研究生英语 Unit 9.ppt

1、Unit 9 THE HOUSING CRISIS GOES SUBURBAN,英语四组,第一段,But the scarcity of affordable housing is a deepening national crisis, and not just for inner-city families on welfare. The problem has climbed the income ladder and moved to the suburbs, where service workers cram their families into overcrowded apar

2、tments, college graduates have to crash with their parents, and firefighters, police officers and teachers cant afford to live in the communities they serve.,翻译,但经适房稀缺性是一个不断加深的民族危机，而不仅仅是依靠福利为生的城市家庭的危机。这个问题已经波及到了高收入人群，并向郊区蔓延，在那里的服务工作人员们及其他们的家属在拥挤的公寓里，大学毕业生不得不借宿在他们的父母家里，而消防队员、警察和教师在他们所服务的社区也买不起房。,难词解释

3、, scarcity n. 缺乏，不足, 稀少，罕见 n. a small and inadequate amount 同近义词 shortage , short of , deficiency , insufficient e.g. This is indispensable in a region like the Near East, where the scarcity of water prohibits further agricultural expansion. 对于近东这样的区域来讲，这是极为必要的，在这里，水的短缺限制了农业的扩展。 .deepening n. 加深，延深；

4、向下侵蚀 v. 使深化；加深（deepen的现在分词） n. a process of becoming deeper and more profound adj. accumulating and becoming more intense 同近义词 saddening , downcutting e.g.There are some general ways to approach developing and deepening your skills.有一些常规的方法可用于发展和加深您的技能。,.crisis n. 危机；危险期；决定性时刻 adj. 危机的；用于处理危机的 n. an

5、 unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty a crucial stage or turning point in the course of something come unraveled or undone as if by snagging defining moment , critical stage e.g. Many companies have been sent under in the economic crisis. 在这次经济危机中，已有许多公司倒闭了。 . climbed the income ladder

6、 climb vi. 爬；攀登；上升 vt. 爬；攀登；上升 n. 爬；攀登 n. an upward slope or grade (as in a road) v.go upward with gradual or continuous progress 同近义词 vi. 爬；攀登；上升arise , raise , scale vt. 爬；攀登；上升scale , come up n. 爬；攀登escalade e.g.1.He made a difficult climb. 他作了一次艰难的攀登,2.Watching him climb up the precipice, everyb

7、ody was breathless with anxiety. 看着他往悬崖上爬， 大家都捏一把汗 income ladder 高收入人群 e.g.Most of our economic gains have gone to people at the very top of the income ladder.我们绝大多数的经济增长都是由高收入人群取得的 ladder n. 阶梯；途径；梯状物 vi. 成名；发迹 vt. 在上装设梯子 n. steps consisting of two parallel members connected by rungs; for climbing

8、up or down v. come unraveled or undone as if by snagging 同近义词 n. 阶梯；途径；梯状物 mechanism , approach , pass vi. 成名；发迹 raise oneself , make his mark e.g. He loaned the ladder to his neighbour. 他把梯子借给了邻居。,.to the suburbs 到郊区 e.g.His family moved/removed to the suburbs. 他的一家搬到郊区去了 suburb n.附近；边缘部分；市郊，近郊，郊区

9、n. a residential district located on the outskirts of a city 同近义词 margin , banlieue e.g. He wanted to home in the suburb. 他想在郊区安个家。 .cram: v. 把塞入，把塞满，把挤满 v. to force something into a small space 同近义词 stuff , be packed with e.g. Jessica crammed her clothes into the bag.,.overcrowded adj. 过度拥挤的 v. 拥挤（

10、overcrowd的过去分词） v.cause to crowd together too much 同近义词 crowded e.g.To David, this was not just one more bauble in an already overcrowded jewelry box. Rather, this was his love displayed on my arm for all the world to see. 对戴维来说，这个不仅仅是一个装在拥挤的首饰盒中的小玩意，而是一个向世界宣布他对我的爱，戴在我手臂的爱 .crash: n. 撞碎；坠毁；破产；轰隆声；睡觉

11、 vi. 摔碎；坠落；发出隆隆声；(金融企业等)破产 vt. 打碎；使坠毁、撞坏；擅自闯入；借宿 v. slang to stay at someones house for the night 同近义词 借宿 stay overnight at sb elses place ; put up for the night e.g. I crashed for one night at my friends house when I was in Chicag,. afford to （有条件）做；能承担；买得起某物；支付的起 同近义词 come , doest e.g.Only then ca

12、n you figure out what you can afford to pay. 只有这样你才能算出你能买得起什么样的房子 afford vt. 给予，提供；买得起 be able to spare or give up 同近义词 allow , deal , extend , deliver , tender e.g.At that time only, not every day, if you can afford it. 只有在那个时刻，而非每天都如此，而且是在你能力所及之处。,第二段,Home ownership is near an all-time high, but t

13、he gap is growing between the Owns and the Own-Nots as well as the Owns and the Own-80-Miles-From-Work. One-third of Americans now spend at least 30% of their income on housing, the federal definition of an unaffordable burden, and half the working poor spend at least 50% of their income on rent, a

14、critical burden. The real estate boom of the past decade has produced windfalls for Americans who owned before it began, but affordable housing is now a serious problem for more low- and moderate-income Americans than taxes, Social Security or gas prices.,翻译,住房拥有率接近历史最高位，但有房户和无房户之间的差距越来越大，有房户和房子离工作单

15、位80英里远的有房户之间的差距也越来越大。现在，13的美国人花费至少30的收入用于住房，联邦政府将这种情况定义为“无力支付”的负担，而有一半的穷打工仔花费至少50的收入用于租房，这种情况被称为“极其严重”的负担。在过去10年里，房地产迅猛发展，这使得在此之前就已经购置房产的美国人发了笔横财，但现在经济房对中、低收入的美国人来说，是一个比税收、社会保险、汽油价格更为严重的问题。,第三段,Roosevelt signed housing legislation in 1934 and 1937, providing mortgages, government apartments and cons

16、truction jobs for workers down on their luck. For half a century, most housing debates in Washington revolved around how much to expand federal assistance. mortgages vt. 抵押贷款，按揭 n. 抵押，房屋抵押贷款 n. a conditional conveyance of property as security for the repayment of a loan v. put up as security or coll

17、ateral 同近义词 v. hold in pledge , hypothecate n. hypothecation , pledge e.g. The bank refused to accept any mortgage on land. 银行拒绝接受任何土地抵押., down on their luck (be down on ones luck) (因不走运而)穷困潦倒 to have no money because one has had a lot of bad luck over a period of time e.g. 1.When someone is down on

18、 their luck, good friends will be sympathetic. 2.George has certainly been down on his luck recently: first his wife fell ill; then he lost his job. revolved around sth. 围绕转动；以为中心 to have something as a main subject or purpose e.g. 1.The arguement revolved around costs. 2.For working mothers,the cri

19、tical ponit in the conflict will revolved around giving up work., expand vt. 扩张；使膨胀；详述 vi. 发展；张开，展开 v. extend in one or more directions 同近义词 vt. 扩张；使膨胀；详述 dwell on , enlarge on vi. 发展；张开，展开 grow , go way e.g. We must build on our reputation to expand the business. 我们必须以信誉为基础扩大业务 assistance n. 援助，帮助；

20、辅助设备 the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose 同近义词 aid , hand , help , boost e.g. You should never deny assistance to those who need it. 你不应当拒绝帮助那些需要你帮助的人。,第四段,But for the past two decades, the only new federal housing initiative has been HOPE

21、VI5, a Clinton administration program that has demolished 80,000 units of the worst public housing and built mixed-income developments in their place. The program has eliminated most of the high-rise hellholes that gave public housing a bad name and has revived some urban neighborhoods. But it has r

22、azed more subsidized apartments than it has replaced.,翻译,Para,The program has eliminated most of the high-rise hellholes that gave public housing a bad name and has revived some urban neighborhoods. But it has razed more subsidized apartments than it has replaced. eliminated vt. 消除，排除，根除 to complete

23、ly get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 同近义词 avoid , exclude e.g. If you eliminate all the Items, then there is nothing to clone and thus nothing to insert. 如果您消除了所有项目，那么就没有节点可供克隆因而也就无法执行插入 high-rise hellholes 高度危险的房子 high-rise adj. 高楼的；超高层的 n. 高楼；大厦 n. tower consisting of a multisto

24、ried building of offices or apartments adj. used of buildings of many stories equipped with elevators; 同近义词 tower , block e.g.But high-rise buildings are not all that Pudong has. 但是，高楼大厦并非浦东的全部。,hellholes n.地狱般的地方，环境极其恶劣的地方 n. a very dirty,ugly and unpleasant place 同近义词 hell, hell on earth, hellhole

25、, inferno, snake pit, the pits Areas of drug dealing are hellholes of addiction, poverty and murder. 贩卖毒品的地区往往是吸毒上瘾、贫困和发生谋杀的地方。 givea bad name 使声名狼藉，给一个坏名声 a bad name 坏名声 同近义词 disrepute , bad reputation urban neighborhoods 城市社区，城市邻里，城市街区 同近义词 urban community Their families lived in the same urban ne

26、ighborhood. The parents were largely civil servants, professionals and merchants. 这些孩子的家庭生活在同一个城市街区，父母大部分是公务员、专业人士和商人。, raze v. 把（城镇、建筑物）夷为平地 v. to completely destroy a town or building 同近义词 destroy , eliminate , avoid e.g. 1.Much of Nanjing was razed by Japanese invaders in 1937. 2. The old buildin

27、gs were razed to make way for a new development. subsidized vt.给与补助，资助，向行贿 v.to pay part of cost 同近义词 fund , stake e.g. Thats why you see governments trying to subsidize manufacturers or the consumer. 这就是为什么你会看到政府在试图补贴厂家或是消费者。 replace vt. 取代，代替；替换，更换；归还，偿还；把放回原处 vt. put in the place of another; swit

28、ch seemingly equivalent items 同近义词 restore , return , shift , tender e.g. However, this will replace all of your work in this project, so backup anything you want to keep. 不过，这将替换您在此项目中的所有工作，所以，请备份您需要保存的任何内容。,第五段,Overall, the number of households receiving federal aid has flatlined since the early 1

29、990s, despite an expanding population and a ballooning budget. Congress has rejected most of President Bushs proposed cuts, but there has been virtually no discussion of increases; affordable-housing advocates spend most of their time fighting to preserve the status quo.,翻译,总的来说，自90年代初以来，接受联邦援助的家庭数已

30、经降到最低，尽管人口不断增加、预算不断膨胀。美国国会已经拒绝了美国总统布什提出的大部分的削减计划，但实际上几乎没有讨论过增加计划；廉价房的倡导者花费的大部分时间都被用于努力争取保持现状。,Para, overall adj. 全部的；全体的；一切在内的 adv. 全部地；总的说来 n. 工装裤；罩衫 adj. involving only main features n. a loose protective coverall or smock worn over ordinary clothing for dirty work 同近义词 adj. 全部的；全体的；一切在内的entire ,

31、all , corporate , total , universal adv. 全部地；总的说来 outright， on the whole，in general ; to sum up ; in short ; in summary ; broadly speaking n. 工装裤；罩衫 jeans , jea aid n. 援助；帮助；助手；帮助者 vt. 援助；帮助；有助于vi. 帮助 n. the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose

32、 v. give help or assistance; be of service 同近义词 n. 援助；帮助；助手；帮助者 assistance , friend , hand , help , boost vt. 援助；帮助；有助于facilitate , bolster up vi. 帮助 lend a hand , to help, flatline v. 降到很低水平 v. to fall to a very low level 同近义词 to a very low level e.g. 1.The Republicans have been flatlining in the p

33、olls. 2.The population growth in this town has been flatlining in the past five years. despite prep. 尽管，不管 n. 轻视；憎恨；侮辱 同近义词 prep. 尽管，不管 in spite of , for all that n. 轻视；憎恨；侮辱 hate , hatred , contempt e.g. I failed the test despite studying all night. 尽管整夜学习，我还是考试不及格。 expanding adj. 扩大的；扩展的 v. 扩大，扩展（

34、expand的现在分词形式）；使膨胀，详述 adj. 机扩大的；扩展的extended , ampliative v. 扩大，扩展（expand的现在分词形式）；使膨胀，详述 extending , widening, ballooning budget n.地狱般的地方，环境极其恶劣的地方 ballooning n. 充气，鼓胀；气球操纵 n. flying in a balloon 同近义词 topping-up , aeration e.g. Ballooning a shared page is a mistake because it deprives the guest of re

35、sources without actually saving any memory. 膨胀已占用的页面是一个错误，因为它剥夺了客户资源而未实际节省内存 budget n. 预算，预算费 vt. 安排，预定；把编入预算 vi. 编预算，做预算 adj. 廉价的 n. a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose v. make a budge 同近义词 n. 财政预算，预算费 spend vt. 安排，预定；把编入预算 place in , engage , settle adj. 廉价的 low-cost , penny-a-line,

36、reject vt. 拒绝；排斥；抵制；丢弃 n. 被弃之物或人；次品 n. the person or thing that is rejected or set aside as inferior in quality v.refuse to accept or acknowledge 同近义词 vt. 拒绝；排斥；抵制；丢弃 refuse , negative n. 被弃之物或人；次品 inferior , degraded product e.g. I reject these choices. 我拒绝这些选择。 proposed cuts n. 削减建议 propose vt. 建议

37、；打算，计划；求婚 vi. 建议；求婚；打算 同近义词 vt. 建议；打算，计划；求婚 schedule , design , map , think , purpose vi. 建议；求婚；打算 aim , offer cut n. 伤口；切口；削减；（服装等的）式样；削球；切入vt. 机 切割；削减；缩短；刺痛 vi. 机 切割；相交；切牌；停拍；不出席 adj. 割下的；雕过的；缩减的 同近义词 vt. 削减；机切割；缩短；刺痛shorten , bite vi. 机切割；相交；切牌；停拍；不出席 intersect n. 削减；伤口；切口；（服装等的）式样；削球 wound , inc

38、ision adj. 缩减的；割下的；雕过的 reduced , scrimpy, virtually 实际上，事实上 adv. almost or practically 同近义词 actually , really , almost , nearly , most e.g. This word has virtually dropped out of usage today. 这个词实际上现在已不再使用了。 advocate vt. 提倡，主张，拥护 n. 提倡者；支持者；律师 同近义词 vt. 提倡，主张，拥护 maintain , submit n. 提倡者；支持者；律师 prophe

39、t , supporter e.g. I guess that makes me an advocate of death panels. 我想正是这使我成为“死亡项目”的支持者。 fighting to 努力争取，为而斗争 同近义词 to strive for, preserve the status quo 保持现状 preserve vt. 保存；保护；维持；腌；禁猎 n. 保护区；禁猎地；加工成的食品 同近义词 vt. 保存；保护；维持；腌；禁猎 maintain , save , secure , corn , sustain n. 保护区；禁猎地；加工成的食品 conservati

40、on area , conservation district the status quo 现状 n. remaining unchanged, the state of a situation as it is 同近义词 current situation , actuality , existing circumstances,第六段,And its a tough status quo. tough status quo 艰难的现状 tough adj. 艰苦的，困难的；坚强的，不屈不挠的；坚韧的，牢固的；强壮的，结实的 n. 恶棍 vt. 坚持；忍受，忍耐 adv. 强硬地，顽强地

41、同近义词 adj. 艰苦的，困难的；坚强的，不屈不挠的；坚韧的，牢固的；强壮的，结实的difficult , strong , hard , rough , firm n. 恶棍 varlet , Highbinder vt. 坚持；忍受，忍耐stay , stomach , go , abide , resist adv. 强硬地，顽强地 doggedly , pertinaciously status quo 见第五段,第七段,Some liberals dream of extending subsidies to all eligible low-income families, bu

42、t that $100 billion-a-year solution was unrealistic even before the budget deficit ballooned again. So even some housing advocates now support time limits on most federal rent aid. The time limits included in welfare reform 10 years ago were controversial, but studies suggest theyve helped motivate

43、recipients to get off the dole. And unlike welfare, housing aid is not a federal entitlement, so taking it away from one family after a few years would provide a break for an equally deserving family.,翻译,Some liberals dream of extending subsidies to all eligible low-income families, but that $100 bi

44、llion-a-year solution was unrealistic even before the budget deficit ballooned again.,Para, extending n. 扩展；伸长 v. 延伸；扩展（extend的ing形式） 同近义词 n. 扩展；伸长elongation , stretching v. 延伸；扩展（extend的ing形式）expanding , elongating subsidies 补助金，补贴，津贴（subsidy的名词复数） 同近义词 pension , allowance e.g. If Copenhagen does n

45、ot reach agreement on it we will do it next year, either via a subsidy, levy or tax. 如果在哥本哈根没有达成协议，我们明年就会自己来，不管是用补贴还是征税的方法。 eligible adj. 合格的，合适的；符合条件的；有资格当选的 n. 合格者；适任者；有资格者 同近义词 adj. 合格的，合适的；符合条件的；有资格当选的 qualified , applicable , becoming , shaped , likely n. 合格者；适任者；有资格者 acceptee e.g. He is an eli

46、gible young man. 他是一个合格的年轻人,Para,unrealistic adj. 不切实际的；不实在的 同近义词 ideal , dream e.g. he best dreams are always unrealistic to the majority of people. 最精彩的梦想在多数人眼里总是不切实际的。 the budget deficit ballooned 预算赤字膨胀 budget 见第五段 deficit n. 赤字；不足额 同近义词 red ink e.g. And so - but we do have to deal with the defi

47、cit. 所以说但是，我们的确必须解决赤字问题。 ballooned 见第五段,Para,controversial adj. 有争议的；有争论的 同近义词 disputed , questioned e.g.They tried their best to run away from controversial issues. 他们尽力避开有争议的问题。 motivate vt. 刺激；使有动机；激发的积极性 同近义词 stimulate , fan , needle , activate e.g. You have first got to motivate the children an

48、d then to teach them. 你首先得激发孩子们的学习兴趣，然后再去教他们 recipients n. 容器，接受者；容纳者 adj. 容易接受的，感受性强的 同近义词 n. 包装容器，通信接受者；容纳者 container , vessel , receiver , pocket , bin adj. 容易接受的，感受性强的 acceptant , susceptive e.g.If you know when that is, tell your recipient. 如果你知道这个期限，告诉你的接收者。,Para,get off the dole 摆脱救济金 get off

49、 摆脱，动身，从下来；脱下（衣服等） 同近义词 make a start , set sail for dole 救济金 n. unemployment benefit, welfare money given by the government in the US to people who are out of work 同近义词 unemployment benefit , unemployment pension e.g. 1. How many people are on the dole? 2. I said the bankers should be the first to g

50、o on the dole during the financial downturn., entitlement n. 权利；津贴 同近义词 rights , title , pension e.g.It is a moral entitlement for Hobbes, the source of human worth and dignity. 对霍布斯来说是一种道德权利，是人类价值和尊严的源泉。 provide a break 喘息 同近义词 gasp ; pant ; whoop ; wheeze deserving adj. 值得的；应得的；有功的 v. 值得；应得到（deser

51、ve的现在分词） 同近义词 worthy , due , just e.g.No less deserving than we are now. 我们应得的东西不该比现在少。,第八段,Its a no-brainer, says David Smith, an affordable-housing advocate in Boston. You cant sustain the internal contradiction of no limits.,翻译,“这是显而易见的事，”大卫史密斯波士顿的一位廉价房的倡导者说，“你不能让内在矛盾无限地延续。”,Para, no-brainer n.显而

52、易见的事，无需用脑的事；容易的事 同近义词 obvious thing ; apparent thing e.g. It was a no-brainer to hire the guy and place him in a spot where he could really influence things. 雇佣这个家伙的时候根本不用考虑，给他一个能发挥影响力的职位，他就真的能让人刮目相看。 advocate 见第五段 sustain the internal contradiction of no limits让内在矛盾无限地延续 sustain vt. 维持；支撑，承担；忍受；供养；

53、证实 同近义词 maintain , undertake , support , accept , favor internal adj. 内部的；内在的；国内的 同近义词 inner , inherent , domestic , inside , home contradiction n. 矛盾；否认；反驳 同近义词 conflict , discrepancy,第九段,The root of the problem is the striking mismatch between the demand for and the supply of affordable housing or

54、, more accurately, affordable housing near jobs. Fifteen million families now spend at least half their income on housing, according to Harvards Joint_Center for Housing Studies: many skimp on health care, child care and food to do so. Others reduce their rents by overcrowding, which studies link to

55、 higher crime rates, poorer academic performance and poorer health; Los Angeles alone has 620.000 homes with more than one person per room. Other workers are enduring increasingly long commutes from less expensive communities, a phenomenon known as driving to qualify.,翻译,Others reduce their rents by

56、 overcrowding, which studies link to higher crime rates, poorer academic performance and poorer health; Los Angeles alone has 620.000 homes with more than one person per room. Other workers are enduring increasingly long commutes from less expensive communities, a phenomenon known as driving to qual

57、ify.,Para, striking adj. 显著的，突出的 同近义词 prominent , obvious , marked , tremendous , noted e.g.But that is hardly the only, or even the most striking, paradox of the modern Middle Kingdom. 不过，对于这个现代的中央王国来说，这显然既不是唯一的，也不是最显著的矛盾 mismatch 不匹配，不协调 同近义词 mispairing , incongruity accurately adv. 精确地，准确地 同近义词 p

58、recisely , exactly , true , spot reduce their rents 减少租金 reducevt. vt.减少；降低；使处于；把分解 vi. 减少；缩小；归纳为 同近义词 vt. 减少；降低；使处于；把分解shorten , weaken vi. 减少；缩小；归纳为to cut down , fall off,rents n. 租金 vt. 出租；租用；租借 vi. 租；出租 同近义词 n. 租赁租金letting , hire vt. 出租；租用；租借 lease out , hire out vi. 租赁租；出租 lease out , hire out

59、overcrowding n. 过度拥挤；挤满 v. 过度拥挤（overcrowd的ing形式）；把塞得过满 同近义词 n. 过度拥挤；挤满 cramming e.g.One answer is that death is simply necessary to avoid overcrowding, for instance. 有一种答案是：死亡仅仅是必然例如：避免过度拥挤。 link to 链接到；把和连接；把和联系起来 同近义词 relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate enduring 持久的；能忍受的 v. 忍耐（endure的ing形式） 同近义词 adj. 持久的；能忍受的 continued , lasting , sustained v. 忍耐（endure的ing形式）biding, increasingly adv. 越来越多地；渐增地 同近义词 pyramidally , cumulatively driving to qualify。不会,第十段,This creates all kinds of lousy o