《跨文化交际》课件-修改 Chapter Four Verbal Communication

跨文化交际与礼仪InterculturalCommunicationandEtiquetteChapter4VerbalCommunicationCONTENTSWarm-upActivitiesCulture-loadedwordsProverbsTaboosKeystoExercises

RelatedCultureLinkTeachingObjectives1.Getthestudentstolearnaboutthedefinitionofculturally-loadedwordsandsomedifferencesbetweenChinesecultureandtheWesterncultures.2.HelpthestudentstoknowabouttheusageoftheproverbsandsomedifferencesbetweenChinesecultureandtheWesternCulture.3.Letthestudentslearnaboutthedifferencesoftabooandtaboolanguagesbetweendifferentcultures.Warm-upActivitiesPart1Warm-upActivities

Pleaseexplainthefollowingnetworkbuzzwords.柠檬精我太南了Couldyoulistmorenetworkbuzzwords?Warm-upActivities

4.1Cultureloadedwords4.1.1introductionPleaseexplainChinesewords“风水”“犟驴”“吃醋”toforeignersinEnglish.DoyouknowtheEnglishwords“Pandora’sBox”“Waterloo”4.1Cultureloadedwords4.1.1introductionQuestion1PleaseexplainChinesewords“风水”“犟驴”“吃醋”toforeignersinEnglish.“fengshui”---intraditionalChineseculture,peoplewillfirstsurveythegeographicalfeaturesofaplacebeforebuildingahouseoratombsoastoavoidtheunlukinessanditissupposedthatthelocationofahouseortombhasaninfluenceonthefortuneofafamily.“犟驴”inEnglish“asstubbornasamule”，refersaverystubbornperson.“吃醋”meansbejealousDoyouknowtheEnglishwords“Pandora’sBox”“Waterloo”4.1Cultureloadedwords4.1.1introductionDoyouknowtheEnglishwords“Pandora’sBox”“Waterloo”Pandora’sBoxisasealedboxthatZeusgavetoPandora,inwhichtherewerescourge,disaster,plagueandetc.Outofcouriosity,Pandoraopeneditandthehumanbeingshadtosufferallkindsofdiseasesandotherdisasterssincethen.Waterloomeansabigfailure.

4.1Culture-loadedwordsWhatareculture-loadwords?Culture-Loadedwordsrefertotheonescarryingsomeculturalconnotation,whichhaveacloseconnectionwithdifferentcultures.Theyareculture-specificanddependverymuchonaspecificsocialorecologicalsettings.Forexamplethesewords“犟驴”“吃醋”“八卦”

“Pandora’sBox”“Waterloo”etc.

4.1Culture-loadedwordsCulturedifferencescouldbegroupedasfollowsecologicallyculyuraldifferencesocialculturaldifferenceslinguisticallyculturaldifferencesmateriallyculturaldifferencesconceptuallyculturaldifferencesWordsinonelanguagethathaveequivalents(ornearequivalents)intheotherlanguage.

4.1Culture-loadedwordsCharacteristicsofCulturally-loadedWords

Take“pig”and“fox”asexamples.InbothEnglishandChinese,foxisananimalwiththecharacterofcunningness;pigisadomesticanimalwhichmostpeoplethinktobedirty,greedyanddisgusting.Therearesomeotherexamplessuchas“tiger”,“horse”,“lion”and“crow”.

thingsorconceptsarerepresentedbyoneorperhapstwotermsinonelanguage,butbymanymoretermsintheotherlanguage,finerdistinctionsexistintheotherlanguage.

Forexample,theword“brother-in-law”isoftenusedinourdailylife,anditcanbeappliedtosomeone’ssister’shusband,someone’shusband’sbrothers,andsomeone’shusband’ssisters’husbands,whichperceivealloftheserelativesinasimilarway.Andalsotheword"wife"hasmanytranslationsinChinese.Itdependsonthesituations.Itmaybetranslatedinto“妻子”、“妾内”、“太太”、“夫人”、“老婆”、“爱人”、“爱妻”、“婆娘”andsoon.CharacteristicsofCulturally-loadedWords

Wordsintwodifferentlanguagesthatappeartorefertothesamethingonthesurface,butactuallyrefertoquitedifferentthingsorhavedifferentconnotations.TheEnglishphrase“red-blooded”doesnotmean“红血的”,rather,itisanotherwayofsayingthatsomeoneortheirbehaviorisconfidentandstrong.

TheChineseequivalent“红眼”meansatleasttwothings:havingredeyes,alsodenotingbeingjealousofothers.Therearesomeotherexamplessuchas“老黄牛”（ahard-workingperson）and“吃豆腐”(takeadvantageof)whichalsobelongtosuchasituation.CharacteristicsofCulturally-loadedWords

Wordsinonelanguageseemtohaveequivalentsintheotherlanguage,buttheirdenotationarejustpartiallyequivalent.Forexample，“社会科学”referstothefieldsexcepttheonesinthenaturalscienceandappliedscienceswhichissimilarto“thehumanitiesinEnglish.However,inEnglish“socialscience”referstothefieldthathassomethingtodowiththesocietysuchaspoliticalscience,economicshistoryandsociology.Therearealsosomeexamplessuchas“知识分子”etc.CharacteristicsofCulturally-loadedWords

Wordshavesomeculturalconnotationinonelanguagebutdon’thaveintheotherlanguage.Forexample,Thewordslike“龟，鹤，松，柏”inChineseimplythemeaningoflongevitywhereastheyarejustthecommonwordsinEnglishwithoutsomeothermeanings.Also,“梅，兰，竹，菊”usuallyembodythenoblequalitiesoftheancientscholarsintheChineseculturesuchasuprightness,perseverance,endurance,andloftiness,howevertheydon’thavethesemeaningsinEnglish.CharacteristicsofCulturally-loadedWords

Itissometimesimpossibleordifficulttoestablishexactequivalenceofwordsbetweentwolanguages.

Forexample,thereisnocorrespondingterminEnglishforChineseterm风水.Thesimilarwords“京剧，武术，二胡，饺子,灶王爷，门神，油条，经络，太极拳，孙悟空，林黛玉etc.”alsobelongtothiscase.

TherearealsosimilarwordsinEnglishlike“ThanksgivingDay”“Parliament”“dink”“cowboy”“Cinderella”and“Shylock”.CharacteristicsofCulturally-loadedWords

TheCulturally–loadedWordsintheWesternCulture

forbiddenfruits——禁果

Utopia——乌托邦

sourgrapes——酸葡萄

Domino——多米诺骨牌

Grandet——葛朗台

Plato’slove——柏拉图式的爱情

owngoal——乌龙

Judaskiss——犹大的亲吻

whitegloves——白手套

Achilles’Heel——阿喀琉斯之踵4.1.2DifferentConnotationsofColors,NumbersandAnimalsinDifferentCulturesRed---redusuallyhassomethingtodowithhappiness,fortunes,fervency,auspiciousness.Suchas,红喜字，红盖头，红地毯，红灯笼，红包，红利，满堂红。Also,reddenotestherevolution.Suchas红旗，红领巾，红军，红色根据地。

1）DifferentConnotationsofColorsRedhassomethingtodowithbloodorinfelicity,implyingbleeding,dangerorviolence.Forexample,redintoothandclaw血淋淋；aredtagtothebull令人生气的事情,beinthered负债亏空；seered大发脾气，redrevenge血腥复仇InwesterncultureInChineseculture

4.1.2DifferentConnotationsofColors,NumbersandAnimalsinDifferentCulturesGreenisrelevanttopeace,safety,hope,environmentalprotection,suchas绿色食品，greenfood;绿色产业greenindustry;绿色能源，greenpower，绿色产品，greenproducts.Sometimes,ithassomethingtodowiththeadulterybetweenmenandwomen,suchas绿帽子，绿头巾.

1）DifferentConnotationsofColorsGreenisthemostvaluablecolorinthenature,also,itmeansimmature,suchasgreentomatoes不成熟的人.Aswellgreenimpliesbeingenvywithsomebodysuchasgreenwithenvy.InwesterncultureInChineseculture

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SomeRelatedIdiomsagreenhand生手，易上当受骗的人greengoods新鲜货agreenman新来水手agreenoldage老当益壮green-eyed嫉妒、眼红Youareexpectingtoomuchofhim.Heisstillgreen,youknow.你对他要求过高，他还没经验嘛。greenback美钞greenpower金钱的力量或财团4.1.2DifferentConnotationsofColors,NumbersandAnimalsinDifferentCulturesWhiteisanunluckycolor,whichmeansbeingexhaustedwithoutbloodorhavingnoperformanceoflife,symbolizingdeathorillomen.Duringtherevolutionaryperiod,whitewasasymbolofbeingcorrupt,reactionary,andbackwardness.Inadditionitstandsforfailure,stupidorhavingnoprofits.

1）DifferentConnotationsofColorsWhiteisthecolorofthenewsnow,freshmilkandlily.Westernersthinkwhitestandsforgraceandpurity,soitisapopularcolorwithmostwesterners,signifyingpurenessandinnocence.Alsoitisasymbolofintegrityandhonesty.InwesterncultureInChineseculture

24SomeRelatedIdiomsinChinese白痴idiot白开水plainboiledwater白眼supercilious白手起家tostartfromscratch

SomeRelatedIdiomsinEnglish

SnowWhite,whiteChristmas,awhitesoultheWhiteHouseHehaswhitehands.whitehand有“pure”(纯洁)、或“unstained”(清白)之意。whitewar指没有硝烟的战争，常指“经济竞争”。whiteelephant指昂贵却派不上用场的物体或物主不需要但又无法处置之物，相当于whitegoods4.1.2DifferentConnotationsofColors,NumbersandAnimalsinDifferentCulturesBlacktendstohaveafeelingofbeinginsidious,sinisterandterrifiednaturally,thusblackalsorepresentsevil,reactionary,crimeorillegalness.Aswellitdenotesfaithfulness,bravery,uprightnessandjusticeonthestageoftheChinesetraditionalopera.

1）DifferentConnotationsofColorsBlackisthebasictaboocolorwiththemeaningofrejectionandobnoxiousness.Itstandsforthedeath,illomen,disaster,evilandcrime,alsosignifyingshameanddisgracefulness,frustrationandangerandsoon.InwesterncultureInChineseculture

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SomeRelatedIdiomsinChinese

黑货smuggledgoods黑心肠evilmind黑话cant黑咕隆咚pitch-dark黑更半夜inthedeadofnight黑心人theverycruelpeople黑帮sinistergangSomeRelatedIdiomsinEnglishblackmoney（黑钱）

blackmarket（黑市交易或黑市）

ablackletterday不吉祥的日子，倒霉的一天

blackox不幸

blackfigure，intheblack都表示“盈利”、“赚钱”

blacktea红茶(而不译为黑茶)blackandblue青一块紫一块(而不是青一块黑一块)4.1.2DifferentConnotationsofColors,NumbersandAnimalsinDifferentCulturesThree,six,eightandnineareusuallyregardedtheauspiciousnumbers,andthesenumbersordatesareusuallyusedinourdailylife.Also,nineisthelargestoneinthetenArabicnumberswiththepartialtonewiththeChinesecharacter“久”meaningforever.Therefore,mostemperorsinChinaadmiredthisnumberwhichcanbereflectedinthearchitectureofthePalaceMuseum.AlsotherearesomeotheridiomsrelatednineinChinesesuchas“九流，九泉，九族，九品，九连环，九牛二虎，九九重阳，九九艳阳天.However,fourandfivehavethepartialtonewiththeChinesecharacter“死”“无”.Therefore,thesenumbersareregardedunlucky.

2）DifferentConnotationsofNumbersInChineseculture

4.1.2DifferentConnotationsofColors,NumbersandAnimalsinDifferentCulturesThirteenisregardedastheunluckynumberwhichisrelatedwiththestoryoftheJesusdeath.Ifitis13thonFriday,itiscalledtheBlackFriday,meaningthemostunfortunateday.

2）DifferentConnotationsofNumbersInwesternculture

4.1.2DifferentConnotationsofColors,NumbersandAnimalsinDifferentCulturesDragon---inChineseculture,itisatotemwithmanyroyalassociations,suchas龙颜，龙床，龙袍，龙体，龙榻，龙心大喜,龙颜大怒。AndalltheChinesepeoplecallthemselvestobetheoffspringofthedragon.

3）DifferentConnotationsofAnimalsDragon---referstoagianthorribleanimallikethelizard,meaningbeingterribleordisgusting.Therefore,inthewestapersonlikeadragonusuallyimpliesthatheishorrible,viciousanddisgusting.InwesterncultureInChineseculture

4.1.2DifferentConnotationsofColors,NumbersandAnimalsinDifferentCulturesPhoenix---anauspiciousbird,implyingthatpeacereignintheworld.Alsoitreferstothequeenortheholyperson,suchas凤冠,风辇.3）DifferentConnotationsofAnimalsPhoenix---akindofbirdwhichhasbeenburnttodeath,regeneratingfromtheashes.Therefore,phoenixmeansrevivingorregeneratinginthewesterncountry.InwesterncultureInChineseculture

4.1.2DifferentConnotationsofColors,NumbersandAnimalsinDifferentCulturesDogs---areinsultinglanguages,meaningbeingdespicableandhateful,sotheidiomsrelatedtodogsusuallyhasnegativemeanings,suchas走狗，丧家犬，看门狗，狗急跳墙，狗仗人势，狼心狗肺，鸡鸣狗盗，蝇营狗苟.3）DifferentConnotationsofAnimalsDogs---dogsarethefaithfulfriendsforthemankindandthelovablepetsinthefamily.Thereforetheidiomrelatedtodogsusuallyhavethepositivemeaning,suchasaluckydog幸运儿；anolddog老手；Everydoghasitsday.凡人皆有得意.Heworkslikeadog.他工作很努力;Loveme,lovemydog.爱屋及乌.InwesterncultureInChineseculture

4.1.2DifferentConnotationsofColors,NumbersandAnimalsinDifferentCulturesOwl-hassomethingtodowithdeath,implyingbeingunlucky;inthewest,owlrelatestocleverness,wisdomPeacock-isanauspiciousbird,sothepeacockspreadingittailrepresentsauspiciousness,prosperityandpeace.3）DifferentConnotationsofAnimals

Owl-apersonlikeanowlsuggeststhatheisascleverasanowl.Peacock-usuallymeansbeingpleasedwithoneselforshowingoffoneself.Therefore,apersonlikeapeacocksuggeststhatheisasproudasapeacock.InwesterncultureInChineseculture

4.1.2DifferentConnotationsofColors,NumbersandAnimalsinDifferentCulturesBat---FortheChinesepeople,thebatisasymbolofbeinglucky,healthyandhappy.Magpie---isthesymbolofauspiciousnessandhappiness.Whenitcomestomagpie,peoplealwaysthinkofthelovestoryofNiulangandZhinyu.3）DifferentConnotationsofAnimalsBat---batscanremindusofsomethinguglyorfullofevil,suckingthefigureoftheanimal.Therearesomeidiomssuchasblindasabat有眼无珠,craziesabat疯得像蝙蝠,havebatsinthebelfry,异想天开,beabitbatty反常Magpie---isregardedasthesymbolofbeingtalkativesuchas“chatterlikeamagpie”.InwesterncultureInChineseculture

4.2ProverbsDogs---areinsultinglanguages,meaningbeingdespicableandhateful,sotheidiomsrelatedtodogsusuallyhasnegativemeanings,suchas走狗，丧家犬，看门狗，狗急跳墙，狗仗人势，狼心狗肺，鸡鸣狗盗，蝇营狗苟.Dogs---dogsarethefaithfulfriendsforthemankindandthelovablepetsinthefamily.Thereforetheidiomrelatedtodogsusuallyhavethepositivemeaning,suchasaluckydog幸运儿；anolddog老手；Everydoghasitsday.凡人皆有得意.Heworkslikeadog.他工作很努力;Loveme,lovemydog.爱屋及乌.InwesterncultureInhineseculture

Proverbsreferstosomeidiomsorsayingspasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationinoneculture,implyingsomelifeexperienceorphilosophy,whichcanberegardedasareflectionofanation’sgeographicalenvironment,historicalbackground,economicallives,customs,religiousbeliefs,psychologicalstatusandvaluesystem.4.2Proverbs1)Definition说曹操，曹操到逼上梁山

过五关，斩六将棒打出孝子，惯养忤逆儿新官上任三把火

4.2.1ProverbsRelatedtoHistoryProverbscloselyrelatedtoChinesehistoryandcultureSpeakofthedevil,heappears.Beforcedtodosomethingdesperately.experencemanyhardshipsSparetherod,spoilthechildAnewbroomsweepscleanRomewasnotbuiltinadayWhileRomeisburningAllroadsleadtoRome.4.2.1ProverbsRelatedtoHistoryProverbscloselyrelatedtoWesternhistoryandculture罗马不是一天建成的大难当头依然寻欢作乐条条大路通罗马Couldyouexplainthefollowingtwoproverbstotheforeigners？跳进黄河也洗不清Itisdifficulttomakeaconvincingexplanationnomatterhowaperson不到黄河不死心，不撞南墙不回头Refusetostopuntilallthehopesisgone.4.2.2ProverbsRelatedtoGeographyDo

youknowmoresimilarproverbs?ItiswellknownthatChineseCultureisoriginatedintheYellowRiver

,sotherearemanyproverbsrelatedtotheYellowRiver.Spendmoneylikewater.Allisfishthatcomestohisnet.Hethatwouldsailwithoutdangermustnevercomeonthemainsea.Neveroffertoteachfishtoswim.4.2.2ProverbsRelatedtoGeographyTrytotranslatethefollowingEnglishproverbsintoChinese,findoutthecommonpointsoftheproverbsandfindoutthereasonforthecommons.Britianisanislandnation,andithasadvancedoceanictransportationandfisheries,sotherearemanyproverbsaboutthevoyages,fisheries,seaorwater.人人都有他得意日。爱屋及乌。狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心。

知人知面不知心.4.2.3ProverbsRelatedtoCustomsEverydoghashisownday.

Loveme,lovemydog.Bitethehandthatfeedthem.Catshidetheirclaws.Trytotranslatethefollowingproverbs借花献佛。无事不登三宝殿.谋事在人，成事在天。让上帝的归上帝,让恺撒的归恺撒。自己酿的苦酒自己品尝。禁果总是甜的。4.2.4ProverbsRelatedtoReligionOfferapresenttotheguestwithothers’belongings.Nevergotosomebody’splaceexcepttoaskforsomehelp.Ifmanproposesevil，Goddisposesofit．PaytoCaesarwhatbelongstoCaesarandGodwhatbelongstoGod．

Everymanmustcarryhisowncross.Forbiddenfruitisalwayssweet.

TrytotranslatethefollowingproverbsanddistinguishChineseproverbsfromwesternproverbsBestricttooneselfbutmoretoleranttoothers.

Misfortunemaybeablessingindisguise.

Youcan’thaveyourcakeandeatittoo.Whenapersonisintrouble,alltheothersaroundhimcometohelphim.ItisasintostealapinManyhandsmakethelightworkLookbeforeleap4.2.5ProverbsRelatedtoPhilosophyPleasetrytotranslatethefollowingproverbsanddiscusswithyourpartnerwhatphilosophyisemboiedineachproverb45TheProverbsinEnglishandChineseCulture

趁热打铁。Strikewhiletheironishot.

不入虎穴焉得虎子。Nothingventured,nothinggained.

打铁还得自身硬。Forgingtheironneedsastrongbody.

行行出状元。Everyprofessionproducesitsownbest.

亡羊补牢未为晚已。It’snevertoolatetomend.

眼不见心不烦。Outofsight,outofmind.

物以类聚人以群分。Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.三思而后行.Lookbeforeyourleap.4.2.5MoreProverbsRelatedtoPhilosophy46Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.

有志者事竟成。

Worksmaketheworkman.勤工出巧匠。

Constantdroppingwearsthestone.水滴石穿。

LikeFather,likeson.有其父必有其子。

Greatmindthinkalike.英雄所见略同。

Ittakestwotomakeaquarrel.

一个巴掌拍不响。

Amissisasgoodasamile.

差之毫厘失之千里。

Wherethere’ssmokethere’sfire.

无风不起浪。

4.2.5MoreProverbsRelatedtoPhilosophy47Ittakestenyearstogrowtrees,butahundredtorearpeople.十年树木,百年树人。Eattolive,butnotlivetoeat.吃饭为了活着，活着不是为了吃饭。Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.路遥知马力，日久见人心。Speechissilver,butsilenceisgold.言语是银，沉默是金。Twodogsstriveforaboneathirdrunsawaywithit．鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。Frankadviceislikegoodherbalmedicine,hardtotakebutultimatelybeneficial.良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。

借出你的钱，失去你的朋友。

Lendyourmoney,andloseyourfriend.

4.2.5MoreProverbsRelatedtoPhilosophyTaboos(Taboo)referstosomesocialculturalphenomena,whichmeanstryingtoavoiddoingsomethingortalkingaboutsometopicsinordernottomakethepersonsaroundfeelembarrassedoroffensive.Theyarevehement(strong)prohibitionsofsomebehaviorsbasedonthebeliefthatsuchbehavioriseithertoosacredortooaccursedforordinaryindividualstoundertakeattheriskofsupernaturalpunishment.4.3TaboosDefinition4.3.1ReligiousTaboosDifferentcountrieshavedifferentreligiousbeliefs.MostweternersbelieveinChristianity,includingCatholicismandEasternOrthodoxy.MostChinesearenon-religiousexceptthatsomebelieveinBuddhism,DaoismandChristianityaswell.PeopleofUyghurandEasternAsiaaremostlyMoslemn.WesternChristianscannotmakeorworshipanyidol;alsotheycannotcallthenameoftheGodcasually;IndianChristianstrytoavoidholdingweddingceremonyintheevening.Protestantscannotworshipanynaturalthingslikeanimalsorplants,beforehavingmealsandgoingtobedbecausetheycan’tprayfortheGod.ChineseBuddhistsarenotallowedtodrink,kill,andeatmeat.Theycan’tmarryandacceptanyproperty.ThetabooforTaoistpriestsissimilartoBuddhists.InIslam,alltheMuslimareprohibitedtoeatporkandbloodaswellasdrinkthewine

4.3.1ReligiousTaboos

Inthewesterncountries,itisnecessarytomakeanappointmentinadvanceforvisitingsomeone,andpeopletrytoavoidasuddenvisit,becausethesuddenvisittendstodisturbthehost’sworkingarrangementwhichwillcauselotsofinconvenience.

Intheconversation,theWesternerrefusestoinvolvethepersonalprivacy,suchasage,income,marriage,love,property,degreeofstoutnessandsoon.InChina,itisataboototalkaboutother’sweaknessesintheconversationanditisimpolitetopointoutaperson’sfaultsordeficiencydirectly,andinsteaditshouldbeexpressedtactfully.

4.3.2SocialCommunicativeTaboosVerbaltaboosortaboolanguagesrefertosomewordsorexpressionswhicharetobeavoidedinpublicbecausetraditionorsocialcustomstronglyfrownsontheiruse.

ItiscommonfortheChineseandthewesternerstomakeuseofsomeotherwordsorphrasestotakeplaceoftaboolanguagesindifferentsituations,thesewordsarecalledeuphemism.Therefore,Euphemismreferstosomeothermild,vague,andindirectwordsorphrasesinplaceofonesthatmaybefoundoffensiveorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.4.3.3VerbalTaboos-1.HumanExcretiongotothecan/gototheJohngoandseeone’sauntI’mgoingtopicksomeflowers.CanIaddsomepowder?Iwouldliketopowdermynose.IwonderifIcouldgosomewhere.heed/answerthecallofnatureMayIbeexcused?Naturecallsme.TaboolanguagesandEuphemismsinDifferentSituationsheisexpectingababy.sheisinafamilyway.Sheisexpecting.Sheisinadelicatecondition.Sheiswell-along.Sheisabouttohaveablessedevent.

Shehasbecomeanewmother.Shehashadababy.2.Women’sPregnancyorDeliveryFour-letterwordsarestillconsideredimproperinmostconversation,especiallyinmixedcompany.Fucktits,shitJesusChristHolyMarySonofabitch;bitchDamn!Damnit!Hell!

3.Four-letterWordsGo;departdepartfromthisworldgotoabetterworldgothewaysofallfleshpassaway,lateInChinese,wealsocanfindsimilareuphemisms:“去了”,“离开了我们”,“辞世”,“去见马克思了”,“归西”,“升天”,“上路”。4.Death

SARS(SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndromes)AIDS(AcquiredImmureDeficiencySyndrome)V.D(venerealdisease)性病BigC/longdisease/terminalillness(cancer)5.Illnesshomehelphousemanmeattechnologistrecyclerbeauticiancosmetologisthairstylistvisionengineerwardrobeengineermixologist酒吧调sanitationengineer环卫师（指垃圾工人）visionengineer视力工程师（婉指眼镜商）sleepengineer睡眠工程师（指床具制造商）seniorcitizensadvancedinagegoldenyears6.ProfessionandOldAge

TheEuphemismintheChineseCulture入赘——marryintoandlivewiththebridefamily.怀春——tofallinlovewith有喜——tobepregnant临盆——tohaveabirth续弦——toremarryafterthewifedied失聪——losethehearing发福——becomefat苗条——tobethin不适——tobeill保洁员——thecleaner60TheEuphemismintheWesternCulturetowashhand——方便

togotobedwith——同房，上床

tohaveasexwith——云雨，风月

thelongillness——不治之症

tobeunemployed——下岗，待业

topassaway——过世，作古，归西

inthefamilyway——行动不便

physicallychallenged—腿脚不灵，要做妈妈了

unmarriedwomen——单身女士

mentalproblems——精神疾病

theseniorcitizen——银发族KeystoExercisesKeystoExercisesII.ComprehensionCheck_______1.Culturally-loadedwordsrefertotheonescarryingsomeculturalmeaningswhichhaveacloseconnectionwithdifferentcultures.．______2.InChineseCulture,“墙头草”referstothepersonswhohaveastrongwill,neverchangingtheirmindseasily．_____3.IntheWesternculture,thegreenolivebranchandthewhitepigeonareoftenregardedasthesymbolofpeace．______4.“AJuda’sKiss”tendstostandforhappinessandfortuneinmostWesterncountries.______5.TheEnglishphrase“red-blooded”doesnotmean“红血的”,rather,itisanotherwayofsayingthatsomeoneortheirbehaviorisconfidentandstrong..II.ComprehensionCheckDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).TTFFTKeystoExercisesII.ComprehensionCheck_________6.“Romewasnotbuiltinaday”meansthatweshouldstartwiththetinythingifwewanttoachieveagreatsuccessinthefuture.

_________7.Inthedailyconversation,theWesternerareusuallyreadytoanswersomequestionsinvolvingthepersonalprivacy,suchasage,income,marriage,love,property,degreeofstoutnessandsoon._________8.WhiteinWesternissimilartothecolorofthenewsnow,freshmilkandlily.Thereforeitisasymbolofintegrity,honesty,standingforpureandinnocenceaswell._________9.Specificallyspeaking,Westernerswillnevermindhavingthefat,thechickenorduck'sskin,theanimal'sinternalorgans,thedogmeat,thesnakemeatandsoon.________10.Onthefirstdayofthefirstlunarmonth,itisataboos

fortheChinesetosweeptrash,becausetheythinkthatitwilltakeaway

themoneyfromtheirhouse.TTFFTKeystoExercisesIII.VocabularyIII.VocabularyCompletethefollowingsentenceswiththewordsgivenbelowandeachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.1.Seenfromtheperspectiveofsocialfunctionsofalanguage,culturaldistinctionismost________andwidespreadatlexicallevels.2.Becauseofthedistinctionbetweenlanguageandculture,itissometimesimpossibleordifficulttoestablishexact_________ofwordsbetweentwolanguages.3.Thingsorconceptsare________byoneorperhapstwotermsinonelanguage,butbymanymoretermsintheotherlanguage4.Itiscommonlyunderstoodthatculturally-loadedwordsareculture-specific,thatis,they_________verymuchuponaspecificsocialorecologicalsetting.prominentrepresentedequivalencedependdependoffensiveprosperityprominentequivalencerepresentedinseparableaffectappointmentunacceptablePart3KeystoExercisesIII.Vocabulary5.Proverbsandidiomshave___________connectionwithanation’sgeographicalenvironment,historicalbackground,economiclives,customs,religiousbeliefs,psychologicalstatusandvaluesystem.6.Proverbsnotonly__________anation’spolitics,economy,religion,literature,butalsoshowthenation’scustomsandhabits.7.IntheWesterncountries,itisnecessarytomakean________inadvanceforvisitingsomeone,an