26考研阅读早鸟讲义

26考研˙阅读早鸟课 (2000/2001年专题)

1

(2000Text1)

Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld’sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.

Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.

Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.

Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.“Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,”accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard’sKennedySchoolofGovernment.“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthis

2

periodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”

51.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarIIbecause________.[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal

[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore

[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy

52.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican________.

[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket

[B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises

[C]machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions

[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket

53.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.

[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.

[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.

[D]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.

54.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe________.

[A]turningofthebusinesscycle

[B]restructuringofindustry

[C]improvedbusinessmanagement

[D]successineducation

3

(2000Text2)

Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.

Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.

Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepass100,000years--eventhepass100years--ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.”Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.

55.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

4

[A]Alackofmates.

[B]Afiercecompetition.

[C]Alowersurvivalrate.

[D]Adefectivegene.

56.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?

[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.

[B]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.

[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.

[D]Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.

57.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause________.[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance

[B]thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining

[C]ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution

[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing

58.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution

[B]WaysofContinuingMan’sEvolution

[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature

[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhere

(2000Text3)

Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe--evenadmittingthatthe

5

theoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.

This,inbrief,iswhattheFuturistsays;foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.

Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:“Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.”

This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?

59.Thispassageismainly________.[A]asurveyofnewapproachestoart[B]areviewofFuturistpoetry

[C]aboutmeritsoftheFuturistmovement

[D]aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature

60.Whenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtryto________.[A]determineitspurposes

[B]ignoreitsflaws

[C]followthenewfashions

6

[D]accepttheprinciples

________.

61.Futuristsclaimthatwemust

[A]increasetheproductionofliterature

[B]usepoetrytorelievemodernstress

[C]developnewmodesofexpression

[D]avoidusingadjectivesandverbs

62.TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis________.[A]basedonreasonableprinciples

[B]newandacceptabletoordinarypeople

[C]indicativeofbasicchangeinhumannature

[D]moreofatransientphenomenonthanliterature

(2000Text4)

AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing,butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon’tknowwheretheyshouldgonext.

Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.

Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendsto

7

stresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.“Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores--personality,ability,courageorhumanity--arecompletelyignored,”saysToshikiKaifu,chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty’seducationcommittee.“Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.”LastyearJapanexperienced2,125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe“Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents.”

ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles.“InJapan,”sayseducatorYokoMuro,“it’sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.”Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofJapan’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,whilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.

63.IntheWesterner’seyes,thepostwarJapanwas________.[A]underaimlessdevelopment

[B]apositiveexample

[C]arivaltotheWest

[D]onthedecline

64.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety?

[A]Women’sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.

[B]Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.

8

[C]Excessiveemphasishasbeenplacedonthebasics.

[D]Thelife-stylehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternvalues.

65.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?

[A]Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.[C]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.

[D]Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.

66.ThechangeinJapaneselife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat________.[A]theyoungarelesstolerantofdiscomfortsinlife

[B]thedivorcerateinJapanexceedsthatintheU.S.

[C]theJapaneseenduremorethaneverbefore

[D]theJapaneseappreciatetheirpresentlife

(2000Text5)

Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition--wealth,distinction,controloverone’sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.

Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncethey

9

could,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,“Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious.”

Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.

67.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif________.[A]itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrifices

[B]itisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpower

[C]itsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterial

[D]itissharedbytherichandthefamous

68.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis________.[A]customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwords

[B]toolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletout

[C]dishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoal

[D]impracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambition

10

69.Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause________.[A]theythinkofitasimmoral

[B]theirpursuitsarenotfameorwealth

[C]ambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefits

[D]theydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptible

70.Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained

________.

[A]secretlyandvigorously

[B]openlyandenthusiastically

[C]easilyandmomentarily

[D]verballyandspiritually

(2001Text1)

Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.

Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.

AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnot

11

simplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.

AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.

51.Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuch

as

________.

[A]sociologyandchemistry

[B]physicsandpsychology

[C]sociologyandpsychology

[D]physicsandchemistry

52.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat________.

[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecializationandprofessionalisation[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity

12

[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones

53.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate________.[A]theprocessofspecializationandprofessionalisation

[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy

[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications

[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs

54.Thedirectreasonforspecializationis________.[A]thedevelopmentincommunication

[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation

[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge

[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties

(2001Text2)

Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide--thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic.

Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess--afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.

13

Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.

Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructure--includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon--werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.

55.Digitaldivideissomething________.[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet[B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefor[C]theworldmustguardagainst[D]consideredpositivetoday

56.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit________.[A]offerseconomicpotentials

[B]canbringforeignfunds

[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty

[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld

14

57.ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof________.[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas

[B]preventingforeigncapital’scontrol

[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure

[D]acceptingforeigninvestment

58.Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon________.[A]howwell-developeditiselectronically

[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants

[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica’sindustrialpattern

[D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporations

(2001Text3)

WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.

Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.

Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.Inotherwords,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusingnews.

Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaders,whichhelpsexplainwhythe“standardtemplates”ofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddle-sizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.

15

RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey’relesslikelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsinacommunity.

Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn’tro