SCI论文写作英文.ppt

1、Secrets to Writing Better Scientific Articles,Tom Lang Tom Lang Communications and Training,For More Information,How To Report Statistics in Medicine Annotated Guidelines for Authors, Editors, and Reviewers, 2nd Edition Thomas A Lang & Michelle Secic American College of Physicians, 2006,For More Inf

2、ormation,How to Write, Publish, and Present in the Health Sciences A Guide for Physicians and Laboratory Researchers Tom Lang American College of Physicians, 2009,Science cannot exist without writing!,Speech and pictures are not enough! Publishing is the final stage of research Evidence-based medici

3、ne is literature- based medicine,The truth no one told you . . .,If you have chosen to become a researcher, you have chosen to become a writer!,What is the most important part of a scientific article?,What is the most important part of a scientific article? The Title The part most often read Often t

4、he only part read The key link between the research and the reader,Which part usually has the most errors?,Which part usually has the most errors? The References References take time to format correctly Errors in references indicate lack of attention to detail,Which part is usually the weakest?,Whic

5、h part is usually the weakest? The Discussion You have to decide what your results mean You have to tell how your results support or differ from other results,What Journal Editors Want,Manuscripts that follow the Instructions for Authors!,Mulford Library, Medical College of Ohio Links to Instruction

6、s for Authors for most biomedical journals /instr/ The EQUATOR Network Links to reporting requirements for different types of research /,Editors want to publish research that is: New True Important Clearly Reported,Topics of this Lecture,How to

7、write better: Titles Introductions Tables and Graphs Discussions,How to Write Better Titles,Titles help readers find and decide whether to read the full article Titles help readers NOT read the article if it will NOT be of interest Identify what was studied, not what was found,Remember: “SPICED” Set

8、ting (location) Patients (what was studied) Intervention (treatment) Comparator (control group) Endpoint (outcome of interest) Design (study design),Original A Randomized Trial of Low-Air-Loss Beds for Treatment of Pressure Ulcers 72 characters and spaces Revised Low-Air-Loss Beds vs. Foam Mattresse

9、s for Treating Pressure Ulcers in Nursing Home Patients: A Randomized Trial 111 characters and spaces,How to Write Better Introductions,Biomedical scientists are: Researchers Writers These roles require different skills,In an area of science . . . Scientists find a problem Study the problem as resea

10、rchers And, as writers, report their results in articles,The 4-Part Introduction 1. Background statement: provides the information needed to understand the problem and the research 2. Problem statement: describes the nature, extent, severity, or importance of the problem that stimulated the research

11、,The 4-Part Introduction 3. Action statement: gives the research question, hypothesis, approach, or activities undertaken to investigate the problem 4. Forecasting statement: tells readers what they will find if they continue to read,Part 1: Background Statement,“In patients with atherosclerotic vas

12、cular disease, aspirin is recommended to prevent myocardial infarction and graft occlusion.”,Part 2: Problem Statement,“However, aspirin is also associated with bleeding. Patients are often asked to stop taking aspirin before bronchoscopy, to reduce the risk of bleeding. The effectiveness of this pr

13、actice has never been tested.”,Part 3: Action Statement,“Thus, we wanted to determine whether aspirin increases the risk of bleeding after bronchoscopy.”,Part 4: Forecasting Statement,“Here, we describe our study in which we compared the number and severity of bleeding events in patients taking aspi

14、rin with those who were not and determined that aspirin does not increase the risk of bleeding.”,Problems with Introductions Weak background and problem statements Many authors assume readers will know: 1) What problem was studied 2) Why the problem is important,How to Write Better Results Sections,

15、Summarize the study in a diagram Put your results in tables and figures Take the time to make good tables and figures,Making Good Tables and Graphs,What level of detail do you need to show? Will readers want analytical or reference information? Will readers want to see exact values or patterns in th

16、e values?,1. What level of detail do you need to show?,Focusing readers attention on: Individual values Groups of values Comparisons between values or groups,Comparisons between Groups,Making Good Tables and Graphs,2. Will readers want analytical or reference information? Analytical: organize the da

17、ta Reference: organize the headings,An Analytical Table,A Reference Table,Making Good Tables and Graphs,3. Will readers want to see exact values or patterns in the values? Readers see values faster and more accurately in tables Readers see patterns of values faster and more accurately in graphs,Exac

18、t Values or Patterns in the Values,Making Good Tables and Graphs,What level of detail do you need to show? Will readers want analytical or reference information? Will readers want to see exact values or patterns in the values?,Tables and How to Design Them,Principles of Table Design,Tables used to r

19、ecord data may not be good for communicating data Place values to be compared side-by-side, if possible,46,Principles of Table Design,Round numbers to 2 significant digits, unless more precision is necessary,Principles of Table Design,Keep the data consistent with column and row headings,Principles

20、of Table Design,Keep the data consistent with column and row headings,Principles of Table Design,Do not leave cells empty: indicate that the cell contains no value with an ellipsis (. . .),Principles of Table Design,Consider highlighting important values,Principles of Table Design,Align data, symbol

21、s, and text consistently within columns.,Consider Giving Totals,Consider Giving Totals,Graphs and How to Design Them,5 4 3 2 1 0,0 5 10 15 20,5 4 3 2 1 0,0 5 10 15 20,Principles of Graph Design,Indicate the zero-zero point Break scale lines and the data field when the scale does not start at zero,Pr

22、inciples of Graph Design,Emphasize the data over other elements in the graph,Emphasize the data!,Principles of Graph Design,When possible, present comparisons of length against a common baseline,Length on a Common Baseline,From Bar Charts to Dot or Box Charts,How to Make a Dot Chart,Problems with Gr

23、aphs,Do not use a 3-dimensional graph to show 2-dimensional data,How to Write Better Discussions Summarize the study and the main results. Interpret and explain the results Tell how your results support or differ from other results: review the literature,Suggest how the results might be generalized

24、Discuss the implications of the results State the limitations of the study List the conclusions,Conclusions We conclude that Tamoxifen reduced the incidence of DMH-induced colon cancer in rats. We also showed that DMH induced the expression of estrogen receptors in colonic mucosa, but that the number of estrogen receptors in the colonic mucosa was not correlated with b