细胞凋亡与衰老

1、Chapter 13，cell apoptosis，extrcel lular cotrol of cell division，cell growth，and apoptosis，mitogens stimultate G1-。 humancells have a built-in limititation on The number of times they can divide，The cell division is cotrolled not only by extrcellular mitogens ，Cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis induced b

2、y exessive stimulation of mitisogen IC pathh worys，extrcel lular growth factors stimullite controlapoptosis、programmed cell death、biological functions of apoptosis、in development、homeostasis、tumor surveillance细胞凋亡是多细胞生物在发育过程中由基因控制的主动细胞生理自杀行为。morphological and biological character istics of Apoptosis

3、，morpho logi changes : eary : chrome condensation，Cell body sticsmolleular mechanisms of apoptosis，Early researches(MIT : Robert horrid，1986)，C. elegans :910cells，The fiification，C elegans : a millimeter long，transparent body only a few cell types，from zygot to mature adult only in 3.5 days，131 cell

4、s death，体内细胞凋亡研究：PCD相关基因为15个，负责PCD控制(ced-3、ced-4和ced-9)的1，PCD相关基因分为4个组。2、与PCD过程吞噬作用相关：ced-1、ced-2、ced-5-8和ced-10。3、核酸酶基因(nuc-1)，控制DNA分解，但需要郑智薰PCD。4、影响特定细胞类型PCD的基因：ces-1、ces-2、cgl-1、和her-1。保守性高，哺乳动物中相应的同系物：ced-3=ice，ced-4=apaff-1，ced-9=bcl-2。Mammlian : ced 3 is related to Mammlian interleukin-1 conve

5、rting enzyme(ice or caspase-1)，apoptosis is carried out by、active site : cysteine cleavage site : asaratic acid、cysteine asaratic acid specific profese、APS-XXX、天冬氨酸特定半光纤.how to activate caspases？all caspases expressed as proenzymes procasphaase、procasase、NH2-terminal pro domain 3360 highly variable、

6、LANThe activation is triggered by adaptor proeins that bring multiple copies of specific Procasase s .3 groups of caspase: 1，apoptotic iiiFAK disrupt cell adhesion for The apoptotic cell . lamins . cleavage of lamins leads to The disassembly of The nuclear lamina And shrinkage of The nunus，The inhib

7、itor of CAD(caspase-activated dnase，an endo nuclease)。cleavage of CAD inhibitor lead to activation of CAD，once activated，CAD trans locates from the cytosol to the nucleus severing DNA into frageenzymes involved in DNA repair。which are in activated by caspase clea vag e . DNA repair is a homeostatic activity that is in appropriate in an appropriate cell，molectiular pathhwosBcl-x、bcl-w、and bcl-2330prevent apoptosis。internal stimulli : DNA damage，high Ca2，oxidactive stress，(2)mitochondrial path way，the mitochondria-mediated，form a multi subunit complexAn