汉英篇章对比与翻译

1、汉英篇章对比与翻译,衔接与连贯(cohesion and coherence ),衔接是篇章的有形网络 连贯是篇章的无形网络。,Cohesive ties 衔接手段 Cohesion markers 连贯标记,韩礼德的分类,Halliday it expresses a sense of history by using specific modern artistic vocabulary.,稍稍能安慰我们的，是在那石上有一个不大不小的坑凹儿，雨天就盛满了水。（贾平凹 丑石） The only thing that had interested us in the ugly stone wa

2、s a little pit on top of it, which is filled with water on rainy days. 这种力， 是一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力就要显现 (夏衍野草） It is an invisible force of life. So long as there is life, the force will show itself.,比较照应,比较照应指通过形容词和副词的比较等级形式以及其它一些有比较意义的词语（如same, so, as, such, differently, other, otherwise 等）表示的照应关系。

3、比较照应在语篇中起上下承接的作用。 因为任何比较至少要涉及两个实体或事态，语篇中如果有表达比较意义的词语出现，会话参与者或读者便会在上下文中寻找与其构成比较关系的其它词语。 比较照应的语篇衔接功能就是这样发挥作用的。,例1： Tom gets ten dollars a week for pocket money, and Bob receives a similar amount. 例2： 天空中积满了灰色的云块，呆滞滞的不动。 他脸上的气色和天空差不多。,（那蹲着的黑影）一面抱怨这天气：“真冷呀，先生，你说是不是？”看见他并不是个讨厌的老头子，便高兴地说道：“乡下怕更要冷些吧？” （艾芜

4、冬夜） “Its really cold here, “ he complained. “what do you think, sir?” Seeing that he was not too nasty an old man, I readily responded: “It must be colder in the country, Im afraid.”,零式指称（zero anaphora),零式指称的基本概念是在语篇中本该出现的指称词被省略了。 汉语使用零式指称远比英语多；汉语的零式指称不受句法限制。（Li the most beautiful spot on campus is

5、our cafeteria. Look! The window panes are so clean that you scarcely notice there is glass in the ” He paused, (刘士聪 Western Humor),1. 语境意识,还是从火车上说起吧！ 大约在我四岁多的时候，我坐过火车。当时带我坐火车的人，是我的舅舅，叫张全斌。 Lets begin with the train. （？） Lets start from the train. （？） Lets begin from the time when I was on the train.

6、 （？） 应该译为：Let me begin with my trip on the train.,2.文化意识,我现在对我原来的父母还有个模糊不清的印象关于我个人的历史情况，我就知道这一些，再多一点都记不起来了。(My parents ) (This is what I know about my childhood and beyond that I do not remember much else.) 杭州六合塔和西安大雁塔 (Six Harmonies Pagoda; Big Wild Goose Pagoda) 北海公园白塔是藏式佛塔，即喇嘛塔 （White Dagoba),II.

7、 结构衔接,结构衔接指信息结构之间的衔接，可通过主位述位结构或替代、省略、对偶、排比、对照、顶针、回环、层递、反复等修辞格实现。,替代,替代指用替代形式（pro-form）去替代上下文出现的词语。它的语义要从所替代的成分去索引。Halliday 和 Hasan把替代分成三类， 即名词性替代，动词性替代和从句性替代。,名词替代,我能看看那条围巾吗？ 可以。哪一条？红的还是黑的？ May I have a look at that scarf? Yes. Which one? The red or the black one？ 瞧那晚霞，我没见过比这更红的了。 Look at the sunset

8、 glow. I have never seen a redder one than that.,那声声燃放的鞭炮是辞旧迎新的欢呼。新世纪的新年，就在这欢跃的气氛中，一下子走近了。 The exploding firecrackers bid farewell to the passing year and cheered for the coming of a new one. The centennial New Year is just around the corner clothed in the delightful mood.,动词替代,She sings better than

9、 she did last year. John drinks a lot. Does his brother do so? 谁原意和我们一起打篮球？ 我不干。 Whod like to play basketball with us? No, I wont.,关于汉语的动词性替代，王力认为“这么着”具有替代功能，赵元任这认为汉语中最常见的替代动词为“来”。 黛玉便说道：“你既这么说，为什么我去了你不叫丫头开门呢？” 宝玉诧异道：“这话从哪里说起？我要是这么着立刻就死了。” “你画的不像，等我来。”,子句替代,他们总是把房间搞得乱七八糟。你怎么也这样呢？ Theyve always made

10、a mess of the room. Why have you, too?,省略,我想买一套家具。 买大连出的（家具）吧！ I want to buy a set of furniture. Buy one (set of furniture ) made in Dalian. 我们到那儿去春游？ （我们）到云台山（去春游） Where shall we go for a spring outing? (Well go to) Yuntai Mountain ( for a spring outing) 你决定了毕业后去西藏工作吗？ 当然！（我决定了毕业后去西藏工作。） Have you m

11、ade up your mind to work in Tibet after graduation? Sure! (I have made up your mind to work in Tibet after graduation.),工业园区土地使用权转让的成本价目前为每亩16万人民币，年内，对符合国家产业导向，规模大、科技含量高的外商投资项目，按照每100万美元用10亩土地的比例，给予特殊价格优惠，其中注册资本在100万美元到300万美元的，每亩地价为8万元人民币；300万美元到500万美元的，每亩地价为7万元人民币；500万到1000万美元的，每亩地价为6万元人民币；1000万美元以

12、上的每亩地价为5万元人民币。,Currently the cost of land use transfer in the Zone is charged at the ratio of 160 thousand yuan per Chinese mu, whereas before the end of the year, the price will be lowered down to 1 million US dollars every 10 mu for those large and technology-intensive foreign projects that are ru

13、n in compliance with the industrial orientation of the country.,As regards those conglomerates with a registered capital ranging from 1 million () to 3 million US dollars, the price is 80 thousand yuan per mu, () 70 thousand yuan for those with that from 3 million () to 5 million (), 60 thousand ()

14、for those from 5 to 10 million () and 50 thousand () for those over 10 million().,以往过年都是打发小孩一点钱，现在可不这样了。,In the past, they would dismiss the kids with some money as a gift for the lunar New Year, but not () nowadays.,外商在开发区的投资越来越多，进出口贸易也随之增加。 Foreign investment are on the rise in the Empowerment Zon

15、e, so are imports and exports.,去年有50个社区获“文明社区” 称号，今年又将有20个社区获此殊荣。,Last year 50 communities were named as “civilized community”; this year, 20 more () will be given the title.,修辞手段,虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。（对偶） Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有

16、再开的时候。但是，聪明的你，告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？ (排比） Swallows fly away, yet return; willows wither, yet burgeon again; peach-blossom fades, yet blooms afresh. But tell me, you who are wise, why do our days depart never to return?,大红花一朵朵全被拉长了，这时是泼刺奔进的红锦带。带织入狗中，狗织入白云中。白云织入村女中 (顶针） Each of the great crimson flowers

17、stretched out now into rippling red silk belts. The belts interwove with the dogs, the dogs with the white clouds, and the white clouds with the country girls. 鲁迅好的故事,回环（palindrome),回环又称回文，“是利用相同的词汇，造成词序回环往复的语句，表现两种事物或情理的相互依存或相互排斥的辨证关系。” 我为人人，人人为我。 人不犯我，我不犯人。 常相知才能不相疑，不相疑才能常相知。 路人行上行人路，居士隐留隐士居。 雾锁山头

18、山锁雾， 天连水尾水连天。 雁飞平顶山，山顶平飞雁；僧游云隐寺，寺隐云游僧。,No X in Nixon. You can cage a swallow, cant you? But you cant swallow a cage, can you? Wont lovers revolt now? Poor Dan is in a droop. Niagara, O roar again! Live not on evil! Step on no pets. Name no one man. Nurses run. Able was I ere I saw Elba. Ma is as sel

19、fless as I am.,Damm it，I am mad. Desserts, I stressed. Able was I ere I saw Elba. 未到俄岛我未倒。 英雄缚于俄岛处，出岛我欲缚雄鹰。 英雄落于俄岛处，出岛我欲落雄鹰。,层递（climax) 、反复（repetition),一年，两年，三年， 你的望眼将穿， 一年，两年，三年，我的归心似箭。 Year in year out youve been looking forward with eager expectation to my home-coming; year in year out Ive been l

20、ooking forward with great anxiety to returning home. 将光慈 写给母亲 李定坤译,登鹳雀楼 白日依山尽, 黄河入海流。 欲穷千里目，更上一层楼 Mounting the Stork Tower The white sun sets behind the mountains, The Yellow River flows into the sea. Go further up one flight of stairs, And youll widen your view a thousand li.,连接关系,“Conjunctive elem

21、ents are cohesive not in themselves but indirectly, by virtue of their specific meanings; they are not primarily devices for reaching out into the proceeding (or following) text, but they express certain meanings which presupposes the presence of other elements in the discourse.” (Halliday first of

22、all, to begin with, then, last , in conclusion, last of all, to conclude 表示举例、解释：for example, for instance, that is, namely, to illustrate 表示总结：in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole, to conclude, to summarize,本人在香港创业二十余年，历尽艰辛，虽在事业上略有成就，但也饱尝人世间的风风雨雨。每次回乡总是得到家乡各级领导的热情接待，心头总有一种温馨的感受

23、，一种到家的感觉。,It has been more than 20 years since I started my career in Hong Kong, where I have weathered through various hardships . My modest achievements in business also go along with multitudinous pains and tears. As a result, every time when I return to my hometown, where I am given warm recepti

24、ons by the local government leaders, my heart will be over flown with tenderness and affection, for it gives me a feeling of home.,忙到除夕夜才松口气。全家团圆，坐下来吃“年夜饭”。 All the preparations are not completed until the lunar New Years Eve, when all the family members sit down around the table to enjoy the “New Y

25、ears Eve dinner.”,我喜欢看小孩子追逐着旋转的火焰，心里重温起少年的愉悦。 I love gazing upon kids chasing the spinning fireworks as it reminds me of my teenage glees.,在生活越来越富足的今天，越来越多的长辈选择“压岁书”作为送给孩子们的过年礼物。 连日来市里各大书店门庭若市，少儿类图书的销售量直线上升。 Today with more and more people living a better-off life, seniors in the family would give b

26、ooks to the children as a lunar New Year gift. As a result, in the past few days, people have beating a path to the big bookstores in the city and sales volumes for various childrens books have increased by large margins.,许多人因此学会了用手势表达简单的日常用语，现在如果有手持纸条的聋哑人前来乘车，问讯处的同志能用哑语回答。 Many staff members have t

27、hus learned to put simple daily exchanges into gestures. People working at the information desk, for example, are able to use the languages to answer inquires from those deaf-mutes who still have slips of paper clutched in their hands.,为此，本市将继续以集装箱运输为主攻方向，开发穿山、大榭和梅山深水岸线。 To accomplish the goal, the

28、city will continue to concentrate its efforts on developing its container shipment and at the same time open up a deep-water shipment route connecting Chuanshan, Daxie and Meishan.,III. 词汇衔接,词汇衔接指通过词的重复、同义、反义、上下义、互补、同现等词汇间的语义关系来实现语篇连贯。 运用这些词可以产生很强的粘合力，形成一张“词汇网”(lexicon network), 赋予语篇连贯性。 分为两大类： 1. 复

29、现 (reiteration) 2. 同现 (collocation),1. 复现（同词重复或异词重复）,1) 原词复现 2) 同义词或近义词复现 （synonyms & antonyms) 3) 上义词和下义词 复现 (superordinate & subordinate) 概括词 general word 具体词 specific word,原词复现,During all the years of my life, until that moment, I had carried the menacing, the hostile killing world with me everyw

30、here. No matter what I was doing or saying or feeling, one eye had always been on the world - that world which I had learnt to distrust almost as soon as I learnt my name, that world on which I knew one could never turn ones back, the white mans world. ( This Morning, This Evening, So Soon by James

31、Baldwin),汉语中重复运用某一词的情况很多，翻译时应注意适当调整。,老金奔过去一看，原来是一只不到500克中的羽毛刚长齐的猫头鹰。 他把猫头鹰小心翼翼装进笼子里，然后骑自行车送往离家7.5 公里的城区林业局。 林业局的工作人员把猫头鹰放归大自然。,Lao Jin hastened over and found it was a young fledgling owl no more than 500 grams in weight. He picked the bird up and placed it into a cage with much care. Then he cycled

32、 the bird all the way to the Municipal Forestry Bureau, 7.5 kilometers off his home. There the staff members set the creature free into the embrace of the forest.,乡镇工业园区已经成为我市乡镇企业“二次创业”的有效载体，极大地改善了企业的发展环境。目前已有3772家企业进驻园区。 Township industrial zones provide solid vehicles for the citys enterprises in

33、running new businesses and greatly improve the setting for the development of such entities. So far, 3772 establishments have found home in these quarters.,同义词和近义词复现,We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom - symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning - signifying renewa

34、l, as well as change. ( Inaugural Address by John Kennedy),孔乙己便涨红了脸，额头上的青筋条条绽出，争辩道：“窃书不能算偷窃书读书人的事，能算偷么？” At that Kong Yiji would flush, the veins on his forehead standing out as he protested, “ Taking books cant be counted as stealing Taking books for a scholar cant be counted as stealing.” 王治奎：汉英翻译

35、教程第73页 建议将“窃”与“偷”这对同现词分别译作“stealing” 和 “theft”， 以充分传达其概念的同一性。修辞效果更好。充分表现了孔乙己违反同一律，窘迫至极、强词夺理的心态。,上下义词复现,We trotted on, we crept up Constitution Hill, we rattled（发嘎嘎声）down into Lamas Street, and the tailor still rang his bell and a dragon, squealing, in front of his wheels. As we clip-clopped over the

36、 cobbles that led down to the Towy Bridge, I remembered Grandpas nightly noisy journeys that rocked the bed and shook the walls, and I saw his gay waistcoat in a vision and his patchwork（拼缝物）head tufted and smiling in the candlelight. The tailor before us turned round on his saddle, his bicycle wobb

37、led and skidded “I see Dai Thomas” he cried. ( Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog by Dylan Thomas),普之仁领着我穿着茶花走，指点着告诉我这叫大玛瑙，那叫雪狮子，这是蝶翅，那是大紫袍，名目花色多得很。后来他攀着一株茶树的小干枝说: “这叫童子面，花期迟，刚打着朵，开起来颜色深红，倒是最好看的。” （杨朔茶花赋） Taking me through the groves of camellias, Pu Zhiren told me the names of different varietie

38、s: Giant Agate, Snow lion, Butterfly Wing, Giant Purple Robe and many others. Then, taking hold of a small branch of a camellia tree, he said, “This is Baby Face. As it blooms late, its only just in bud. With deep red blossoms, its really most beautiful.”,General word,Halliday & Hasan 的书中提到的general

39、word（范畴词category word、泛指词、概括词） 也称作“准实义词”。其特点是语义上空、泛、抽象， 其所指或含义需借助上下文推断。 由于这种词的所指需依赖上下文， 因此它们和指示代词及人称代词一样， 具有所指性，可以构成篇章的整体语义结构和逻辑框架，创建语篇连贯。这类词 数量多，使用普遍。 如 problem, situation, concern, group, plan, scheme, practice, move, operation, endeavor等。 汉译英时，在适当地方添加general word, 有助于译出语义连贯、逻辑严密、 条理清楚的文字。,新年的漱口水，

40、 洗脸水不可到落地，而倒入预先准备好的水盆里，当天也不扫地，谓之“积财”。 According to customs, a basin is especially reserved for water from tooth brushing and washing, for such water is not allowed to be splashed on the ground. Nor is the floor to be cleaned on the day. These taboos are intended for “fortune-saving.”,五年后，宁波港将建成国际深水枢

41、纽港。据介绍，将宁波港建成国际深水枢纽港是宁波市“新世纪工程” 的第一项任务。 In 5 years, Ningbo port is to be turned into a deep-water harbor thoroughfare for international purposes along Chinas coast. Informed people say this engagement has become the top priority of Ningbos New Century Project.,2. 同现关系 collocation,Halliday & Hasan 认为

42、：同现关系指词汇在语篇中共同出现的倾向性(co-occurrence tendency) 。 在语篇中，围绕着一定的话题，一定的词往往同时出现，而其他一些词就不大可能出现或根本不会出现。 词汇的同现关系包括：反义关系、互补关系、局部-整体关系、搭配关系等。,反义关系,United, there is little we can not do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and spli

43、t asunder. (Inaugural Speech by John F. Kennedy),互补关系,互补关系由两个对立项构成，因此，对一个词项的否定意味着对另一个词项的肯定，反之亦然。例如： Discrimination is undoubtedly practiced against women in the field of scientific research. We dont find men complaining that they are not being interviewed for positions that they are clearly qualifie

44、d to fill. ( A Liberal Education by T. H. Huxley),局部-整体关系,上下义关系侧重于命名上的内涵，而局部-整体关系则是侧重实体上的“内包”，如英语中的body 与arms, legs, feet, hands, heart 等构成局部-整体关系。 例如： The day was warm for April and the golden sunlight streamed brilliantly into Scarlets room through the blue curtains of the wide windows. The cream-

45、colored walls glowed with light and the depth of the mahogany furniture gleamed deep red like wine, while the floor glistened as if it were glass, except where the rag rugs covered it and they were spots of gay color. (Gone with the Wind ),组合搭配,有些在意义上相互联系的词语常常同时出现在同一语篇中，这些词语属于同一个词汇套，形成了词汇链(lexicon chain), 一个词汇套的词语倾向于在同一语篇中搭配出现，具有较强的衔接力。 如： The first to be affected were the oil-tanker fleets. As oil demand