专升本英语（阅读）模拟试卷105

专升本英语（阅读）模拟试卷105

一、阅读理解（本题共25题，每题7.0分，共25分。）

Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas"Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthe

sea".Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfar

between.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,but

hewasreluctant（4：愿意）togotoseatofurtherhiswork.Formostpeopletheseawas

remote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinental'travelersorotherswhoearneda

livingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonetoask

whatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion"Whatisatthebottomof

theoceans?"hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelaying

ofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknow

thedepthprofile（起伏形状）oftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobe

manufactured.ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompany

turned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsible

forencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings（探测）weretakentoinvestigatethe

depthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsaroused

muchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.Thecablewas

laid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearly

attempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecovered

inlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasno

lifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In

1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition（考察），whichlastedforfouryearsand

broughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassificationandanalysis

occupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-vnlnmereport,thelastvolumebeing

publishedin1895.

1、Thepassageimpliesthatthetelegraphcablewasbuiltmainly.

A^foroceanographicstudies

B、formilitarypurposes

C、fbrbusinessconsiderations

D、forinvestigatingthedepthsoftheoceans

标准答案：C

知识点解析：文章第三段第二句中提到“Thefirsttimethatthequestion'Whatisatthe

bottomoftheoceans?,hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhen

thelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.“其中"hadtobe

answeredwithanycommercialconsequence”即是选项中的“fbrbusiness

considerations”,故选C。

2^ItwasthataskedMauryforhelpinoceanographicstudies.

A、theAmericanNavy

B、someearlyintercontinentaltravelers

C^thosewhoearnedalivingfromthesea

D、thecompanywhichproposedtolayanunderseacable

标准答案：D

知识点解析：文章第四段第一句说到“ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlantic

TelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.”其中"turnto

Maury”即是选项中的“askedMauryforhelp,\而寻求帮助的对象是theAtlantic

company,也同D项表述相近，故选D.此题的关键是读懂原文中的强调句型。

3、TheaimofvoyagesMauryencouragedinthe1840swas.

A^tomakesomesoundexperimentsintheoceans

B、tocollectsamplesofseaplantsandanimals

C、toestimatethelengthofcablethatwastobemade

D、tomeasurethedepthsoftwooceans

标准答案：D

知识点解析：文章第四段第二句说到"InIhe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsiblefor

encouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings（探测）weretakentoinvestigatethedepths

oftheNoahAtlanticandPacificOceans.''其中"investigate”是测星的意思，与选项中

的“measure”相对应。故选D。

4、"Defied"inthe5thparagraphprobablymeans.

A、doubted

B、gaveproofto

C>challenged

D、agreedto

标准答案：C

知识点解析：解决这类题的关键在于根据“defied”前后句的意思来进行推测.前句

中有“itwasfoundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths”,而后句中“therewasnolifeinthe

deeper,partsofthesea5,,由前后句的对比可知，只有选项C符合此意。

5、Thepassageismainlyabout.

A、thebeginningsofoceanography

B、thelayingofthefirstunderseacable

C>theinvestigationofoceandepths

D、theearlyintercontinentalcommunication

标准答案：A

知识点解析：通读全文可看出，文章中心与主题在首段首句。因此选A。其他三项

均是细节，不能用细节作为主旨大意题的答案。

PresidentCoolidgesstatement,ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness,stillpointstoan

importanttruthtoday-thatbusinessinstitutionshavemoreprestige（威望）inAmerican

societythananyotherkindoforganization,includingthegovernment.Whydobusiness

institutionspossessthisgreatprestige?OnereasonisthatAmericansviewbusinessas

beingmorefirmlybasedontheidealofcompetitionthanotherinstitutionsinsociety.

Sincecompetitionisseenasthemajorsourceofprogressandprosperitybymost

Americans,competitivebusinessinstitutionsarerespected.Competitionisnotonlygood

initself,itisthemeansbywhichotherbasicAmericanvaluessuchasindividual

freedom,equalityofopportunity,andhardworkisprotected.Competitionprotectsthe

freedomoftheindividualbyensuringthatthereisnomonopoly（垄断）ofpower.In

contrasttoone,all-powerfulgovernment,manybusinessescompeteagainsteachother

forprofits.Theoretically,ifonebusinesstriestotakeunfairadvantageofitscustomers,it

willlosetocompetingbusinesswhichtreatsitscustomersmorefairly.Wheremany

businessescompeteforthecustomers'dollar,theycannotaffordtotreatthemlike

inferiorsorslaves.Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,and

government,whichisamonopoly.Becausebusinessiscompetitive,manyAmericans

believethatitismoresupportiveoffreedomthangovernment,eventhoughgovernment

leadersareelectedbythepeopleandbusinessleadersarenot.ManyAmericansbelieve,

then,thatcompetitionisasimportant,orevenmoreimportant,thandemocracyin

preservingfreedom.Competitioninbusinessisalsobeuevedtostrengthentheidealof

equalityofopportunity.Competitionisseenasanopenandfairracewheresuccessgoes

totheswiftestpersonregardlessofhisorhersocialclassbackground.Competitive

successiscommonlyseenastheAmericanalternativeiosocialrankbasedonfamily

background.Businessisthereforeviewedasanexpressionoftheideaofequalityof

opportunityratherthanthearistocratic（贵族的）ideaofinheritedprivilege.

6、Thestatement"ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness"probablymeans.

A、ThebusinessinstitutionsinAmericaareconcernedwithcommerce

B、BusinessproblemsareofgreatimportancetotheAmericangovernment

C>BusinessisofprimaryconcerntoAmericans

D、Americaisagreatpowerinworldbusiness

标准答案：C

知识点解析：关键在于理解第一段的含义。Business有“商业”的意思，还有“事

务、职责”的意思,第一个"business”指“头等大事”，第二个"business”指"生意、商

业”。通读全文也可看出商业经济是美国人非常关注的事情。故选C。

7、Americansbelievethattheycanrealizetheirpersonalvaluesonly.

A、whengivenequalityofopportunity

throughdoingbusiness

C、byprotectingtheirindividualfreedom

D、bywaysofcompetition

标准答案：D

知识点解析：解答此题的关键信息在第二段，由第二段最后一句"Competitionisnot

onlygoodinitself,itisthemeansbywhichotherbasicAmericanvaluessuchas

individualfreedom,equalityofopportunity,andhardworkisprotected.”可推断出

竞争可以使美国人实现池们的个人价值，故选Do

8、Whocanbenefitfrombusinesscompetition?

A^Honestbusinessmen.

B、Bothbusinessmenandtheircustomers.

C、Peoplewithidealsofequalityandfreedom.

D、Bothbusinessinstitutionsandgovernment.

标准答案：B」

知识点解析：从文章第三段讲述中可推断出竞争在保护顾客利益的同时也保护公司

的利益，故选B。

9、Governmentisbelievedtodifferstrikinglyfrombusinessinthatgovernmentis

characterizedby.

A、itsabsolutecontrolofpower

B、itsfunctioninpreservingpersonalfreedom

C、itsroleinprotectingbasicAmericanvalues

D^itsdemocraticwayofexercisingleadership

标准答案：A

知识点解析：由文章第四段第一句"Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,which

iscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly."可知商业和政府之间的不同

在于商业具有竞争性，而政府则是权力垄断。而“Monopoly”和选项中的“absolute

control”是同义替换，因此正确答案为A。

10、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelieves.

A、Americansarcmoreambitiousthanpeopleinothercountries

B、inmanycountriessuccessoftendependsonone'ssocialstatus

C^Americanbusinessesaremoredemocraticthanthoseinothercountries

D^businessinothercountriesarcnotascompetitiveasthoseinAmerica

标准答案：B

知识点解析：最后一段第二句中说到"Competitionisseenasanopenandfairrace

wheresuccessgoestotheswiftestpersonregardlessofhisorhersocialclass

background.“其中"socialclassbackground”与选项中的“socialstatus”对应。最后一

句也点明了作者的观点，即：商业应该表达的是平等的理念而不是继承特权的贵族

理念。因此正确答案为B。其他几项在文中都找不到依据。

Theappealofadvertisingtobuyingmotivescanbothnegativeandpositiveeffects.

Consumersmaybeconvincedtobuyaproductofpoorqualityorhighpricebecauseof

anadvertisement.Forexample,someadvertisementshaveappealedtopeople'sdesirefor

betterfueleconomyfbrtheircarsbyadvertisingautomotiveproductsthatimprove

gasolinemileage.Someoftheproductswork.Othersareworthlessandawasteof

consumers'money.Sometimesadvertisingisintentionallymisleading.Afewyearsago,a

brandofbreadwasofferedtodieters（节食者）withthemessagethattherewerefewer

calories（热量单位，卡路里）ineveryslice.Itturnedoutthatthebreadwasnot

dietetic（适合于节食的）,butjustregularbread.Therewerefewercaloriesbecauseitwas

slicedverythin,buttherewerethesamenumberofcaloriesineveryloaf.Onthepositive

side,emotionalappealsmayrespondtoaconsumer'srealconcerns.Considerfire

insurance.Fireinsurancemaybesoldbyappealingtofearofloss.Butfearoflossisthe

realreasonfbrfireinsurance.Thesecurityofknowingthatpropertyisprotectedby

insurancemakesthepurchaseoffireinsuranceaworthwhileinvestmentformostpeople.

Ifconsumersconsiderthequalityoftheinsuranceplansaswellasthemessageintheads,

theywillbenefitfromtheadvertising.Eachconsumermustevaluateherorhisown

situation.Arethebenefitsoftheproductimportantenoughtojustifybuyingit?

Advertisingisintendedtoappealtoconsumers,butitdoesnotforcethemtobuythe

product.Consumersstillcontrolfinalbuyingdecision.

11、Advertisingcanpersuadetheconsumertobuyworthlessproductby.

A>stressingtheirhighquality

B>convincinghimoftheirlowprice

C、maintainingabalancebetweenqualityandprice

D、appealingtohisbuyingmotives

标准答案：D

知识点解析：由文章第一段前两句话及所给的例子可以推知，广告通过激发消费者

的购买欲望来使其购买物品，故选D。

12、Thereasonwhythebreadadvertisementismisleadingisthat.

A^thinslicesofbreadcoulduonlainmorecalories

B、theloafwascutintoregularslices

C、thebreadwasnotgenuinebread

D^thetotalnumberofcaloriesintheloafremainedthesame

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第二段最后一句话说“Therewerefewercaloriesbecauseitwassliced

verythin,buttherewerethesamenumberofcaloriesineveryloaf.”选项D是换了一

个说法而已，所以D项正确。

13、Thepassagetellsusthat.

A^sometimesadvertisementsreallysellwhattheconsumerneeds

B、advertisementsoccasionallyforceconsumersintobuyingthingstheydon'tneed

C、thebuyingmotivesofconsumersarecontrolledbyadvertisements

D^fireinsuranceisseldomaworthwhileinvestment

标准答案：A

知识点解析：文中第一段倒数第二句"Someoftheproductswork.”和第三段第一句

“Onthepositiveside,emotionalappealsmayrespondtoaconsumer'srealconcerns."

与选项中的"reallysellwhattheconsumerneeds”意义相符。故选A。

14、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatasmartconsumershould.

A^thinkcarefullyaboutthebenefitsdescribedintheadvertisements

B、guardagainstthedeceivingnatureofadvertisements

C、befamiliarwithvariousadvertisingstrategies

D^avoidbuyingproductsthathavestrongemotionalappeal

标准答案：A

知识点解析：在论述了广告正反两方面的影响后，第四段又有“Eachconsumermust

evaluateherorhisownsituation”（消费者应有自己的评判），这正是A的意思。

15、Thepassageismainlyabout.

A、howtomakeawisebuyingdecision

B、waystoprotecttheinterestsoftheconsumer

C、thepositiveandnegativeaspectsofadvertising

D^thefunctionofadvertisementsinpromotingsales

标准答案：C

知识点解析：首段首句即是中心，而且文章第二段讲广告的消极影响，第三段讲广

告的积极影响，选项C包括这两方面，因此为正确答案。

Inthesamewaythatachildmustbeabletomovehisarmsandlegsbeforehecanlearn

towalk,thechildmustphysiologicallybecapableofproducingandexperiencing

particularemotionsbeforetheseemotionscanbemodifiedthroughlearning.

Psychologistshavefoundthattherearetwobasicprocessesbywhichlearningtakes

place.Onekindoflearningiscalled"classicalconditioning".Thisoccurswhenoneevent

orstimulusisconsistentlypairedwithorfollowedby,arewardorpunishment.Itis

throughclassicalconditioningthatachildlearnstoassociateshismother'sfaceandvoice

withhappinessandlove,forhelearnsthatthispersonprovidesfoodandcomfort.

Negativeemotionsarelearnedinasimilarfashion.Thesecondkindoflearningiscalled

"operantconditioning'1.Thisoccurswhenanindividuallearnstodothingsthatproduce

rewardsinhisenvironmentandIcanisnottodothingsthatproducepunishments.For

example,ifamotheralwaysattendstoherbabywhenhecriesandcuddleshimuntilheis

quiet,shemayteachhimthatifhecrieshewillgetattentionfrommother.Thus,thebaby

willlearntoincreasehiscryinginordertohavehismothermore.Everyday,wegrow

andhavenewexperiences.Weconstantlylearnbyreading,watchingtelevision,

interactingwithotherpeople,andsoforth.Thislearningaffectsouremotions.Whyisit

thatwelearntolikesomepeopleanddislikeothers?Ifapersonisnicetous,caresabout

us,wclearntoassociatethispersonwithpositivefeelings,suchasjoy,happiness,and

friendliness.Ontheotherhand,ifapersonismeantous,doesnotcareaboutus,and

evendeliberatelydoesthingstoharmus,welearntoassociatethispersonwithnegative

feelings,suchasunhappiness,discomfort,andanger.

16>Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto.

A、teachchildrenhowtolearntoproduceandexperiencecertainemotions

givethegeneralreaderanaccountoftwobasickindsoflearning

C、giveparentssomeadviceonhowtomodifytheirchildren'semotionsthrough

learning

D、discusswithpsychologisishowpositiveandnegativefeelingsareproduced

标准答案：B」「

知识点解析：通读全文可看出，文章主要是关于两个定义的讲述：一种是“经典性

条件反射“，一种是“操作性条件反射文章对这两种模式进行了解释，因此读懂

两个定义是非常关键的。所以选B,其他三项均不正确。

17、Ifyourjokesoftenfindareadyechoinaperson,youwilllearnthroughthat

tellingjokestothispersonisfun,andyouwilltrywithgreatereffortstobehumorousin

hispresence.

A、classicalconditioning

B、neitherofthem

C、operantconditioning

D、someothersortsofconditioning

标准答案：C

知识点解析：从文章第二段可知，“operantconditioning"是“learnstodothingsthat

producerewardsinhisenvironmentandlearnsnottodothingsthatproduce

punishments.”因此题目中的例子是“操作性条件反射

18、Ifachildisbittenorstartledseveraltimesbyadog,hemaylearntoassociatefurry

animalswithpainorstartleandthusdevelopafearoffurryanimals.Thisisatypical

exampleoflearningthrough.

A、classicalconditioning

B、bothofthem

C、operantconditioning

D、neitherofthem

标准答案：A

知识点解析：从文章第一段可知，“classicalconditioning"是“Thisoccurswhenone

eventorstimulusisconsistentlypairedwithorfollowedby,arewardorpunishment.''

因此题目中的例子是“经典性条件反射"。答案为A.

19>Inthethirdparagraph,theauthoris.

A、discussinghowwegrowandhavenewexperienceseveryday

B、talkingaboutlearningtomodifyemotionsthroughoperantconditioning

C、concentratingonlearningbyreading,watchingtelevision,interactingwithpeople,

andsoon

D、usingexamplestofurtherillustratelearningthroughclassicalconditioning

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第三段所举例子都是为了进一步说明经典性条件反射。

20、Inthefollowingparagraphstheauthorwillmostprobablygoontodiscuss.

definitionsofpositivefeelingsandnegativefeelings

B、thethirdkindoflearning

C、furtherexamplesoflearningthroughoperantconditioning

D^noneoftheabove

标准答案：C

知识点解析：从文章结沟来看，文章一开始就说明了学习的两种模式，而后又分别

定义了这两种模式—“经典性条件反射”和“操作性条件反射”。第三段是进一步举

例说明经典性条件反射，由此可以推断下一段将进一步举例说明操作性条件反射。

故选C。

Theviewoveravalleyofatinyvillagewithihalched（草盖的）roofcottagesarounda

church;adriverthroughanarrowvillagestreetlinedwiththatchedcottagespaintedpink

orwhite;thesightovertherollinghillsofaprettycollectionofthatchedfarm

buildings-thesearestillcommonsightsinpartsofEngland.Mostpeoplewillagreethat

thethatchedroofisanessentialpartoftheattractionoftheEnglishcountryside.

ThatchingisinfacttheoldestofallthebuildingcraftspractisedintheBritishIsles.

Althoughthatchhasalwaysbeenusedfbrcottageandfarmbuildings,itwasonceused

forcastlesandchurches,too.Thatchingisasolitarycraft,whichoftenrunsinfamilies.

ThecraftofthatchingasitispracticedtodayhaschangedverylittlesincetheMiddle

Ages.Over800full-timethatchersareemployedinEnglandandWalestoday,

maintainingandrenewingtheoldroofsaswellasthatchingnewerhouses.Manyproperty

ownerschoosethatchnotonlyforitsbeautybutbecausetheyknowitwillkeepthem

coolinsummerandwarminwinter.Infact,ifwelookatdevelopingcountries,overhalf

theworldlivesunderthatch,buttheyalldoitdifferentways.Peopleindeveloping

countriesareoftenreluctanttogobacktotraditionalmaterialsandwouldprefermodern

buildings.However,theymaylackthemoneytoallowthemtoimportthenecessary

materials.Theirtemporarymudhutswiththatchedroofsofwildgrassesoftenonlylast

sixmonths.ThatchwhichhasbeendonetheBritishwaylastsfromtwentytosixtyyears,

andisaneffectivedefenseagainsttheheat.

21、Whichofthe