英语学习2-PETS-5级写作辅导

PETS5级考试写作辅导讲座

(第二讲)主讲人：陈敏哲英语作文的篇章结构英语作文的具体写法因写作的目的、要求不同，可有不同的篇章结构。就应试写作而言，主要有以下几种篇章结构：1．解释性结构；2．分析性结构；3．比较性结构；4．评论性结构；解释性结构1.解释原因1.1基本篇章结构介绍解释现象，分析原因是英语写作中常见的结构。这种作文主要是对某种社会（自然）现象，问题的出现或发生原因进行解释。其基本结构如下：IntroductionofProblemorPhenomenonThesisStatementCauseoneCausetwoCausethree…Conclusion1.2例文及评析

TasklYouareallowed30minutestowriteanessayabout300wordsonthefollowingtopic.Since1980,divorcerateinChinahasincreasedrapidlyasshowninthefollowinggraph.Whatarethecausesforit?PercentageofPeopleWhoGotDivorcedDuringtheYearsbetween1960to20001)ASampleArticle2)Evaluation:

Thefirstsentenceofparagraph2hasthreefunctions:(1)Thephrase“theupwardtrend”connectthe1standthe2ndparagraphs,and(2)itexpoundsthethemeofthearticle;(3)“threeimportantchanges”tellsthereaderswhatwillbediscussedinthefollowing.Thelastsentence“Thereisasignificantchangeinpeople'straditionalviewofmarriageanddivorce.”istheechoofthefirstsentence“Theupwardtrendindivorcereflectsthreeimportantchangesinoursociety.”Changesindiction:wasconsideredasocialstigma—belookeddownupon;facilitatedivorce—simplifieddivorceprocedures—makeslegalseparationeasyformostpeopletoobtainEmploymentofsomeabstractexpressions:Theunprecedentedsocialmobility=Peoplemovefrequentlyfromplacetoplace;geographicseparation=liveindifferentparts.

Task2Youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayabout300wordsonthefollowingtopic.Teenagesmokinghasbecomeaseriousproblem.Thenumberofyoungsterssmokingcigaretteshasincreaseddramaticallyasshowninthefollowinggraph.Whatarethecausesforthephenomenon?Giveyourexplanation.PercentageandAgeofTeenagersWhoSmoked1)ASampleArticle2)EvaluationImpersonalstructure: itisrecognizedthat=peoplerecognizedthat; thereisastrongdesirefor=theyouthstronglydesire; thereisasubconsciousfeeling=teenagerssubconsciouslyfeelChangesindiction: someattributeitto—othersplacetheblameon; teenagers—kids—children—youngpeopleChangesinsentencepatterns: onlyparticularexternalcircumstanceshavebeenexamined; asustainedanti-smokingcampaignshouldbeconductedGooddiction: attributeitto,placetheblameon, disciplinechil­dren,perceivesth.as, asymbolofthemysteriousadultworld, beundertheillusionthat, contributeto,asustainedcampaign, thedreadfulconsequencesoftakingupthehabit …

Task3Youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayabout300wordsonthefollowingtopic.Manystatisticalfactssuggestthatthesmartestchildrenmaynotbecomesuccessfulintheirlatercareer.Howtoexplainthephenomenon?Whatfactorsleadtosuccess?Giveyourexplanation.1)ASampleArticle2)Evaluation:

Thebeginningechoestheend: Accordingtoobservaton,academicbrightnessisonlypartofanswer,theotherfactorsareveryimportant.----Obviously,amongtheingredientsforsuccess,intelligencecountsforthehalf,therestdependsonyourpersonality,andotherabilities.Employmentofrhetoricalquestions:Why…?Why…?Andwhat…?

Changesindiction: Factors----ingredient----component, Expressoneself----conveyyourthoughts, Brightness----intelligence----smart----brains, Ability----competence

Gooddiction:endup,leadto,tideover,provideinformationandresources,amongotherthings,whatreallycounts,thechancesarehigh.

Changesinsentencepatterns: Apersongoingabroadforstudyoftenexperiencemuchmoredifficulty—difficultyinadaptingtoanewculture; Thedifficulty,coupledwiththefrustrationbroughtonbycultureshock,isarewardingexperience. Thereisnobetteropportunitytoimprovesecond-languageskillsthan...Task4Youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayabout300wordsonthefollowingtopic.Goingabroadforstudiescostsalargesumofmoney.Butevensoitattractsmanyyoungpeople.Doyouliketojointhemifyouhaveanopportunity?Why?Giveyourreasons.1)ASampleArticle2)Evaluation:

Thebeginningechoestheend: Myansweris:inadditiontoknowledge,Icangainexperiencesthatthosewhostayathomewillneverhave.—Thebenefitisnotmerelyknowledgegained,buttheexperiencesdesir­ableinone'spersonallife.

Changesindiction:goabroadforstudy—studyabroad—overseasstudy—studyexperience;offeradifferentperspectiveof—haveameaningfulunderstandingof—seesth.inanewlight;worthwhile—rewarding

Changesinsentencepatterns: Apersongoingabroadforstudyoftenexperiencemuchmoredifficulty—difficultyinadaptingtoanewculture; Thedifficulty,coupledwiththefrustrationbroughtonbycultureshock,isarewardingexperience. Thereisnobetteropportunitytoimprovesecond-languageskillsthan...

Gooddiction:evoke,offeradifferentperspectiveof…,seesth.inanewlight,beexposedtoideas,adaptto…Task5Youareallowed30minutestowrite300wordsonthefollowingtopic.InrecentyearsmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearepursuingaMaster'sdegree.Whatareyourpersonalreasonsaboutpursuingtobeoneofthem?

1)ASampleArticle2)Evaluation:Thethemeisputforwarddirectlyattheverybeginningbyemployingtworhetoricalquestionsinordertoattractthereaderseyeballs,andtoputthemintodeepthoughts.

Changesindiction:recruits—candidates;outofwork—outofajob;skilledpersonnel—highlyskilledpersons;degrees—credentials;companies—firms,salary—income

Changesinsentencepatterns: thereisarecognitionthat; publicawarenessone'sincomeisstilldeterminedbytheknowledge; temptingsalariesand"fringebenefits"areoftenoffered; avoidingthepainofwakinguptofindyourselfoutofajob.Task6Youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayabout300wordsonthefollowingtopic.Nowyoungchildrenareunderextremeacademicpressure.Forexample,theyhavetospendmorethan5hourseverydayonhomeworkbeforetheygotobed.Whatcausethemtodoso?Whatkindsofspecificpressurearethey?Suggestsomewaystochangeitifpossible.1)ASampleArticle2)Evaluation:Goodcohesion:Therearethreekindsofpressureworkingonthem.Themostevidentpressureisself-inducedpressure.Alongwiththeself-in­ducedpressuregoespeerpressure.Parentalpressurealsoplaysapart.Thefaultisnotwithourchildren,norwithourparentsorteachers,butwithourvalue.

Goodmetaphors:steerthemtowardsasecurefuture;flowerbedinwhichweexpectthemtogerminateistoonarrowandthin.

Repetitiontoachieveemphasis: academicsecurity, careersecurityandfinancialsecu­rity; thebestschoolsandhavethebesttutors

Parallelism:Ourteachersassigntoomuchwork,ourparentspushtheirchildrentoofar,andourstudentsdrivethemselvestoohard;joiningfewerschoolorganizations,takingpartinfewersocialac­tivities,andsleepingfewerhours.

Changesindiction:keyschools—bestschool—prestigiousuniversities;studyhard—workhard—dotoomuchhomework—studymore;join—takepartin

Gooddiction:assignmuchhomework,putenormouspressureon,competefor,alongwith...goes,beunderpressure,justifythecost,steersb.toward,liveupto,beleftbehind,stunthegrowthTask7Youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayabout300wordsonthefollowingtopic.Nowcollegegraduatescometorealizethatitisnoteasytogetarewardingjob.Manyofthemcan'tgetajobrightaftergradua­tionasshowninthegraph.Whatarethecauses?Giveyourexplanations.PercentageofCollegeGraduatesWhoGotEmployedtheYearTheyGraduatedfrom1999to20011)ASampleArticle2)Evaluation:Employingfigurestoargueforthereasonsleadingtosituationthatcollegegraduatesfinditincreasinglydifficulttogetjobs.

Changesindiction:collegegraduates—collegepopulation,job—posi­tion—work—career—employment

Gooddiction:beparticularabout,animmenseopportunityf