医学英语 Medical English Writing(2) writing a research paper 学习资料

MedicalEnglishWritingMay,2015Assignment(Chapter1)I1.AlightandelectronmicroscopicstudyoftwocasesofprimarysarcomaofheartPrimarysarcomaofheart:Alightandelectronmicroscopicstudyoftwocases光镜和电镜研究两例原发性心脏肉瘤2.ExperimentalstudyoflasersurgeryoftheliverLasersurgeryoftheliver:Anexperimentalstudy肝脏的激光手术的实验性研究/肝脏的激光手术:一项实验性研究3.Areportof60casesofprimaryvaginalcarcinomaPrimaryvaginalcarcinoma:Areportof60cases60例原发性阴道癌报告Assignment(Chapter1)4.Fifteenyears’clinicalexperiencewithcarcinomaofthepancreasCarcinomaofthepancreas:Fifteenyears’

clinicalexperience胰腺癌的15年临床经验5.Carcinoembryonicantigen(癌胚抗原)inbreastcancertissueisausefulprognosticindicatorCarcinoembryonicantigeninbreastcancertissue:Ausefulprognosticindicator乳腺癌组织中的癌胚抗原——一种有用的预后指标Assignment(Chapter1)II1.Circulatoryfailureofmetastaticcarcinomaofthe

lungCirculatoryfailureinmetastaticcarcinomaofthe

lung

肺癌转移中的循环衰竭2.Evaluationofetiologyofliverdiseaseinrenal-transplantpatientsEtiologyofliverdiseaseinrenal-transplantpatients

肾移植患者的肝病病因Assignment(Chapter1)3.Diabetesaftertheinfectioushepatitis:Afollow-

upstudyDiabetesafterinfectioushepatitis:Afollow-up

study

传染性肝炎继发糖尿病患者的随访研究4.Theuseofradioactiveiodineattheevaluationof

thyroidnodulesUseofradioactiveiodineintheevaluationof

thyroidnodules

用免疫活性碘评估甲状腺结节Assignment(Chapter1)5.Diagnosisofpulmonarytuberculosisinflexible

fiberopticbronchoscopy(可曲光学纤维支气管镜

检法)Diagnosisofpulmonarytuberculosisbyflexible

fiberoptic

bronchoscopyOr:Flexiblefiberopticbronchoscopy

in

the

diagnosis

of

pulmonarytuberculosis

用可曲光学纤维支气管镜检法诊断肺结核Assignment(Chapter1)III.1.革兰氏阴性菌休克169例分析Analysisof169casesofshockcausedbygram-

negativemicroorganisms（Shockcausedbygram-negativemicroorganisms：

Analysisof169cases）2.肿瘤患者化疗前体重下降对预后的影响Prognosticeffectofweightlosspriorto

chemotherapyincancerpatients（Influenceof

weightlosspriortochemotherapyonprognosis

incancerpatient）Assignment(Chapter1)3.原发性肝癌二级预防的随机分组前瞻性研究Secondarypreventionofprimarylivercancer：

Arandomizedcontrolledprospectivestudy4.放射免疫法测定血清17-羟孕酮以诊断与治疗

先天性肾上腺增生Applicationofserum17-OH-progesterone

radioimmunoassaytothediagnosisand

managementofcongenitaladrenalhyperplasiaAssignment(Chapter1)Radioimmunoassayofserum17-OH-progesteronefordiagnosisandtreatmentofcongenitaladrenalhyperplasia）5.关节镜(arthroscopy)辅助治疗掌指关节内骨折(metacarpophalangealintraarticularfractures)Treatmentofmetacarpophalangealintraarticularfractures(assisted)witharthroscopyAssignment(Chapter1)MedicalEnglishWriting(2)WritingaresearchpaperPartsofamanuscriptTitleAbstract(andkeywords)IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferencesFiguresTablesLegends

IMRADBasicstyle:introduction,methods,resultsanddiscussionServesasanorganizationalformatIMRADisaformat,eachpaperdiffersHistoryofIMRADOriginallyproposedbytheBritishscientistBradfordHillDevelopedbybyFrenchchemistLouisPasteurEstablishedbyAmericanStandardsInstitutein1972Developedin1978byateamofmedicaljournal

editorsduringameetinginVancouver（温哥华）,

CanadaTheteamdevelopedintotheInternationalCommittee

ofMedicalJournalEditors(ICMJE国际医学杂志编辑委员会),whichproposedTheUniformRequirements

forManuscripts

SubmittedtoBiomedicalJournals

(URMSBJ生物医学杂志投稿统一要求)Introduction——ContentsBackground:StatementofgeneralareaorhistoryofproblemSignificance:StatementofimportanceorneedsDevelopment:Statementofpreviousfindings,reportsorstudiesObjective:StatementofpurposeofcurrentstudyScope:statementofspecificareaofproblemtobestudiedIntroduction——RequirementsGostraighttothepoint开门见山Laystressonthekeypoints重点突出Bepracticalandrealistic实事求是

Aguidingprinciple引导作用Knowninformationingeneral↓Unknowninformation↓Question↓ApproachIntroduction

begintotellastory

1 Beginwithwhatisknown（A） 2 Statewhatisunknown（B） 3 Statethequestionwhatyourstudywillanswer（C）4Describetheexperimentalapproach（D）OptimalMedicalTherapywithorwithoutPCIforStableCoronaryDisease

WilliamE.Boden,M.D.,NENGLJMED2007;Vol.356No.15Duringthepast30years,theuseofpercutaneouscoronaryintervention(PCI)hasbecomecommonintheinitialmanagementstrategyforpatientswithstablecoronaryarterydiseaseinNorthAmerica,eventhoughtreatmentguidelinesadvocateaninitialapproachwithintensivemedicaltherapy,areductionofriskfactors,andlifestyleintervention(knownasoptimalmedicaltherapy).In2004,morethan1millioncoronarystentprocedureswereperformedintheUnitedStates,andrecentregistrydataindicatethatapproximately85%ofallPCIproceduresareundertakenelectivelyinpatientswithstablecoronaryarterydisease.

PCIreducestheincidenceofdeathandmyocardialinfarctioninpatientswhopresentwithacutecoronarysyndromes,butsimilarbenefithasnotbeenshowninpatientswithstablecoronaryarterydisease.Thisissuehasbeenstudiedinfewerthan3000patients,manyofwhomweretreatedbeforethewidespreaduseofintracoronarystentsandcurrentstandardsofmedicalmanagement.（A）AlthoughsuccessfulPCIofflow-limitingstenosesmightbeexpectedtoreducetherateofdeath,myocardialinfarction,andhospitalizationforacutecoronarysyndromes,previousstudieshaveshownonlythatPCIdecreasesthefrequencyofanginaandimprovesshort-termexerciseperformance.Thus,thelong-termprognosticeffectofPCIoncardiovasculareventsinpatientswithstablecoronaryarterydiseaseremainsuncertain.（B）Ourstudy,theClinicalOutcomesUtilizingRevascularizationandAggressiveDrugEvaluation(COURAGE)trial,wasdesignedtodeterminewhetherPCIcoupledwithoptimalmedicaltherapyreducestheriskofdeathandnonfatalmyocardialinfarctioninpatientswithstablecoronaryarterydisease,ascomparedwithoptimalmedicaltherapyalone.（C）（D）Tenses

Simplepresenttense:表述真实的、普遍认可的研究结果或研究结果的提示。或提出问题presentperfecttense：表述研究现状Pasttense：表述发现的内容及过去考虑过或做过的内容，或未定论的研究结果，或研究导向的目的CommonSentencePatterns

引用文献资料：sb.(sb.etal)found/reported/described/mentioned/showedthatsth.wasfound/reported/mentionedbysb.Ithasbeenreported/demonstrated/observedthat

表达不同观点和意见：…studieshavedifferedintheirconclusionon/about/regarding…Therehasbeendifferent/conflictingreportson…Therehasbeenconsiderableprofessionaldebateon/about…Therehasbeencontroversiesover/conflictingresultsabout/on…表示尚待解决的问题：Littleworkhasbeendoneon…Relativelylittleknowledgeisavailablerelatedto…Littleattentionhasbeenpaid/givento…Itisunclear/uncertain/unknownwhether……is/remainscontroversial/unexplored/unclear/unknown/difficult…表示本研究的重要性：…haspracticalsignificance/implicationfor……hasbeenthesubjectofintensiveresearch…hasbeenthefocusofmuchinterestanddebate.表示研究的内容和目的：Thepurpose/objective/aim/goalofthisstudy/investigationis/wasto…Thisstudyaimedto…Thisstudywasdesigned/undertaken/performed/conducted/carriedoutto…Thepresentstudywasundertakento…Thestudyherereportedwasundertakento…Thisstudywas…Inanattempttodetermine/assess/investigateto…Inaneffortto/inorderto…Inthisstudy,weattempted/aimed/soughtto…MaterialandMethods

Writethissectionfirst!HowwastheproblemstudiedUsuallyarrangedchronologicallyreadslikeacookbook,toprovideenoughdetailsandreferencematerialsfortheotherresearcherstoevaluateandrepeatthepresentstudyMaterialandMethods——Contents1)简要说明研究设计(studydesign/protocol)，如：回顾(retrospective/review)，前瞻(prospective)，临床(clinical)，动物(animal)，实验

(experimental)，活体内(invivo)活体外(invitro)，原位(insitu)，随访(follow-up)，对照(controlled)，随机)random/randomized)，双盲交叉(double-

blindcrossover)，人群(population/cohort/

migrant)，对比(comparative)，流行病学

(epidemiological)等研究性质；

MaterialandMethods——Contents

2)详细说明研究对象(subject)情况，包括动物

(animal)和病人(patients)性别(sex)、年龄(age)、物种(species)、品种(breed)、生理状态

(physiologicalstate);微生物菌株(strain)、血清型(serotype)及其他区别特性(identity

characteristics)；随机分组方法(methodsofany

randomassignmentofsubjectstogroups)和选择标准(criteriaforadmissiontostudygroups)；MaterialandMethods——Contents3)详细说明所用的药物（drug），激素（hormone），试剂（reagent）和其他化学品（chemical）的名称、商标（trademark）、生产厂家（manufacturer）及所在地（location）；4)简要说明测定方法（methodofmeasurement），包括名称，引文(quotation)和偏差（variations）；5)简要说明统计学分析方法（methodof

statisticanalysis）WritingdetailsUsesubheadings,payattentiontothecoherenceUsetables(e.g.,patientcharacteristics)andfigures(e.g.,analysisofdata)toclarifyExplainlimitationsinbriefLastparagraphisstatisticalanalysis -howdataaresummarized,statisticaltest,measurementscompared,PvalueWriteinpasttensegenerallyUsebothfirstpersonorthirdperson(morecommon)CommonSentencePatterns选择研究对象：Inclusion/Entry/Exclusioncriteriawere/included…Selectionwasbasedon…,…wereselectedbasedon…Themajorcriteriaforinclusioninthestudywere……wereenteredinto/recruitedfrom/selectedfrom/enrolledat……wereexcludedfromthestudy/participation表示研究对象分组：…weredivided/grouped/stratified/classified/categorized/assigned/randomizedinto………wererandomlyallocatedto…(basedon…)表示材料来源：1.…was（obtained）from…2.…wasprovidedby…3.…waspurchasedfrom…4.…wasdonatedby/adonationfrom/agiftfrom…5.…(sourcesofmaterial)表示实验动物：…werebredin/fed/maintained/raisedwith/under……werefasted/starved12hourspriortooperation.…wereanesthesizedwith……werecaged,fed,adlibitumwithtapwaterand…diet…weighing…and…wereusedforthestudy.…werekilledbydecapitation/cervicaldislocation（断头）/exsanguination(放血).…weresacrificedwith…表示借鉴他人的实验方法：…wasisolated/separatedbytheprocedure/techniqueof……wasprepared/carriedout

accordingtothemethoddescribedby……wasdeterminedby/measuredwith…表示稀释、培养…wasdilutedto……incubatedwith…at

…℃（temperature）for…hours.…wasgrownin…medium…wassuspendedto/ataconcentrationof……wasstoredat…℃(temperature)表示实验标本制备：Samplesof/for…wereobtained/takenfrom……werecollected/harvestedunder…conditions.…werefixed(固定)with/in……werestained(染色)with……wereembedded（包埋）in/with……wereprepared…weredehydrated（脱水）in/by……weresectionedatathicknessof…表示诊断和治疗：…wasdiagnosedby/diagnosticof……wasdiagnosedas/with…(accordingto/onthe

basisof…)3.Diagnosisof…wasconfirmed/made/established.4.…miss/overlookdiagnosis(漏诊)of…5.…wasmisdiagnosedas/wasmistakenfor（误诊）…6.…betreatedby…7.…betreatedfor…8.…wason…therapy9.…wasreferred/transferred

toResults

whatwerethefindingsFunctions:stateresultsofthestudy andpresentdatathatsupportsresultsContents:resultsanddataOrganization:chronologicalorfrommosttoleastimportantWritingdetailsBebriefanduncluttered,usesubheadingsUsepasttensegenerallyGivespecificcomparisonsPresentdetaileddatainfiguresandtablestokeepwrittendatatoaminimumProvideappropriatestatisticaldetailswithoutcommentsCommonSentencePatterns结果表明：Theresults/findingsshowed/suggested/indicated/demonstrated/revealed/documentedthat…Itwasfoundthat…Wefoundthat……was/werefoundto…表格与插图的表达：…isshown/presentedinTable/Figure…Table/Figure…shows/indicates/demonstrates/illustratesthat…AsshowninTable/Figure…表示与…有关：…wasstronglyassociatedwith……wasinverselycorrelatedwith……wasinversely/indirectlyproportionalto……wasindirectproportionto……wascomparedto/with…;ascomparedwith/to…数值表达：…wasincreased/decreasedby/to…多数值表达，常采用逗号、分号或括号隔开表示数量的一部分，用of，outof，among等介词直接用数字形式及符合，如“＋”“－”“×”“÷”“＝”“≤”“≥”等表示数字对比如：”ratio”“:”“/”“versus/vs/v.”“rate”表示数值范围:(range)from…to…/between…and…,varyfrom…to…,witharange…to…,表达统计学意义：Thereis/was

significantdifferencein…between…and…Thedifferencein…between…and…is/was

significant…is/was

significantlydifferencefrom…Nosignificantdifferencewasfound/noted/observedin…between…and…

Discussion

whatdoyourfindingsmeanMostdifficultPart!AnswerthequestionposedinIntroductionExplainhowresultssupportanswersandhowanswersfitwithexistingknowledgeonthetopicExplainthefindings,relationships,andgeneralizationsofyourresultsExplainthesignificanceofyourresultsHasabeginning,middle,andendReqDiscussion——Contents1)．background2)．generalfindings3)．introductionofpoints4)．comparisoninthecontextofotherstudies5)．suggestedmeaning6)．conclusion7)．futurestudiesCommonSentencePatternsThedata/resultssuggest/demonstrate

/confirm/indicate/revealthat…2.…experiments/results/findings/investigation/

factssupplyabasisfor…3.Theresultsareconsistent/inaccordwiththe

theory/idea/proposal/hypothesis/pervious

studiesthat…4.…similartothatreported/describedby…CommonSentencePatterns5.Resultsarecontrastedwith/differentfrom…6.…mayhavecausedby…7.…mayleadto/resultin/accountfor…8.Although/Evenif…,itshould(not)be

possibleto…9.Oneinterpretationofthisdifference

between…and…is…10.Onthebasisof/basedonthesepremises…11.Wecanspeculateon…12.Whether…remains/isyettobedetermined…13.

Furtheranalysis/experimentswillbe

necessary/neededtoconfirm…14.

Weconcludethat/ourconclusionisthat/itis

ourconclusionthat…15.

insummary/inconclusion,…16.….haveimplicationsfor…CommonSentencePatterns17.

Thereareseverallimitationsto…;thereis

ofsome/littlevaluein/to…18.

Thereisofgreatsignificancein…19.

Inourexperience/practice20.

Asweknow/asfarasweknow/toour

knowledge…21.

Fromourresults/findings22.

Amajornewfindingofthisstudyisthat…CommonSentencePatternsReferencesImportantpartofaresearchpaperandareviewMorereferences(15-100)ChoosetheauthenticreferencesThereferencescanreflectthelevelandvalueoftheresearchpaperandreviewstylesshouldbespecifictoeachjournal

标准期刊文献HalpernSD,UbelPA,CaplanAL.Solid-organtransplantationinHIV-infectedpatients.NEnglJMed.2002Jul25;347(4):284-7.

著者：姓前名后，名缩写，以逗号分隔文章标题期刊名（标准缩写），年，月，日；卷，期：页TipsKnowthejourna