高中语法--动词的语态

1、第七章 动词语态一、被动语态的构成动词的语态有两种：一种是主动语态（主语是动作的执行者），另一种是被动语态（主语是动作的承受者）。谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句，谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句。1. 被动语态的构成形式：助动词be+（not）+（及物动词的）过去分词此时，由助动词be来反映时态的变化，常见有以下八种形式：一般现在时am+done现在进行时am+being doneisisareare一般过去时was+done过去进行时was+being donewerewere一般将来时will+be done过去将来时would/should+be donewas/were to be

2、doneshall现在完成时have+been done过去完成时had+been donehas2. 含情态动词的被动语态形式当被动语态与情态动词结合使用时，其结构形式为“情态动词+be+过去分词”Festivals can also be held to honor famous people.3. “get+done”被动语态构成形式这种形式的被动语态主要用于表示自己做某事，设法做到自己称心的事或表示“变得”Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.二、主动语态与被动语态的转换主动语态转换为被动语态的步骤：先将主动

3、句中的宾语变为被动句中的主语；再将主动句中的谓语变成被动形式（谓语动词的时态不变）；最后将主动句中的主语变为由介词by引导的短语并后置（主语为人称代词时放在介词by后须变为宾格）。主动语态：Rowling wrote Harry Potter.被动语态：Harry Potter was written by Rowling.主语 谓语 宾语主语 谓语 宾语1. “主语+谓语动词+宾语”结构变被动句变成被动句时，将宾语变为被动句中的主语。主动句：The government supported the research. 政府支持这项研究。被动句：The research was support

4、ed by the government. 这项研究得到了政府的支持。重点拓展：l 主动句子如果是带no的否定句，被动句常用no, neither或never等。No one has ever beaten her at tennis. She has never been beaten at tennis.l 否定的主动句中带有any-构成的不定代词作宾语时，变成被动句时，主语常用no-构成的否定代词。We didnt notice anything special in his work.Nothing special was noticed in his work.2. “主语+谓语动词

5、+间接宾语+直接宾语”结构变成被动句变成被动句时，有两种情况：将间接宾语变成被动句的主语，直接宾语的位置不变；把直接宾语变成被动句的主语，间接宾语前面加上介词to或for。My uncle bought me a new computer.I was bought a new computer by my uncle.A new computer was bought for me by my uncle.并非所有的双宾语结构都可变为两种形式的被动句，当直接宾语是从句时就不能变成被动句的主语。She was told me when the project would start.I was

6、told when the project would start.When the project would start was told to me.(该句是错误的)3. “主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾补”结构变被动变成被动句时，将宾语变成被动句的主语，宾语补足语位置不变，也自然成为主语补足语。People call this team a cheerleading squad.人们把这个队叫拉拉队。（主动句，宾语补足语为a cheerleading squad）This team is called a cheerleading squad.（被动句，主动句中的宾语补足语a cheerle

7、ading squad变成了主语补足语）重点拓展：在主动句中，使役动词have, make, let以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面接不定式作宾语补足语时，不带to，但变成被动句时，需加上to。I saw a stranger enter the hall.A stranger was seen to enter the hall.4. 含有be going to do和be to do等结构的主动句变被动句含有be going to do和be to do等结构的主动句变被动句时，谓语动词分别用be going to be do

8、ne和be to be done结构，其中第一个be只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式。We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting. The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.They are to show this new film on TV next week. The new film is to be shown on TV next week.5. 含有宾语从句的主动句变为被动句带有宾语从句的主动句变成被动句时，通常用it作被动句的形式主语，谓语动词改为be d

9、one结构，宾语从句保留不变，也就自然成了主语从句；或将主语从句中从句的主语变成被动句的主语，从句的谓语变成不定式短语。We know that he is the best dentist in the town.It is known to us that he is the best dentist in the town.He is known to be the best dentist in the town.用it作形式主语的被动语态句型还有：It is said that据说It is reported that.据报道It is believed that.人们相信It is

10、 thought that人们认为It is known that.众所周知6. 祈使句变被动句祈使句变被动句时通常有两种情况：（1）肯定祈使句的被动语态：Let+宾语+be+过去分词。Move the desk into the passage.把课桌搬到走廊去。Let the desk be moved into the passage.（2）否定祈使句的被动语态：Dont let +宾语+be+过去分词/Let+宾语+not be+过去分词。Dont throw rubbish everywhere.Dont let rubbish be thrown everywhere./ Let

11、rubbish not be thrown everywhere.7. 谓语为动词短语的主动句变被动句有些不及物动词后面跟着介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，这种结构也可以有被动语态，但不能把动词与其后的介词或副词拆开。The have put off the meeting till next Saturday.The meeting has been put off till next Saturday.8. 双重被动结构双重被动结构指的是句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者同时又是不定式动作的承受者。They asked us to d

12、iscuss the problem at once.（主动句）We were asked to discuss the problem at once.（被动句）The problem was asked to be discussed at once.（双重被动：既主语problem被要求和讨论）三、不能变为被动与语态的情形1. 主动句的谓语动词是某些状态行动词时这类状态性动词强调“拥有，属于，存在”等含义时，不可变为被动语态。如：have, own, possess, contain, exist, hold, lack, become, belong等。This museum owns

13、 5,000 modern paintings, sculptures and drawings.这座博物馆拥有五千幅现代油画，雕塑以及素描。2. 主动句谓语动词的宾语是反身代词或相互代词时Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette, remind yourself that you are a non-smoker.You should help each other whatever happens.3. 主动句谓语动词的宾语是表示地点或处所时当这类及物动词的宾语是表示地点或处所（组织，团体，军队，国家等）的名词时，不可变为被动语态。这类动词有

14、leave, enter, reach等。He left England in 1964 and never returned.4. 主动句谓语动词的宾语是同源宾语时同源宾语：少数不及物动词后面能跟一个特定的名词作宾语。这个名词和前面的动词在词根上相同的或者在意义上是相近的。这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。常见的能带同源宾语的动词：live, die, sleep, dream, breath, smile, laugh, fight, run等。这类动词除了跟同源宾语外，还可以跟动名词短语或不定式短语作宾语，但均不可变为被动语态。The little girl smiled a sweet smi

15、le at me.这个小女孩冲我甜甜的笑了笑。I dreamed a terrible dream last night.5. 主动句的谓语动词和宾语是不可分割的整体时这类谓语动词和宾语往往构成固定的动词短语，不可变为被动语态。We Chinese always keep words.常见的不可变为被动语态的固定短语还有：make up ones mindtake ones place 就座change hands转手do ones bestspeak ones mind 说心里话change color变色make a face/faceslose ones heart to 痴心于keep

16、 guard 看管set up home回家6. 主动句的谓语动词是一类特殊的短语动词时这类特殊的短语动词一般不用于被动语态。常见的有：take place, lose heart, break out, belong to, consist of等。The dictionary on the desk belongs to me.四、主动形式表被动意义1. 用某些不及物动词的主动语态表示被动意义（1）某些可用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的不及物动词，如：lock, shut, open, move, read, write, sell, wash, clean, catch, draw,

17、 cut等，其主语大多指物。This kind of book sells well. 这种书很畅销。The cloth washes well.这布很好洗。（2）某些状态动词或不及物动词，虽然在汉语中含有被动意味，但英语中要用主动形式。这类词有：weigh, measure, cost, spread, last, happen, break out, take place等。The wall measures 10 metres long. 这堵墙有10米长。2. 用某些系动词的主动语态表示被动意义主要是指物作主语的系动词，可用主动形式表被动意义。如：feel, smell, taste,

18、 sound, prove, remain, stay, appear等。The shirt feels much softer than that one.The music sounds comfortable.3. 不定式的主动语态表示被动意义（1）不定式在easy, difficult, fit等形容词之后，且不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式常用主动形式表被动意义，且不定式的宾语必须省略。The book is easy to understand.（2）若作定语用的不定式与其所修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系，并与句子主语之间存在主谓关系，也可用主动形式表示被动意义。I ha

19、ve a letter to write. 我有一封信要写。某些作表语用的不定式，强调出租，责备，解雇等，也可用主动形式表示被动意义。此类常见的动词有，let（出租），rent, hire, blame等。Am I to blame?我该挨骂吗？The house is to let.这房子出租。4. 用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义（1）在need, want, require, deserve等词后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，也可用不定式的被动形式。The matter wants looking into. = the matter wants to be looked into.

20、这事需要调查。The matter wants looking into.=The matter wants to be looked into. 这事需要调查。（2）在形容词worth后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，即相当于be worthy to be done或be worthy of being done.The book is worth reading.=The book is worthy to be read.=The book is worthy of being read.5. 用某些介词短语作表语时可表示被动意义常见的这类短语有：under discussion在讨论

21、中under control 在控制之下under construction 在建设之中under repair在修复之中under consideration 在考虑之中in use在使用中in the charge of 在掌握之下in print在印刷中on show展出on sale待售out of control失控out of sight 看不见Three sites are presently under consideration for the new hotel. 目前有三个建这家新旅馆的选址在考虑之中被动形式表示主动意义：常见的有两类l 某些“动词+反身代词”结构，可变成

22、被动结构表示主动意义。常见的这类有devote oneself to, seat oneself, dress oneself, amuse oneself, lose oneself, prepare oneself for, concern oneself about等。The old teacher devoted herself to teaching all her life.=The teacher was devoted to teaching all her life.那位老师一生致力于教育工作。l 一些固定的被动结构表主动意义，如be hidden in躲藏在；be buri

23、ed in 专心致志于、埋头于；be absorbed in专心致志于；be lost迷路等五、被动结构和系表结构的区别1. 被动语态表示动作，系表结构表示状态或事实状况The teacher was pleased by her answer.（被动语态）她的回答令老师满意。The teacher was pleased with her answer.（系表结构）老师对她的回答感到很满意。2. 被动结构可用多种时态，系表结构常用于一般时或完成时The plan is being carried out successfully.（被动语态）Many kinds of art have been lost in the world.（系表结构）3. 被动结构可由by短语引出，而系表结构常用其他介词短语引导Experts said that many of the temples would be covered by the waters of the Changjiang River when the Three Gorges Dam was finished.（被动语态）The mountain is covere