高考英语写作：概要写作 U型三步法.ppt

1、,U,“U型三步法”在概要写作中的尝试,本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。 评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要去来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。 词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。 评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑 . 拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。 如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。,概要写作评分原则解读, 评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑： 1. 对原文要点的理解和呈现情况； 2. 应用语法结构和词汇的准确性； 3. 上下文的连贯性； 4. 对各要点表达的独立性情况。,解读之

2、篇,解读之 篇,解读文本,大Passage,理解准确，涵盖全部要点。,小Passage, 能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的 概要结构紧凑。 完全使用自己的语言。,解读之 篇,U,P W,要点守恒 扩词成句,W S,S P, 理解准确， 涵盖全部要点。, 能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分, 使结构紧凑。 完全使用自己的语言。, 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分, 使结构紧凑。,“U型三步法”之 第一步 P W,整体阅读,怎么找？,直接提取法 间接整合法 直接间接混合法,找什么？,transitional words key wo

3、rds,回视语篇 词拼图 还原语篇主要脉络,第一步 P W 之 直接提取法,例1（节选自2013年北京卷阅读理解C篇）,The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B.C., painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th

4、century, his sold-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.,第二步 W S 之 同义替换,例1（节选自2013年北京卷阅读理解 C篇）,The tracking problem faced by

5、celebrities has a long history. People have been crazy about /obsessed with chasing celebrities for a long time. The craze for following celebrities started long ago.,tracking celebrities for ages. In the 4th century B.C., in the 19th century, the 1920s and 1930s,第一步 P W 之 间接整合法,例2（节选自2014年四川卷阅读理解E篇

6、）,Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also

7、let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.,第二步 W S 之 同义替换,例2（节选自2014年四川卷阅读理解 E篇）,The hormone oxytocin is released in negative as well as positive social contacts.,Generally, the hormone oxytocin let out positive But negative social interactions,第一步 P W 之 直接间接混合法,例3（节选自Modu

8、le 6 Unit 2 Poems）,There are various reasons why people write poetry. Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way that will give a strong impression. Others try to convey certain emotions. Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves.,例3（节选自Module 6 Unit 2 Poems）,reasons

9、 write poetry. Some describe Others convey certain emotions.,第二步 W S 之 同义替换,People compose poems for different purposes, some descriptive while others emotional.,Poems stem from peoples intentions of sharing stories or feelings.,Poetry springs from peoples desires to depict things, or to portray emo

10、tions.,“U型三步法”之 第二步 W S,句内连接 （要点内部）,（1）词连接 （2）句型连接 （3）语法结构连接,要点守恒,简单句：,同义替换,复合句：,词的精确 句的达意,同义替换,第二步 W S 之 句内连接（要点内部）,例4（节选自2013年北京卷阅读理解 C篇）,Although being famous might sound like a dream come true, todays stars, feeling like zoo animals, face pressures that few of us can imagine. They are at the cen

11、ter of much of the worlds attention. Paparazzi camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tabloids publish thrilling stories about their personal lives. Just imagine not being able to do anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature. According to psychologist Christina Villarreal，

12、celebritiesfamous peopleworry constantly about their public appearance. Eventually，they start to lose track of who they really are，seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them，not as the people they were before everyone knew their names. “Over time,” Villarreal says, “they feel separated and al

13、one.”,第二步 W S 之 句内连接:词连接,the center of attention celebrities worry public appearacne lose track,Celebrities are the focus of much attention. They are very concerned about their public image and start to lose their own identity.,Since celebrities are the focus of much attention and are overly concern

14、ed about their public image, they start to lose their own identity.,and thus; as a result/consequence; consequently.,第二步 W S 之 句内连接:句型连接,Celebrities are the focus of much attention. They are very concerned about their public image and start to lose their own identity.,As the focus of much attention,

15、 not only are celebrities overly concerned about their public image, but they also start to lose themselves. As the focus of much attention, celebrities are so concerned about their public image that they even start to lose themselves on the road to fame.,第二步 W S 之 句内连接:语法结构连接,Celebrities are the fo

16、cus of much attention. They are very concerned about their public image and start to lose their own identity.,Celebrities, the focus of much attention, are particularly attentive to their public image, some even losing their true selves. Chased around nearly all the time, celebrities, who strive to

17、live up to the public expectations, even get lost on the road to fame.,“U型三步法”之 第三步 S P,句与句连接 （要点与要点之间）,（1）增加连接词 （2）采用连接句 （3）应用篇章结构,语篇同构,衔接自然 行文流畅,第三步 S P 连接之 增加连接词,例5（节选自2014年新课标I卷阅读理解 A篇）,A typical lion tamer in peoples mind is an entertainer holding a whip and a chair. The whip get all of the att

18、ention, but its mostly for show. In reality, its the chair that does the important work. When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lions face, the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time. With its focus divided, the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to d

19、o next. When faced with so many options, the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair. How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion? How often do you have something you want to achiever (e.g. lose weight, start a business, travel more) only to

20、 end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress? This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best, the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is t

21、hat we feel like we cant focus or that were focused on the wrong things, and so we take less action, make less progress, and stay the same when we could be improving.,第三步 S P 连接之 采用连接句,In face of the four legs of a waving chair, a lion stays still, unable to decide which one to concentrate on, _ _.

22、When confronted with numerous choices, people tend to shrink back, making no advances.,第三步 S P 连接之 采用连接句,which is often the case with humans,例6（选自2015年广东卷阅读理解C篇）,Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes its important to distinguish televisions influences on children from those of the family.

23、 We tend to blame TV, he says, for problems it doesnt really cause, overlooking our own roles in shaping childrens minds. One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a childs ability to think and to understand the world. While watching TV, children do not merely absorb words and image

24、s. Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows. Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when parents watch TV with them, explaining new words and ideas. Yet, most parents u

25、se an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room. Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment. But according to Anderson, the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading

26、 ability. TV doesnt take the place of reading for most children; it takes the place of similar sorts of recreation, such as listening to the radio and playing sports. Things like parents educational background have a stronger influence on a childs reading. “A childs reading ability is best predicted

27、 by how much a parent reads.” Anderson says. Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy television-watching lowers IQ scores and affects school performance. But here, too, Anderson notes that no studies have proved it. In fact, research suggests that its the other way around. “If youre smart young, y

28、oull watch less TV when youre older,” Anderson says. Yet, people of lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers. For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children. However, by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally bel

29、ieved, Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences.,第三步 S P 连接之 采用篇章结构,One traditional belief .,Another argument .,Traditional wisdom also has .,Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, contradicts some long-held views about the impact TVs have on kids,

30、arguing that parents should be responsible instead. _, if accompanied by parents, kids know more while watching TV. _, watching TV doesnt weaken childrens reading ability which indeed mirrors the reading habits of parents. _, no proof shows watching TV reduces kids IQ.,第三步 S P 连接之 采用篇章结构,Second,Firs

31、t,Third,例7（选自全国统一考试英语科考试说明P24）,Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off di

32、rt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a f

33、riendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor

34、 ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War . Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea;

35、 clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of dis

36、ease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist（免疫学家）, encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.,P-W 之 transitional words,Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, ther

37、e is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.

38、 By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the ki

39、ng ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply a

40、nd hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War . Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gon

41、e too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to

42、build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.,P-W 之 key words,Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.,In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means t

43、o block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a lon

44、g time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.,P-W 之 key words,P-W 之 key words,Though t

45、he belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards o

46、f cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War . Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?,P-W 之 key words,Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-tim

47、e parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some

48、ground.,W-S 之 要点1,nothing fixed; attitudes to dirt,People hold different views towards dirt on our skin. People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.（选自考试说明范文） There are mixed views about dirt on our skin. Opinions vary/change as to the dirt on our skin.,W-S 之 要点2,dirt on the skin; block out

49、 disease; a long time; Europe; lived with dirt,People, such as Europeans, thought dirt defended their bodies against the attack of disease. People, such as Europeans, had long considered dirt on the skin helped resist illness. For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as Fr

50、ance, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.（选自考试说明范文） People, such as Europeans, used to regard dirt on the skin as a barrier against disease.,W-S 之 要点3,cleaning away dirt; good; standards of cleanliness; moved beyond science,It was not until the 18th century that peole came to belie

51、ve washing off dirt benefited health, but over time they have become too particular about cleanliness. People began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. （选自考试说明范文） Centuries later, people came to adopt a scientific view on dirt, and considered it a healthy practice to remove dirt off the skin, which later, however, leads to an obsession with cleanliness.,W-S 之 要点4,play in the dirt; build up a str