复旦_研究生综合英语(1)(修订版)_Unit5教案资料.ppt

1、U5,AdditionallnformationfortheTeachersReference,TextSolveThatProblemwithHumor,Warm-upActivities,FurtherReading,SpeakingSkills,AdditionalWork,Warm-upActivities,Warm-up1,1.Howimportantisasenseofhumourtosociallife?Citeexamplestoillustrateyouridea.2.Somepeoplethinkasenseofhumourisinnate,aqualitythatonei

2、sbornwith,whileothersbelieveitcanbecultivatedlaterinlife.Whichonedoyoubelievein?Howcanwecultivateasenseofhumour,ifpossible?3.Tellahumorousstorythatyouknowtoamusetheclass.,1.WilliamD.EllisWilliamD.EllisisanAmericannovelist.Seeminglypartarchaeologist,partanthropologist,partgenealogist,andpartpsycholog

3、ist,Ellisminedthecenturiestounearththerawmaterialhewouldmoldintohisfictionandnonfictionbooks.Withnoinstrumentmoreelaboratethanatypewriter,hemanagedtocreatepopularregionalhistoriesandaward-winningvolumesofhistoricalfictionthatbroughtOhiospasttolifeinamannerthatwasnotjustinformativeandentertaining,but

4、asvividasanepicfilm.EllisreceivedaPulitzerPrizenominationforhisbest-sellingtrilogyofnovels:BountyLands(1958),JonathanBlair:,AIFTTR1,AdditionalInformationfortheTeachersReference,AIFTTR2,BountyLandsLawyer(1966),andTheBrooksLegend.TheyreflectedtherealityoflifeonthefrontieratatimewhenOhiowasconsidered“t

5、heWest”andthehardshipsofdailyexistencefaroutweighedthepleasures.,AIFTTR3,2.RolandMichenerDanielRolandMichener(1900-1991)wasGovernorGeneralofCanadafrom1967to1974.In1967,hebecamethefirstgovernorgeneraltogivetheOrderofCanada,thenationshighestcivilianhonor.HealsoawardedthefirstOrderofMilitaryMeritin1972

6、.AndheencouragedallCanadianstolearnbothEnglishandFrench.HistenureasCanadasGovernorGeneralisoftenconsideredtobeakeyturningpointinthehistoryofhisoffice.SincehisretirementtheGovernorGeneralshiphasmoveddramaticallyinalessformaldirection.,AIFTTR4,3.EuropesCommonMarket,TheEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC),al

7、soknownasthe“CommonMarket”intheUnitedKingdom,wasaninternationalorganizationcreatedin1957tobringabouteconomicintegrationbetweenBelgium,France,Germany,ItalyandtheNetherlands.ManynationsofWesternEuropebandedtogetherintovariousorganizationsduringthepostwaryears.Thesenationshopedtosolveproblemsbyworkingt

8、ogethermoreclosely.TheCouncilofEuropewasformedin1949tolinkitsmembernationsculturally,socially,andeconomically.TheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC),organizedin1951,sought,AIFTTR5,tounifythecoal,iron,andsteelindustriesofBelgium,France,Italy,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,andWestGermany.In1957,thesixECSCm

9、embersformedtheEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC)whichaimedatremovingbarrierstothemovementofgoods,workers,capital,andservicesamongitsmembers.Itsinceenlargedtosixotherstatesandfrom1967itsinstitutionsalsogovernedtheECSCandEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity(EAECorEuratom)underthetermEuropeanCommunities.WhentheE

10、uropeanUnion(EU)wascreatedin1993,theEECwastransformedintotheEuropeanCommunity,oneoftheEUsthreepillars,withEECinstitutionscontinuingasthoseoftheEU.,AIFTTR6,4.LondonBlitzInthesummerof1940,Germanybegananall-outairattackonBritain.Londonbecamethechieftargetoftheattack.TheBlitz,astheattackwasknown,lastedf

11、romSeptember1940toMay1941.Nightafternight,Germanplanesdroppedtonsofbombsonthebuilt-uparea.TheCityandtheindustrialEastEndwereespeciallyhard-hit.Peopletookrefugeinair-raidsheltersandsubwaystationsasfiresragedthroughwholeblocksofbuildings.,AIFTTR7,5.GeorgeC.MarshallMarshall,GeorgeCatlett(1880-1959),anA

12、mericansoldierandstatesman,servedaschiefofstaffoftheUnitedStatesArmyduringWorldWarII(1939-1945).WinstonChurchillacclaimedhimas“organizerofvictory”forhisleadershipoftheAlliedvictoryinWorldWarII.Healsoservedassecretaryofstatefrom1947to1949andassecretaryofdefensein1950and1951.Marshallwasthefirstprofess

13、ionalsoldiertobecomesecretaryofstate.In1947,whileservinginthatpost,heproposedtheEuropeanRecoveryProgram,alsocalledtheMarshallPlan.Underthisplan,theUnitedStatesspentbillionsofdollarstorebuildwar-tornWesternEurope.TheMarshallPlaniscredited,AIFTTR8,withhelpingcheckthespreadofCommunisminEurope.Marshalls

14、roleinEuropeanreconstructionearnedhimthe1953NobelPeacePrize.,AIFTTR8,6.Roosevelt,FranklinDelanoRoosevelt(1882-1945),oftenreferredtobyhisinitialsFDR,wasthethirty-secondPresidentoftheUnitedStates.Electedtofourtermsinoffice,heservedfrom1933to1945andistheonlyU.S.presidenttohaveservedmorethantwoterms.Roo

15、seveltledtheUnitedStatesthroughitsworstdepressionandthroughitsworstwar.RoosevelttookofficeasPresidentatthedepthoftheGreatDepression.Inhisinauguraladdress,hecalledforfaithinAmericasfuture.“Theonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself,”hedeclaredboldly.HecreatedtheNewDealtoproviderelieffortheunemployed,recove

16、ryoftheeconomy,andreformoftheeconomicandbankingsystems.OneofhismostimportantlegaciesistheSocialSecuritysystem.,AIFTTR9,BeforeAmericasentryintoWorldWarIIinDecember,1941,RooseveltmadetheUnitedStatestheprincipalarmssupplierandfinancieroftheAllies.AstheAlliesnearedvictory,Rooseveltplayedacriticalroleins

17、hapingthepost-warworld,particularlythroughtheYaltaConferenceandthecreationoftheUnitedNations.Later,theAlliesdefeatedGermany,ItalyandJapan.PeopleinallpartsoftheworldadmiredRooseveltforhispersonalcourage.Althoughhewascrippledbypolioattheageof39,henevergaveuphiscareerofpublicservice.,AIFTTR10,7.WorldWa

18、rII,WorldWarIIortheSecondWorldWar,oftenabbreviatedasWWIIorWW2,wasaworldwidemilitaryconflict；theamalgamationoftwoseparateconflicts,onebeginninginAsia,1937,astheSecondSino-JapaneseWarandtheotherbeginninginEurope,1939,withGermanysinvasionofPoland.Thisglobalconflictsplitamajorityoftheworldsnationsintotw

19、oopposingmilitaryalliances:theAlliesandtheAxis.RegardedasthehistoricalsuccessortoWorldWarI,WorldWarIIresultedinthedeathsofover70millionpeople,makingitthedeadliestconflictinhumanhistory.TheconflictendedinanAlliedvictory.ItbroughtaboutthedownfallofWestern,AIFTTR11,Europeasthecenterofworldpowerandledto

20、theriseoftheworldstwoleadingsuperpowerstheUnitedStatesandSovietUnion,settingthestagefortheColdWarforthenext45years.Thedevelopmentoftheatomicbombduringthewaropenedthenuclearage.,AIFTTR12,8.Germanconcentrationcamp,TheGermanconcentrationcampisaplacewherepeopleareimprisoned,andinsomecaseskilled,withoutl

21、egalproceedings.Manycountrieshaveimprisonedpeopleinconcentrationcampsbecauseoftheirpoliticalviews,religiousconvictions,ethnicbackground,orsocialattitudes.Thebest-knowncampswerethoseoperatedbytheNazisduringtheHolocaust,acampaignofsystematicmurderwagedagainstJewsandothersduringWorldWarII(1939-1945).Th

22、eNazisimprisonedandkilledmillionsofpeopleinsuchcamps,firstinGermanyandlaterinGerman-occupiedEurope.,Text,SolveThatProblemwithHumor,Notes,IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheArticle,PhrasesandExpressions,Exercises,MainideaoftheText,MIOTT1,MainideaoftheText,Inthetext,WilliamD.Ellisillustratesthesoothingandbo

23、lsteringpowerofhumorthroughseveralexamples.Heclaimshumorisaneffectivetoolthatcanfreepeoplefromembarrassment,heatedarguments,hostileconfrontationandevendisasters.Itissuggestedbytheauthorthathumorbeappliedinourdailylife.,IntroductiontotheAuthorandthearticle,IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheArticle,William

24、D.EllisisanAmericannovelist.Seeminglypartarchaeologist,partanthropologist,partgenealogist,andpartpsychologist,Ellisminedthecenturiestounearththerawmaterialhewouldmoldintohisfictionandnonfictionbooks.Withnoinstrumentmoreelaboratethanatypewriter,hemanagedtocreatepopularregionalhistoriesandaward-winnin

25、gvolumesofhistoricalfictionthatbroughtOhiospasttolifeinamannerthatwasnotjustinformativeandentertaining,butasvividasanepicfilm.EllisreceivedaPulitzerPrizenominationforhisbest-sellingtrilogyofnovels:BountyLands(1958),JonathanBlair:BountyLandsLawyer(1966),andTheBrooksLegend.Theyreflected,Introductionto

26、theAuthorandthearticle2,therealityoflifeonthefrontieratatimewhenOhiowasconsidered“theWest”andthehardshipsofdailyexistencefaroutweighedthepleasures.Ellisportraysthevicissitudesofpioneerexistencewithunsparingattentiontodetail,remindingcomplacentmid20thcenturyOhioansofthestrengthandcourageoftheirforebe

27、ars.HisTheCuyahoga(1966)isstillconsideredthedefinitiveaccountoftheriveranditshistoricalimportancetoClevelandandnortheasternOhio.Inthisessay,Ellisillustratesthesoothingandbolsteringpowerofhumorthroughseveralexamples.Heclaimshumorisaneffectivetoolthatcanfreepeoplefromembarrassment,heatedarguments,host

28、ileconfrontationandevendisasters.Itissuggestedbytheauthorthathumorbeappliedinourdailylife.,Part2_T1,Alotofusloselifestougherconfrontationsbymountingafrontalattackwhenatouchofhumormightwellenableustochalkupawin.Considerthecaseofayoungfriendofmine,whohitatrafficjamenroutetoworkshortlyafterreceivinganu

29、ltimatumaboutbeinglateonthejob.AlthoughtherewasagoodreasonforSamschronictardinessseriousillnessathomehedecidedthatthisby-now-familiarexcusewouldntworkanylonger.Hissupervisorwasprobablyalreadypacingupanddownwithadismissalspeechrehearsed.,WilliamD.Ellis,SolveThatProblemwithHumor,Text,Part2_T2,Hewas.Sa

30、menteredtheofficeat9:35.Theplacewasasquietasalockerroom;everyonewashardatwork.Samssupervisorapproachedhim.Suddenly,Samforcedagrinandshovedouthishand.“Howdoyoudo!”hesaid.“ImSamMaynard.ImapplyingforajobwhichIunderstandbecameavailablejustminutesago.Doestheearlybirdgettheworm?”Theroomexplodedinlaughter.

31、Thesupervisorclampedoffasmileandwalkedbacktohisoffice.SamMaynardhadsavedhisjobwiththeonlytoolthatcouldwin,alaugh.Humorisamosteffective,yetfrequentlyneglected,meansofhandlingthedifficultsituationsinourlives.Itcanbeusedforpatchingupdifferences,apologizing,saying“no,”criticizing,orgettingtheotherfellow

32、todowhatyouwantwithouthislosing,Part2_T3,face.Forsomejobs,itstheonlytoolthatcansucceed.Itisawaytodiscusssubjectssosensitivethatseriousdialogmaystartariot.Forexample,manybelievethatcomediansontelevisionaredoingmoretodayforracialandreligioustolerancethanarepeopleinanyotherforum.Humorisoftenthebestwayt

33、okeepasmallmisunderstandingfromescalatingintoabigdeal.Recentlyaneighborofminehadasquabblewithhiswifeasshedrovehimtotheairport.Airborne,hefeltmiserable,andheknewshedid,too.Twohoursaftershereturnedhome,shereceivedalong-distancephonecall.“Person-to-personforMrs.I.A.Pologize,”intonedtheoperator.“Thatssp

34、elledPasin.”Inatwinkling,thewholedaychangedfromgrimtolovelyatbothendsofthewire.,Part2_T4,AnEnglishhostesswitha40quickwitwasgivingaformaldinnerforeightdistinguishedguestswhomshehopedtoenlistinamajorcharitydrive.AusteritywasderigueurinEnglandatthetime,andshehaddraftedherchildrentoservethemeal.Sheknewt

35、hatanythingcouldhappenanditdid,justasherson,withthestudiedconcentrationofatightropewalker,broughtinalargeroastturkey.Hesuccessfullyelbowedtheswingingdining-roomdoor,butthebackswingknockedthebirdontothedining-roomfloor.Theboystoodrooted.Guestsstaredattheirplates.Movingonlyherhead,thehostesssmiledathe

36、rson.“Noharm,Daniel,”shesaid.“Justpickitupandtakeitbacktothekitchen”sheenunciatedclearlysohewouldthinkaboutwhatshewassaying“andbringintheotherone.”,Part2_T5,Awinkandaone-linerinstantlychangedthedinnerfromared-facedembarrassmenttoaconspiracyoffun.Thepowerofhumortodissolveahostileconfrontationoftenlie

37、sinitsunspokenpromise:“Youletmeoffthehook,myfriend,andIllletyouoff.”Thetrickistoassignfriendlymotivestoyouropponent,tosmilejustalittlebutnottoomuch.CanadasGovernor-GeneralRolandMichener,masterofthetechnique,wasabouttoinspectapublicschoolwhenhewasfacedwithatruculentpicketlineofstrikingmaintenancepers

38、onnel.Ifhebackedawayfromtheline,hewouldseriouslydiminishhisofficesimage;ifhecrossedit,hemightputthegovernmentsmackintoahotlaborissue.,Part2_T6,Whileheponderedthematter,morestrikersgatheredacrosshispath.Suddenly,thegrayingmustacheonMichenersfacestretchedalittleinCheshireancomplicity.“Howveryniceofyou

39、alltoturnouttoseeme!”heboomed.“Thankyou.Shallwegoin?”Thelinepartedand,bythetimethepicketsbegantochuckle,thegovernor-generalwasstridingbrisklyuptheschoolsteps.Nexttimeyoufindyourselfinanethnicallyawkwardsituation,takealessonfromthediplomaticdelegatestoEuropesCommonMarket.Inthecourseofhistorynearlyeve

40、rymembernationhasbeeninvadedorbetrayedbyatleastoneoftheothers,andtheMarketsharmonymustbeconstantly,Part2_T7,buttressed.Onemethodisthelaughbasedonnationalcaricatures.Recently,anewarrivalatMarketheadquartersinBrusselsintroducedhimselfasaMinisterfortheSwissNavy.Everybodylaughed.TheSwissdelegateretorted

41、,“Well,whynot?ItalyhasaMinisterofFinance.”Ofcourse,humorisoftenmorethanalaughingmatter.Initsmorepotentguises,ithasaTrojanhorsenature:noonegoesonguardagainstagag;weletitinbecauseitlookslikealittlewoodentoy.Onceinside,however,itcanturnacitytoreform,torebellion,toresistance.Somebelieve,forinstance,that

42、,nexttotheheroicBritishRAF,BritishhumordidthemosttofendoffaGermantakeoverinWorldWar.Onesamplewillsuffice:thatfamousstoryofthewomanwhowasfinally,Part2_T8,extractedfromtherubbleofherhouseduringtheLondonblitz.Asked,“Whereisyourhusband?”shebrushedbrickdustoffherheadandarmsandanswered,“FightinginLibya,th

43、ebloodycoward!”Whenlifehasusinatightcorner,oneofthefirstquestionswemightaskis,“CanIsolvethiswithalaugh?”Menwithgiantresponsibilitieshavefrequentlyusedthisapproachtogiantproblemsoftenwithsweepingeffect.AsGen.GeorgeC.Marshall,U.S.ArmyChiefofStaff,laboredtopreparethisthen-unreadynationtoenterWorldWar,h

44、emetstiffoppositionfromhisCommander-in-Chiefregardingtheelementsthatcalledforthemostbolstering.Marshallfeltthatwhatweneededmostwerehighlydevelopedgroundforces.,PresidentRooseveltwasanavymanwhobelievedthatourprincipalneedwasforapowerfulnavy,plusalargeairforce.InincreasinglytensedebateswiththePresiden

45、t,Marshallpushedhisargumentsohardthathebegantofostereverstrongerresistance.Finally,duringaparticularlyhotsession,theusuallystone-facedMarshallforcedagrin.“Atleast,Mr.President,”hesaid,“YoumightstopreferringtotheNavyasusandtheArmyasthem.”RooseveltstudiedMarshalloverhisglasses,thenburstintolaughter.Sh

46、ortlythereafterhemadeamoreobjectivestudyofMarshallsrecommendationsandeventuallyboughttheground-forceconcept.,Part2_T9,Part2_T10,Occasionally,humorgoesbeyondsavingarguments,savingfaceorsavingjobs;itcansavelifeitself.VictorE.FranklwasapsychiatristimprisonedinaGermanconcentrationcampduringWorldWar.Asth

47、eshrinkingnumberofsurvivingprisonersdescendedtonewdepthsofhell,Franklandhisclosestprisonerfriendsoughtdesperatelyforwaystokeepfromdying.Piledontopofmalnutrition,exhaustionanddisease,suicidaldespairwasthebigkillerinthesecitadelsofdegradation.Asapsychiatrist,Franklknewthathumorwasoneofthesoulsbestsurv

48、ivalweapons,sinceitcancreate,ifonlyformoments,aloofnessfromhorror.Therefore,Franklmadearulethateachdayheandhisfriendmustinventandtellanamusinganecdote,specificallyaboutsomethingwhichcouldhappenaftertheirliberation.,Otherswerecaughtupinthecontagionofdefiantlaughter.Onestarvingprisonerforecastthatinth

49、efuturehemightbeataprestigiousformaldinner,andwhenthesoupwasbeingserved,hewouldshatterprotocolbyimploringthehostess,“Ladleitfromthebottom!”Ifhumorcanbeusedsuccessfullyagainstsuchodds,whatcantyouandIdowithitindailylife?,Part2_T11,thisby-now-familiarexcuse:thisoftenusedexcuse,Notes,Part2_TA_Notes1,alo

50、ckerroom:aroomcontaininglockers,asinagymnasium,factory,orschool,forchangingclothesandforthestorageofpersonalbelongings,Doestheearlybirdgettheworm?:Canapersonwhoseizestheearliestopportunitygetwhathewants?Samsquestionusesawell-knownidiomthathastwomainsenses:“Hopoutofbedasearlyasthebirdsdointhemorning;

51、dontgetuplate;”and:“Thebestoncein-a-lifetimeopportunitieshappentopeopleatthefrontoftheline,i.e.,thepeopletryinghardesttogetthem.”Clearly,Part2_TA_Notes2,Notes,Samisnotanearlybird,inthefirstsense:heisabouttolosehisjobbecauseheistoooftenlateforwork.Superficially,Samsquestionisintendedtoshowheisan“earl

52、ybird”intheidiomssecondsense:heisanaggressivego-getter,readyandwaitingtoreplacetheirlaggardlyemployeethoughthesoon-to-be-axedemployeeisnoneotherthanhimself!Thisisfunnybecauseitsimultaneouslyreferstobothmeanings,inawaysocontradictorytorealityastorequireittobeunderstoodhumorously.,Part2_TA_Notes3,Note

53、s,“Person-to-personforMrs.I.A.Pologize,”intonedtheoperator.“ThatsspelledPasin.”:Thesentenceimpliesthattheoperatorhasmissedthejoke(thehusbandhaswiredhiswife“Iapologize”)bycontinuingtospelloutthe“name”ofthecaller.,Part2_TA_Notes4,Notes,aconspiracyoffun:TheEnglishhostesstellstheboytobringoutthesecond“o

54、ther”roastturkeyfromthekitchen,toreplacetheonetheboydroppedinthediningroom.Alltheguestsparticipateinwhatisusuallytermedaconspiracyofsilence,tosavetheboysandthefamilysface.Thus,in“aconspiracyoffun”,noonementionswhatallpresentknow:thereisNOotherturkey(notunexpected,duringthehardtimesofwar).,atruculent

55、picketlineofstrikingmaintenancepersonnel:“Picket”isoriginallyanounmeaningwoodslatsusedtomakeafence.Hereitreferstostrikingmaintenanceworkersformingapicketlinebystandingclosetogetherlikeafence,toprotestandblockentrancetotheirplaceofwork.,Part2_TA_Notes5,Notes,inCheshireancomplicity:grinninglikeaCheshi

56、recatsmilingverywidely.ThisphrasecomesfromLewisCarrollsfamouschildrensstoryAliceinWonderlandwhichfeaturesaCheshirecatwhoisknownforitsbroad,devilish-lookinggrin.,EverybodylaughedTheSwissdelegateretorted,“Well,whynot?ItalyhasaMinisterofFinance.”:Thelaughterwhichgreetsthenewarrivalsannouncementsuggests

57、thattheSwisshavenoneedofanavyoranavalministersinceSwitzerlandisalandlockedcountry.TheSwissdelegatesretortisaninsinuationthatifaMinisterofSwissNavyisredundant,thentheItalianMinisterofFinanceisalsoredundantsinceItalyhasnomoney.,Part2_TA_Notes6,Notes,aTrojan-horsenature:TheoriginalTrojanhorsewasalargew

58、oodenstatueleftbytheGreeksoutsideTroy,duringtheTrojanWar.Trickedintobelievingitwasagift,theTrojansbroughtitinsidetheircitywalls.GreeksoldiershidinginsidethehorseattackedTroybysurpriseatnight,defeatingtheirenemy.HeretheauthorsuggestshumorislikeaTrojanhorsebecauseofitsabilitytoamuse,winover,andhencesu

59、bvert,makefunofauthorities,orevenintroducesomethingharmful.,RAF:RoyalAirForce,Part2_TA_Notes7,Notes,“FightinginLibya,thebloodycoward!”:DuringWorldWarsomeofthefiercestfightingbetweentheAlliesandtheAxiswasinNorthAfricaLibya,EgyptandAlgeria.Thereforethemaninquestionisactuallyfarfrombeingacowardbecauseheisfightinginthewartosavehiscountry.ThewifeismakingajokeandreferringtoEnglandasbeingamorehazardousplacetobethaninthethickoftheactualwar.,Part2_TA_Notes8,Notes,“otherswerecaughtupinthecontagi