英语科技论文撰写与投稿培训(ppt 98页).ppt

1、英语科技论文 撰写与投稿,任 胜 利 国家自然科学基金委员会 自然科学进展编辑部 E-mail: rensl,主要参阅资料,1. 任胜利. 英语科技论文撰写与投稿 (书) 2. 马新亮. Smart Writing 3.李 婴. 英文论文写作及投稿技巧讲座 4.马 兰. Figure it early, Figure it right 避免无意或有意的剽窃行为(即: 引述他人思想、数据或论述而不注明出处)； 避免一稿多投或一稿多发； 抄一篇为剽窃，抄多篇为创新,科技英文写作与讲演,寻找创建模板的论文 发表于国际知名期刊； 最近35年内发表; 至少有一位英语母语的作者 创建模板 句子的结构、长度

2、、句式变化； 动词、转接词、介词的使用； 动词时态； 怎样开始和结束； 如何及何时承认他人的贡献,适度模仿 建立语料库,阅读“作者须知”或“投稿指南”,刊物的宗旨和范围； 各栏目论文的长度、章节的顺序安排, 等； 采取何种体例格式? 如: 页边距、纸张大小、参考文献的体例、图表的准备、等； 履行何种形式的同行评议? 多长时间后能决定可否录用,英语科技论文: 撰写与投稿,1 写作前的准备 2 论文的结构安排与撰写 3 科技英语的文法与表达 4 投稿及与编辑的联系,科技论文的结构,论文题名+眉题 作者姓名+通讯地址 摘要+关键词 引言(Introduction) 材料与方法(Materials a

3、nd methods) 结果(Results) 讨论与结论(Discussion 列举建立方法的参考文献，并做简要描述(但不需全部重复描述); 如果对已有方法进行了新的或实质性的改进，就要清楚地说明改进的理由,材料与方法: 英文表达,不可遗漏动作的执行者： To determine its respiratory quotient, the organism was (the organism determine?) Having completed the study, the bacteria were of no further interest. (the bacteria compl

4、eted the study?) 文献引用尽量准确、具体： cells were broken by as previously described9 应改为：cells were broken by ultrasonic treatment as previously described9.,科技论文的结构: 主体部分,引言 (Introduction) 材料与方法 (Materials and methods) 结果 (Results) 讨论与结论 (Discussion 根据这些结果, 能得出何种结论或推论？ 指出研究的局限性以及这些局限对研究结果的影响; 并建议进一步的研究题目或方向;

5、 指出结果的理论意义(支持或反驳相关领域中现有的理论、对现有理论的修正)和实际应用,讨论：注意事项,对结果的解释要重点突出, 简洁、清楚：着重讨论本研究的重要发现，以及由此得出的结论，不要过细地重复引言或结果中的数据或资料； 推论要符合逻辑, 避免实验数据不足以支持的观点和结论； 对结果的科学意义和实际应用的表达要实事求是, 适当留有余地； 讨论的最后最好是论文的最重要的结论(take-home-message),讨论：时态,现在时：具有普遍的意义推论或结论： The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well.

6、Our data suggest that the reaction rate may be determined by the amount of oxygen available. 过去时：所概述推论的有效性只是针对本次特定的研究： In the first series of trials, the experimental values were all lower than the theoretical predictions.,Conclusion - 结 论,有时也可将“结论”单独列为一节 (通常可包括在“讨论” 或“结果与讨论”中)； “结论”中的基本内容: 作者本人研究的主

7、要认识或论点; 总结性地阐述本研究结果可能的应用前景、研究的局限性及需要进一步深入的研究方向; 结论中不应涉及新的事实, 也不能简单地重复摘要、引言、结果或讨论等章节中的句子,科技论文的结构,论文题名+眉题 作者姓名+通讯地址 摘要+关键词 引言(Introduction) 材料与方法(Materials and methods) 结果(Results) 讨论与结论(Discussion 避免使用Thoughts on ., Regarding , Study, 等,论文题名举例,Bad: Action of antibiotics on bacteria Bad: Preliminary o

8、bservations on the effect of certain antibiotics on various species of bacteria Good: Action of Streptomycin on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Better: Inhibition of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Streptomycin,论文题名举例：介词问题,Bad: Linear programming method of optimization of systems of partial diffe

9、rential equation Good: Linear programming method for optimization of partial differential equation systems (偏微分方程系统最优化的线性程序设计方法) Bad: Formulation of equations of vertical motion of finite element form for vehicle-bridge interaction system Good: Finite element based formulations for vehicle-bridge in

10、teraction system considering vertical motion 车桥相互作用系统有限元形式的竖向运动方程,论文题名举例: 缩略语的使用,The effects of air pollutants on taking of SARS GEE 用广义估计方程研究大气污染对SARS发病的影响 GEEgeneralized estimating equation The quarantine measures and preventative countermeasures of preventing the propagation of RIFA through inter

11、national shippings 防止红火蚊随国际航行船舶传播的检疫措施与防控对策 RIFAred imported fire ant,题名类型,名词词组: Inositol trisphosphate and calcium signaling (三磷酸肌醇和钙信号表达 ) 主副题名: WAF1：A potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression (WAF1: p53肿瘤抑制作用的一个可能介导因子) 系列题名: Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange (

12、密度函数的热化学: 3. 正解交换的作用) 陈述性题名: The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases (p21 Cdk作用蛋白(又称Cip1)是G1细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶的强抑制剂) 疑问句题名: When is a bird not a bird?,Running Title (眉题),用于论文的页眉 是论文题名的缩写，一般不超过40个字符 应包含论文中最核心的内容 期刊的习惯,Running Title：举例,题目：WAF1: p53肿瘤抑制作用的一个可能

13、介导因子 WAF1：A potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression 眉题：WAF1 as a mediator of p53 function 题目：淋巴细胞再循环和白细胞迁移中的路径信号: Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep 眉题：Traffic signals for leukocyte circulation,科技论文的结构: 篇前部分,论文题名+眉题 作者姓名+通讯地址 摘要+关键词,Who are the a

14、uthors?,国际医学期刊编辑委员会(ICMJE)有关作者资格的界定: (1) 课题的构思与设计，资料的分析和解释； (2) 文稿的写作或对其中重要学术内容作重大修改； (3) 参与最后定稿，并同意投稿和出版 以上3项条件应全部具备方可成为作者; 作者的排列顺序应由所有作者共同决定; 每位作者都应该能够就论文的全部内容向公众负责,Who is the first author?,论文的执笔人或主要撰写者应该是第一作者； 贡献相同作者的表达： 共同第一作者, 通讯作者(To whom correspondence should be addressed / Correspondence aut

15、hor), 这些作者对研究工作的贡献是相同的 避免“搭车”署名、不能遗漏应该署名的作者、不可擅自将知名人士署为作者之一以提高论文声誉和影响,作者姓名的拼音表达方式,国家标准(GB/T 16159-1996) : 汉语人名按姓和名分写, 姓和名的开头字母大写, 如: Wang Jianguo (王建国), Dongfang Shuo (东方朔), Zhuge Kongming (诸葛孔明), 等； “中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范” ：姓前名后, 姓氏的全部字母均大写, 复姓应连写. 名字的首字母大写, 双名中间加连字符; 名字不缩写. 如: ZHANG Ying (张颖), WANG

16、 Xi-lian (王锡联), ZHUGE Hua (诸葛华),作者姓名的拼音表达方式,国外期刊一般会尊重作者对自己姓名的表达方式(但大多倾向于大写字母只限于姓和名的首字母)； 发表于“Nature”(2002, 415: 732)的一篇短文中3位作者姓名的表达分别为 Shengli Ren, Guangan Zu, Hong-fei Wang (任胜利, 祖广安, 王鸿飞) 缩写: Ren S, Zu G, Wang H F 应尽量采用相对固定的英文姓名的表达形式, 以减少在文献检索和论文引用中被他人误解的可能性,作者地址的标署,尽可能地给出详细的通讯地址； 如果论文出版时作者调到一个新的地

17、址, 新地址应以“Present address”(现地址)的形式在脚注中给出； 如果第一作者不是通讯作者, 作者应按期刊的相关规定表达, 并提前告诉编辑. 期刊多以星号(*)、脚注或致谢的形式标注通讯作者或联系人,科技论文的结构: 篇前部分,论文题名+眉题 作者姓名+通讯地址 摘要+关键词 ,Abstract,摘 要：以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释, 简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文； 摘要的类型 (1) 报道性摘要: 全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 结构式摘要 (2) 指示性摘要：只简要概括论文的主题； (3) 报道-指示性摘要: 以报道性摘要的形式表

18、述论文中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分,Structured Abstract (结构式摘要),是报道性摘要的结构化表达 (1) 目的(Objective): 研究的问题、目的或设想等; (2) 设计(Design): 研究的基本设计, 样本的选择; (3) 单位(Setting): 开展研究的单位; (4) 对象(Patients, Participants): 研究对象的信息; (5) 处置(Interventions): 处置方法; (6) 主要结果测定(Main Outcome Measures): 实验过程; (7) 结果(Results): 研究的主要发现;

19、 (8) 结论(Conclusions): 主要结论及其潜在应用,结构式摘要的类型,New England Journal of Medicine Background, Methods, Results, Conclusions The Lancet Background, Methods, Findings, Interpretation JAMA Context, Objective, Design, Setting, Patients, Interventions, Main Outcome Measures, Results, Conclusion,摘要：撰写技巧 (1),应大致包括

20、IMRD 结构的论文写作模式； 使用简短的句子, 用词应为潜在读者所熟悉； 注意表述的逻辑性, 尽量使用指示性的词语来表达论文的不同部分(层次) 如使用“研究表明”(We found that)表示结果; 使用“通过对.的分析，认为 ”(Based on, we suggest that)表示讨论等,摘要：撰写技巧 (2),确保摘要的“独立性” 或“自明性”: 尽量避免引用文献、图表和缩写； 尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号； 可适当强调研究中的创新、重要之处; 尽量包括论文的主要论点和重要细节(重要的论证或数据),Despite the remarkable the

21、rmochemical accuracy of Kohn-Sham density-functional theories with gradient corrections for exchange-correlation see, for example, A. D. Becke, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 2155 (1992), we believe that further improvements are unlikely unless exact-exchange information is considered. Arguments to support this

22、 view are presented, and 报道+指示性摘要,Keywords (关键词),不要使用过于宽泛的词做关键词(例如：有机化合物，生态科学，等等)，以免失去检索的作用； 避免使用自定的缩略语、缩写字作为关键词，除非是科学界公认的专有缩写字(如: DNA); 关键词的数量要适中,科技论文的结构,论文题名+眉题 作者姓名+通讯地址 摘要+关键词 引言(Introduction) 材料与方法(Materials and methods) 结果(Results) 讨论与结论(Discussion 为研究提供方便(仪器、测试等) 的机构或人员; 提出过指导性意见的人员; 资金资助项目或类

23、别(但不宜列出得到经费的数量),致谢：尽量具体、如实,应尽量指出致谢对象的具体帮助与贡献； 致谢某人可能暗含着某人赞同论文的观点或结论: 如果被感谢的人并不同意论文的全部观点或结论, 那么论文公开后被感谢的人和作者都会很尴尬； 表示应有的礼貌和尊重: 投稿前应请所有被感谢的对象阅读论文的定稿(尤其要包括“致谢”部分), 以获得允许或默认,致谢：用词要恰当,致谢的开始就用“We thank”, 不要使用“We wish to thank”, “We would like to thank”, 等； 如果说“I wish to thank Jones for ”则是在浪费单词, 并且也可能蕴含着我

24、希望感谢John Jones的帮助, 但这种帮助并不那么大); 用“I thank Jones”更显得简明和真诚,科技论文的结构: 篇尾部分,致 谢 (Acknowledgements) 参考文献 (References) ,References：基本原则,所选用文献的主题必须与论文密切相关; 必须是亲自阅读过; 优先引用论文: 最新发表/特定期刊/特定作者; 避免过多的作者自引; 遵循拟投稿期刊的体例要求； 确保文献各著录项(作者姓名, 论文题目, 期刊或专著名, 等)正确无误,参考文献的体例类型,有250种以上的参考文献列举形式 (著录项的取舍、著录项的编排顺序、字体变化、标点符号等方面)

25、； 正文中参考文献的标注类型: 著者-出版年体系(name - year system，N-Y); 顺序编码体系(citation - order system或citation - sequence system，C-S); 著者-数字(顺序编码)体系(alphabet - number system，A-N),References Bai CH 1995 Cerny L, and Lenton1995 Wu GH, Hu CH, Roedder H1995 Zou AQ, Han AH, Chen AF2004,Worldwide research on pegmatites has in

26、volved the study of their petrogenesis (Solodov, 2002), classification (Cerny and Lenton, 1995), texture and structure (Zou et al., 2004), rare element geochemistry (Li, 1982a, 1982b, 1991), mineralogy (Roedder, 1984), and experimental petrology (Bai, 1995; Zeng and Jin, 1995; Wu et al., 1995).,著者-出

27、版年体系,References 1. Solodov F2002 2. Cerny L, and Lenton1995 9. Zou AQ, Han AH, Chen AF2004 10. Wu GH, Hu CH, Roedder H1995,Worldwide research on pegmatites has involved the study of their petrogenesis1, classification2, texture and structure3, rare element geochemistry4-6, mineralogy7 and experiment

28、al petrology8-10 .,顺序编码体系,References 1. Bai CH 1995 2. Cerny L, and Lenton1995 7. Solodov F2002 9. Wu GH, Hu CH, Roedder H1995 10 Zou AQ, Han AH, Chen AF2004,Worldwide research on pegmatites has involved the study of their petrogenesis7, classification2, texture and structure10, rare element geochem

29、istry3-5, mineralogy6 and experimental petrology1,9,8 .,著者-数字体系,Worldwide research on pegmatites has involved the study of their petrogenesis, classification, texture and structure, rare element geochemistry, mineralogy, and experimental petrology (Solodov, 1962; Zou and Xu, 1975; Zou et al., 1986;

30、Kuzminko, 1976; Makagon, 1977; Makagon and Shmakin, 1988; Luan, 1979; Wang, 1982; Shmakin, 1983; London, 1981, 1986, 1998; Cerny, 1982a, 1982b, 1991; Cerny et al., 1986; Cerny and Lenton, 1995; Roedder, 1984; Walker et al., 1986; Wang et al.,1987; Chu and Wang, 1987; Wang et al.,1987; Zhang et al.,

31、1987; Zhao et al., 1993; Li et al.,1983; Li ,1987; Li et al.,1994, 1998, 1999a, 1999b, 2000; Bai, 1995; Zeng and Jin, 1995; Wu et al., 1995; Lu and Wang,1997; Feng, 1998).,36 references in one sentence!,Better would be give just 2-3 pertinent references in a proper context.,Long strings of reference

32、s are not helpful if given without any kind of context.,Huang, Z.L., Han, R.S., Chen, J., Li, W.P., Xu, C., 2001. Ore-forming element contents of the periphery strata of the Huize Pb-Zn mine and Emeishan basalts and their significance. In: Hu, R.Z., Bi, X.W. (Eds.), Annual Report of the Open Lab. of

33、 Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guizhou Science and Technology Publishing House, Guiyang, p. 99-103. (in Chinese with English abstract).,Publications in Chinese should be indicated.,Take special care when citing papers that are contained in books or other non-serial publicati

34、ons. Details of the Editor and Publisher should always be given.,Denisova, E.A., 1985. The deformation history of Nurali ultrabasic massif (South Urals). Izvestia Akademy Nauk SSSR (Geology series) 5, 25-36. (in Russian).,Brandenstein, M., Janda, L., Schroll, E., 1960. Seltene Elemente in sterreichi

35、schen Kohlen- und Bitumengesteinen. Tschermaks Mineralogisch-Petrographische Mitteilungen 7, 260-285.,Accents or other characters may a part of that language dont ignore!,Barca, S., Eltrudis, A., 1994. Attribution lEocarbonifre de flysch des nappes infrieures “ marbres” du Sud-Est de la Sardaigne (I

36、talie). Comptes Rendus de lAcadmie des Sciences 319 (II), 1407-1414.,Always give the original title of publications in other languages using the French, German, Spanish, Portuguese etc., but the translated title of titles written in other alphabets (e.g. Russian, Japanese),参考文献的引用格式举例,Chinese Sci Bu

37、ll Ren, S. L., Rousseau, R., International visibility of Chinese scientific journals, Scientometrics, 2002, 53: 389405 Nature Ren, S. the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.,Too long: where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elastic shaf

38、t, e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk, is the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the axis, k and k are the stiffness coefficients in two principal directions of shaft respectively, c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and th

39、e disk, is the rotating speed, Correct: Where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elasticshaft, e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk, is the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the axis, k and k are the sti

40、ffness coefficients in the two principal directions of the shaft, c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk, is the rotating speed,Main idea at the beginning,Bring the main idea to the beginning of the sentence stating any purpose, locations, reasons, etc., afterwards. Incorrect

41、: To ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality, CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production. Correct: CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production to ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality.,英文表达注意事项 (2),In this paper, in this study,In some papers wri

42、tten by Chinese, these phrases can occur as much as twice per page. In papers written by native English writers these phrases are reserved for primarily two uses. Actually, the reader is aware that the work presented is by the author (unless the author states otherwise) so there is no reason to repe

43、at these phrases.,英文表达注意事项 (3),The study (or research) is the work the author(s) did. The paper is the mode to present this work and is what the reader is holding/reading. (This paper present) Awkward: In this paper, IDEAS was used to . Correct: In this study, IDEAS was used to. Awkward: In the pape

44、r, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, it components Correct: In this study, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, it components ,at home / abroad,International papers should not use location dependant terms such as at home, abroad, here, our country because the

45、 reader most likely is not Chinese and not in China. at home, our country = in China abroad = outside China overseas = outside the mainland of China,英文表达注意事项 (4),Arabic Numbers,Should never be used at the beginning of sentences Should not be used to give general information 11 parameters were select

46、ed for the experiment. Eleven parameters were selected for the experiment. All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30 C. All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30 C.,英文表达注意事项 (5),Avoid redundancy,research work = research / work limit condition = limit / c

47、ondition sketch map = sketch / Map layout scheme = layout / scheme simulation results = results / simulation calculation results = results / calculation,英文表达注意事项 (6),a, an, the,(1) Omitted where they are required; (2) Used where they are not needed (3) Used wrongly in place of the correct article. I

48、ncorrect: Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main and splitter blades. Correct: Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the main and splitter blades. Incorrect: The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tool; Correct: The sof

49、tware PowerSHAPE is chosen to be the 3D modeling tool; ,英文表达注意事项 (7),冠词和名词用法示例 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has played a extremely important role in structural identification of organic compound. Because it can resolve molecular structure with high precision without destroying molecular biologic

50、al function, it is expected for biological analysis. However, due to diversity and complexity of biological molecule, large amount of structural information are still unknown. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has played an extremely important role in the structural identification of organic compound

51、s. Because NMR can resolve , it is expected for the biological analysis. However, because of the diversity and complexity of biological molecules, much structural information remains unknown.,U.K. English vs. U.S. English,sulphide sulfide colour color analyse analyze catalogue catalog Most word processors have built-in spelling (and grammar) checkers. Use them! They are not always perfect, but will help erase common problems,英文表达注意事项 (8),SI单位及