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全国硕士硕士入学统一考试英语(二)试题答案和解析
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
ReadthefoIIowingpassage.Foreachnumberedblanktherearefourchoices
markedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET
I.(10points)
TheoutbreakofswinefIuthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdecIareda
gIobaIepidemiconJune11,.ItisthefirstworIdwideepidemic1by
theWorIdHealthOrganizationin41years.
Theheightenedalert2anemergencymeetingwithfIuexpertsin
GenevathatconvenedafterasharpriseincasesinAustraIia,and
rising3inBritain,Japan,ChileandeIsewhere.
Buttheepidemicis"4"inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,
theorganization'sdirectorgeneraI,5theoverwhelmingmajorityof
patientsexperiencingonIymiIdsymptomsandafulIrecovery,ofteninthe
6ofanymedicaItreatment.
TheoutbreakcametoglobaI7inIateApril,whenMexicanauthorities
noticedanunusuaIlylargenumberofhospitalizationsand
deaths8healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityshutdownattheheight
ofapanic,casesbeganto9inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUrited
StatesandaroundtheworId.
IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade10warmerweather
arrived.ButinIateSeptember,officialsreportedtherev/as11fIu
activityinalmosteve^ystateandthatvirtuallyaIIthe12testedare
thenewswinefIu,aIsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonsIfIu.IntheU.S.,it
has13morethanonemillionpeopIe,andcausedmorethan600deaths
andmorethan6,000hospitalizations.
FederaIheaIthofficiaIs14TamifluforchiIdrenfromthenationsI
stockpiIeandbegan15ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefIu
vaccine.Thenewvaccine,v/hichisdifferentfromtheannuaIfIuvaccine,is
16aheadofsxpectations.Morethanthreemilliondosesweretobe
madeavaitableinearlyOctober,thoughmostofthose17doseswere
oftheFluMistnasaIspraytype,whichisnot18forpregnantwomen,
peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveral
other19.ButitwasstillpossibIetovaccinatepeopIeinether
high-riskgroup:heaIthcareworkers,peopIe20infantsandheaIthy
youngpeople.
1[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented
[D]designated
2[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]foIIov/ed
[D]prompted
3[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts
[D]sums
4[A]moderate[B]normaI[C]unusual
[D]extreme
5[A]with[B]in[C]from[D]by
6[A]progress[B]absence[C]presence
[D]favor
7[A]reaIity[B]phenomenon[C]concept
[D]notice
8.[A]over[B]for[C]among
[D]to
9[A]stayup[B]cropup[C]fiIIup
[D]coverup
10[A]as[B]if[C]un
[D]untiI
11[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant
[D]magnificent
12[A]categories[B]exampIes[C]patterns
[D]samples
13[A]imparted[B]immerse[C]injected
[D]infected
14[A]released[B]relayed[C]reIieved
[D]remained
15[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking
[D]giving
16[A]feasible[B]avaiIable[C]reIiabIe
[D]applicable
17[A]prevaIent[B]principal[C]innovative
[D]initial
18[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended
[D]introduced
19[A]problems[B]issues[C]agonies
[D]sufferings
20[A]involvedin[B]caringfor[C]concerned
with[D]wardingoff
SectionIIReadingcomprehension
PartA
Text1
Thelongestbu11runinacenturyofart-markethistoryendedona
dramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMy
HeadForeverM,atSotheby?sinLondononSeptember15th.AlIbuttwopieces
sold,fetchingmorethan£70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwas
aIastvictory.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneofthe
oldestbanksonWaIIStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.
TheworIdartmarkethadaIreadybeenlosingmomentumforav/hiIeafter
risingbewiIderinglysince.Atitspeakinitwasworthsome$65biIIion,
reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm—doubIethe
figurefiveyearsearIier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.But
themarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogether
greatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedby
fewotherindustries.
IntheweeksandmonthsthatfolIowedMrHirst'ssaIe,spendingofany
sortbecamedeepIyunfashionable,especiallyinNev/York,wherethebail-outof
thebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemise
ofmanyart-buyinginvestors.IntheartworIdthatmeantcollectorsstayed
awayfromgalIeriesandsaIerooms.SaIesofcontemporaryartfeIIbytwo-thirds,
andinthemostoverheatedsector—forChinesecontemporaryart——theyweredown
bynearIy90%intheyeartoNovember.Withinweekstheworld'stwobiggest
auctionhouses,Sotheby*sandChristiets,hadtopayoutnearly$200min
guaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsaIewiththem.
Thecurrentdownturnintheartmarketisthev/orstsincetheJapanese
stoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemost
seriouscontractioninthemarketsineetheSecondWorIdWar.Thistimeexperts
reckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsome
havebeenfarmorefIuctuant.ButEdwardDolman,Christie,schiefexecutive,
says:"I'mprettyconfidentwe'reatthebottom.
WhatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromtheIast,hesays,isthatthereare
stillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,v/heninterestrates
werehigh,therev/asnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.
Christie,srevenuesinthefirsthaIfofwerestillhigherthaninthefirst
halfof.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaid
thatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutaIackof
goodworktosell.ThethreeDs——death,debtanddivorce——stilldeliverworks
ofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,
waitingforconfidencetoreturn.
21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssaIev/asreferredtoas“aIast
victoryMbecause
A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictories
B.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbids
0.BeautifulInsidsMyHeadForeverv/onoveraIImasterpieces
D.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworIdfinancialcrisis
22.Bysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeepIyunfashionabIeM(Line1-
2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat,
A.collectorswerenolongeractiveIyinvolvedinart-marketauctions
B.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleries
C.artcollectionasafashionhadIostitsappeaItoagreatextent
D.worksofartingeneraIhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworth
buying
23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?
A.SalesofcontemporaryartfeIIdramaticallyfromto
B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.
C.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.
D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.
24.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare
A.auctionhouses'favorites
B.contemporarytrends
C.factorspromotingartworkcirculation
D.stylesrepresentingimpressionists
25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe_
A.FluctuationofArtPrices
B.Up-to-dateArtAuctions
C.ArtMarketinDecIine
D.ShiftedInterestinArts
Text2
IwasaddressingasmaIIgatheringinasuburbanVirginiaIivingroom—a
women'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningoneman
hadbeenparticularlytaIkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whiIe
hiswifesatsilentIybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningI
commentedthatwomenfrequentIycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.
Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.Hegesturedtov/ardhiswifeandsaid,
"She'sthetaIkerinourfamiIy."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanIcoked
puzzledandhurt."It'strue,"heexpIained."WhenIcomehomefromwork,I
havenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoing,we'dspendthe
whoIeeveninginsilence.
ThisepisodecrystaIIizestheironythataIthoughAmericanmentendtotaIk
morethanwomeninpubIicsituations,theyoftentaIkIessathome.Andthis
patterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.
ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticaIscientistAndrev/HackerintheIate
1970s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"Divorce
Talk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed——butonlyafewofthemen-gave
lackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrent
divorcerateofnearIy50percent,thatamountstomiIIionsofcasesinthe
UnitedStateseveryyear——avirtuaIepidemicoffailedconversation.
Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoften
focusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechancefora
careertoaccompanyahusbandtohisordoingfarmorethantheirshareof
dailyIife-supportworkIikecIeaning,cooking,sociaIarrangementsanderrands.
Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn'tIistentome.""Hedoesn't
talktome."IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheir
husbandstobefirstandforemostconversationaIpartnersbutfewhusbands
sharethisexpectationoftheirwives.
Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthe
stereotypicaIcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewitha
newspaperheIdupinf^ontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,
wantingtotaIk.
26.Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?
A.Talkingtothem.
B.Trustingthem.
C.Supportingtheircareers.
D.Sharinghousework.
27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line
3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans___.
A.generatingmotivation.
B.exertinginfIuence
C.causingdamage
D.creatingpressure
28.AlIofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT
A.mentendtotaIkmoreinpubIicthanwomen
B.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversation
C.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouples
D.afemaIetendstobemoretaIkativeathomethanherspouse
29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?
A.ThemoraIdecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.
B.Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsexinequalities.
C.Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.
D.ConversationaIpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.
30.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmost
probablyfocuson
A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalk
B.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicaIcartoon
C.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.
D.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrev/Hacker
Text3
Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreating
automaticbehaviors-habits—amongconsumers.ThesehabitshaveheIped
companiesearnbiIIionsofdoIIarswhencustomerseatsnacks,appIylotionsand
wipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefuIIy
designedsetofdailycues.
uTherearefundamentaIpubIichealthproblems,Iikedirtyhandsinstesdof
asoaphabit,thatremainkiIlersonIybecausewecan*tfigureouthowto
changepeople'shabits,“Dr.Curtissaid."WewantedtoIearnfromprivate
industryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.
ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto-Procter&GambIe,Colgate-
PalmoliveandUnilever-hadinvestedhundredsofmiIIionsofdolIarsfinding
thesubtIecuesinconsumers*Iivesthatcorporationscouldusetointroduce
newroutines.
IfyouIookhardenough,you*IIfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseevery
day——chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresherers,
waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiterers,
fabricsofteners,vitamins——areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,
fewpeoplereguIarIybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,because
ofcannyadvertisingandpubIichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabitually
givetheirpearIywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwith
Colgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.
Afev/decadesago,manypeopIedidn'tdrinkv/ateroutsideofameaI.
ThenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottIingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,and
nowofficeworkersunthinkingIysipbottIedwateraIIdayIong.Chewinggum,
onceboughtprimariIybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommerciaIsasa
breathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameaI.Skinmoisturizersare
advertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituaIs,sIippedinbetweenhairbrushing
andputtingonmakeup.
“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,
saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentIyretiredfromProcter&
Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproducts
Iastyear."Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingour
consumers*Iives,andit'sessentiaItomakingnewproductscommercialIy
viable.
Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistsIikeDr.Berning
havelearnedthatthereispov/erintyingcertainbehaviorstohabituaIcues
throughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,
controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtoseIIquestiorabIe
beautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.
31.AccordingtoD".Curtis,habitsIikehandwashingv/ithsoap.
[A]shouIdbefurthercultivated
[B]shouIdbechangedgraduaIly
[C]aredeeplyrootedinhistory
[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns
32.BottIedwater,chev/inggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedin
Paragraph5soasto
[A]reveaItheirimpactonpeople*shabits
[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities
[0]indicatetheireffectonpeople'sbuyingpower
[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits
33.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbeIongtoproductsthatheIpcreate
people'shabits?
[A]Tide
[B]Crest
[C]Colgate
[D]Unilever
34.FromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumerJshabitsaredevelopeddue
to_____
[A]perfectedartofproducts
[B]automaticbehaviorcreation
[C]commercialpromotions
[D]scientificexperimerits
35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheinfIuenceofadvertisementon
people'shabitsis
[A]indifferent
[B]negative
[C]positive
[D]biased
Text4
ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucial
democraticvaIues,includingtheprinciplesthataIIcitizenswhomeetminimal
quaIificationsofageandIiteracyareequaIIycompetenttoserveonjuries;
thatjurorsshouldbeseIectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionof
thecommunity;thatnocitizenshouIdbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryon
accountofrace,reIigion,sex,ornationaIorigin;thatdefendantsare
entitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresentthe
conscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryis
aIsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampIeofdirectratherthanrepresents!ive
democracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,
ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.
ButasrecentIyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconfIictedv/iththese
democraticideaIs.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywasIimitedto
personsofsupposedlysuperiorinteIIigence,education,andmoraIcharacter.
AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionaI
raciaIdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStraucerv.
WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-caIledeliteorbIue-ribbonjuries
providedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.
ThesystemaIsofailedtoreguIarIyincludewomenonjuriesuntiIthemid-
20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,it
wasnotuntiIthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjury
duty.EventhenseveraIstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjuryduty
unlesstheypersonaIIyaskedtohavetheirnamesincIudedonthejuryIist.
Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,ardit
keptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.
In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionand
ServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislav/
abolishedspecialeducationaIrequirementsforfederaIjurorsandrequiredthem
tobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthe
landmark1975decisionTayIorvs.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedthe
requirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofaIIpartsofthecommunitytothe
statelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjury
seIectiontobeunconstitutionaIandorderedstatestousethesameprocecures
forseIectingmaIeandfemaIejurors.
36.FromtheprincipIesoftheUSjurysystem,weIearnthat
[A]bothIiberateandiIIiteratepeoplecanserveonjuries
[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers
[C]noageIimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice
[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepubIic
37.ThepracticeofseIectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968
showed
[A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationIaws
[B]theprevaIentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces
[C]theconfIictingideaIsinjuryselectionprocedures
[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjustices
38.Eveninthe1960s,womenv/ereseIdomonthejuryIistinsomestates
because
[A]theyv/ereautomaticsIlybannedbystateIaws
[B]theyfelIfarshortoftherequiredquaIifications
[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties
[D]theytendedtoevadepubIicengagement
39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActv/aspassed.
[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryseIectionwasunconstitutionaIandhadtobe
aboIished
[B]educationaIrequirementsbecameIessrigidintheseIectionoffederaI
jurors
[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheertire
community
[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejury
system
40.IndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson
[A]itsnatureandprobIems
[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition
[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions
[D]itstraditionanddevelopment
PartB
BOTHBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewest
aircraft,the787andA350respectively.TheircleverdesignsandIightweight
compositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStarford
University,IedbyIIanKroo,hassuggestedthatairIinescouldtakeamore
naturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueIuse,anditwouldnotrequirethemto
buynewaircraft.
Theanswer,saysDrKroo,Iieswithbirds.Since1914,andaseminaIpaper
byaGermanresearchercalledCarIWieseIsberger,scientistshaveknownthat
birdsflyinginformation——aV-shape,echeIonorotherwise—expendIessenergy.
Theairflowingoverabird*swingscurIsupwardsbehindthewingtips,a
phenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencerecuced
drag,andspendIessenergypropeIIingthemseIves.PeterLissaman,an
aeronauticsexpertwhowasformerIyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthern
Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.
DrKrooandhisteammodeIIedwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjets
departingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandLasVegasweretorendezvousover
Utah,assumeaninvertedV-formation,occasionaIIyswappIacessoaIIcouId
haveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfound
thattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfueI(withaconcomitant
reductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthe
cruisingportionsofthefIightfelIbyaroundaquarter.
Thereare,ofcourse,kinkstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,
oratleasttheperceptionofit.WouIdpassengersfeeIcomfortabIetravelIing
inconvoy?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveraI
nauticaImiIes,andwouldnotbeintheunnervinglycosygroupingsfavouredby
displayteamsIiketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmight
notevenseetheotherpIanes.WhethertheseparationdistancesinvoIvedwouId
satisfyair-traffic-controIreguIationsisanothermatter,althoughaworking
groupat
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