变态心理学专题知识讲座课件

MythsandMisconceptionsAboutAbnormalBehaviorNoSingleDefinitionofPsychologicalAbnormalityNoSingleDefinitionofPsychologicalNormalityPsychologyDisorderv.MentalillnessManyMythsAreAssociatedWithMentalIllnessLazy,crazy,dumbWeakincharacterDangeroustoselforothersMentalillnessisahopelesssituationWhatisaPsychologicalDisorder?PsychologicalDysfunctionBreakdownincognitive,emotional,orbehavioralfunctioningPersonalDistressDifficultyperformingappropriateandexpectedrolesImpairmentissetinthecontextofaperson’sbackgroundAtypicalorNotCulturallyExpectedResponseReactionisoutsideculturalnormsFigure1.1ThecriteriadefiningapsychologicaldisorderDefinitionofAbnormalBehavior(cont.)AbnormalBehaviorDefinedAPsychologicalDysfunctionAssociatedWithDistressorImpairmentinFunctioningThatisnotaTypicalorCulturallyExpectedResponseTheDiagnosticandStatisticalManual(DSM-IV-TR)DSMContainsDiagnosticCriteriaPsychopathologyistheScientificStudyofPsychologicalDisordersTheScienceofPsychopathologyMentalHealthProfessionalsThePh.D.’s:Clinical,counselingandschoolpsychologistsThePsy.D.’s:Clinical,counselingandschool“DoctorsofPsychology”M.D.’s:Psychiatrists(medications)ChildorAdultBoardCertifiedM.S.W.’s:Psychiatricandnon-psychiatricsocialworkersMN/MSN’s:PsychiatricnursesLPC-LicensedMentalHealth/ProfessionalCounselorUnitedbytheScientist-PractitionerFrameworkPsychologyTrainingModelsBoulderModel–1948Ph.D.–Scientist–Practitioner(4-5yearsoftraining)ProducersofResearchConsumersofResearchEvaluatorsofTheirWorkUsingEmpiricalMethodsVailModel-1973Psy.D.–ProfessionalPractitioner(4-5yearsoftraining)PracticefocusConsumerofresearchEmpiricalvalidatedmethodsFigure1.2

Functioningasascientist-practitionerDimensionsoftheScientist-PractitionerModel(cont.)DimensionsoftheScientist-PractitionerModel(cont.)Figure1.3

Threemajorcategoriesmakeupthestudyanddiscussionofpsychologicaldisorders.ClinicalDescriptionBeginswiththePresentingProblemDescriptionAimstoDistinguishclinicallysignificantdysfunctionfromcommonhumanexperienceDescribePrevalenceandIncidenceofDisordersDescribeOnsetofDisordersAcutevs.insidiousonsetDescribeCourseofDisordersEpisodic,time-limited,orchroniccourseOtherfeatures(e.g.age,developmentalstage,ethnicity,race)Causation,Treatment,andOutcomeWhatFactorsContributetotheDevelopmentofPsychopathology?StudyofetiologyHowCanWeBestImprovetheLivesofPeopleSufferingFromPsychopathology?StudyoftreatmentdevelopmentIncludespharmacologic,psychosocial,and/orcombinedtreatmentsHowDoWeKnowThatWeHaveAlleviatedPsychologicalSuffering?Studyoftreatmentoutcome-“EvidenceBasedTreatment”LimitedinspecifyingactualcausesofdisordersHistoricalConceptionsofAbnormalBehaviorMajorPsychologicalDisordersHaveExistedInallculturesAcrossalltimeperiodsTheCausesandTreatmentofAbnormalBehaviorVariedWidelyAcrossculturesAcrosstimeperiodsAsparticularlyasafunctionofprevailingparadigmsorworldviewsThreeDominantTraditionsInclude:Supernatural,Biological,andPsychologicalTheSupernaturalTraditionDeviantBehaviorasaBattleof“Good”vs.EvilDeviantbehaviorwasbelievedtobecausedbydemonicpossession,witchcraft,sorceryTreatmentsincludedexorcism,torture,beatings,andcrudesurgeriesTheMoonandtheStarsParacelsusandlunacyTheBiologicalTraditionHippocrates:AbnormalBehaviorasaPhysicalDiseaseHysteria“TheWanderUterus”GalenExtendsHippocratesWorkTreatmentsremainedcrudeGalenic-HippocraticTraditionForeshadowedmodernviewslinkingabnormalitywithbrainchemicalimbalancesThe19thCenturyGeneralParesis(Syphilis)andtheBiologicalLinkWithMadnessAssociatedwithseveralunusualpsychologicalandbehavioralsymptomsPasteurdiscoveredthecause–AbacterialmicroorganismLedtopenicillinasasuccessfultreatmentBolsteredtheviewthatmentalillness=physicalillnessandshouldbetreatedassuchJohnGreyandtheReformersConsequencesoftheBiologicalTraditionMentalIllness=PhysicalIllnessThePsychologicalTraditionTheRiseofMoralTherapyInvolvedmorehumanetreatmentofinstitutionalizedpatientsEncourageandreinforcedsocialinteractionProponentsofMoralTherapyDorotheaDixPhilippePinelandJean-BaptistePussinWilliamTukefollowedPinel’sleadinEnglandReasonsfortheFallingOutofMoralTherapyEmergenceofCompetingAlternativePsychologicalModelsPsychoanalyticTheoryFreudianTheoryoftheStructureandFunctionoftheMindTheStructureoftheMindId(pleasureprinciple;illogical,emotional,irrational)Ego(realityprinciple;logicalandrational)Superego(moralprinciples;keepsIdandEgoinbalance)DefenseMechanisms:WhentheEgoLosestheBattlewiththeIdandSuperegoDisplacement&denialRationalization&reactionformationProjection,repression,andsublimationPsychosexualStagesofDevelopmentOral,anal,phallic,latency,andgenitalstagesThePast:AbnormalBehaviorand

thePsychoanalyticTradition(cont.)Figure1.4Freud’sstructureofthemindLaterDevelopmentsinPsychoanalyticThoughtAnnaFreudandSelf-PsychologyEmphasizedtheinfluenceoftheegoindefiningbehaviorMelanieKlein,OttoKernberg,andObjectRelationsTheoryEmphasizedhowchildrenincorporate(introject)objectsExamplesincludeimages,memories,andvaluesofsignificantothers(objects)TheNeo-Freudians:DeparturesFromFreudianThoughtCarlJung,AlfredAdler,KarenHorney,ErichFromm,andErikEricksonDe-emphasizedthesexualcoreofFreud’stheoryPsychoanalyticPsychotherapy:The“Talking”CureUnearththeHiddenIntrapsychicConflicts(“TheRealProblems”)TherapyIsOftenLongTermTechniquesIncludeFreeAssociationandDreamAnalysisExamineTransferenceandCounter-TransferenceIssuesLittleEvidenceforEfficacyHumanisticTheoryAbrahamMaslowandCarlRogersMajorThemesThatpeoplearebasicallygoodHumansstrivetowardself-actualizationHumanisticTherapyTherapistconveysempathyandunconditionalpositiveregardMinimaltherapistinterpretationTheBehavioralModelDerivedfromaScientificApproachtotheStudyofPsychopathologyIvanPavlov,JohnB.Watson,andClassicalConditioningClassicalconditioningisaubiquitousformoflearningConditioninginvolvesacontingencybetweenneutralandunconditionedstimuliConditioningwasextendedtotheacquisitionoffearTheBeginningsofBehaviorTherapyReactionaryMovementAgainstPsychoanalysisandNon-ScientificApproachesEarlyPioneersJosephWolpe–SystematicdesensitizationEdwardThorndike,B.F.Skinner,andOperantConditioningAnotherubiquitousformoflearningMostvoluntarybehavioriscontrolledbytheconsequencesthatfollowbehaviorLearningTraditionsGreatlyInfluencedtheDevelopmentofBehaviorTherapyBehaviortherapytendstobetime-limitedanddirectStrongevidencesupportingtheefficacyofbehaviortherapiesBehavior-CognitiveAlbertEllis–RationalEmotiveBehaviorTherapy–RET/REBT–1950’s-ItiswhatwethinkthatcausesustobedisturbedAlbertBandura–SocialLearningTheory–1960(vicariouslearning)Aaron(Tim)Beck–CognitiveTherapy(1960&70);DavidBurnsCognitivedistortionsArnoldLazarus–MultimodalTherapy–1970’s–7domainstoaddressintreatmentBASIC-IDThePresent:AnIntegrativeApproachPsychopathologyIsMultiplyDeterminedUnidimensionalAccountsofPsychopathologyAreIncompleteMustConsiderReciprocalRelationsBetweenBiological,psychological,social,andexperiential