mismatch in processing Effects of Effort (Marsh et al., 2005) High Effort = lower performance Low Effort = hig

15、h performance Why so many theories?,Prospective Memory Experiment,BAM! Lets throw all of these ideas together! Why? Because we can?.Well yes, and it might provide insight into what ACTUALLY happens in the real life? That is called ecological validity! Transfer Appropriate Processing & Effort What ha

16、ppens when we manipulate: Difficulty (processing types) Cognitive resources/depletion (effort),Flow of Experiment,Baseline LDT (Block 1),Semantic Instructions,Distractor (2 min),Semantic PM Block (Block 2),Orthographic Instructions,Distractor (2 min),Orthographic PM Block (Block 3),Counterbalanced W

17、ithin-subjects,Always first block,LOW EFFORT,hatch,sploof,house,MED EFFORT,roos,front,bail,HIGH EFFORT,blue,shirt,shorr,Flow of Experiment,Baseline LDT (Block 1),Semantic Instructions,Distractor (2 min),Semantic PM Block (Block 2),Orthographic Instructions,Distractor (2 min),Orthographic PM Block (B

18、lock 3),LOW EFFORT,hatch,sploof,house,MED EFFORT,roos,front,bail,HIGH EFFORT,blue,shirt,shorr,Dependent Measures Response Times* (in ms) Low Effort High Effort Ongoing Task Accuracy (in proportions) Low Effort High Effort PM Task Accuracy (in proportions) Low Effort High Effort,Results PM Accuracy,M

19、ain Effect of Condition: F(1,38)=22.88, p.001, 2=.376 TAP conditions (M=.78, SE=.03) regardless of effort have significantly higher PM accuracy than TIP conditions, M=.59, SE=.03, p.001.,*,Results Ongoing Task Performance,What distribution do we typically use? Hint hintCentral Tendency.,Results Ongo

20、ing Task Performance,What distribution do we typically use? Hint hintCentral Tendency.,Two Parameters: MEAN and VARIANCE (STANDARD DEVIATION),Results Ongoing Task Performance,According to the Worst Performance Rule (Coyle, 2003), slower RTs are more predictive of cognitive functioning (e.g., IQ),Three Parameters: MEAN and VARIANCE (STANDARD DEVIATION) AND TAU,The ex-Gaussian Distribution,Results Ongoing Task Performance,A main effect of Effort, F(1,28) = 10.03, p = .004, hp2 = .264 . No other MEs or Interactions were significant.,Results Ongoing Task Per