2022年大学英语考试考前冲刺卷187测

2022年大学英语考试考前冲刺卷

（本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。）

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一、单项选择题(共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意)

1.{{B}}TEXTC({/BJ)

ItishardtoconceiveofaIanguagewithoutnounsorverbs.Butthat

isjustwhatRiauIndonesianis,accordingtoDavidGiI,aresearcher

attheMaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology,inLeipzig.

Dr.GiIhasbeenstudyingRiauforthepast12years.Initially,hesays,

hestruggledwiththeIanguage,despitebeingfluentinstandard

Indonesian.However,abreakthroughcamewhenherealizedthatwhathe

hadbeenthinkingofasdifferentpartsofspeechwere,infact,

grammaticallythesame.Forexample,thephrase"thechickeniseating"

translatesintocolloquialRiauas"ayammakan',.Literally,thisis

"chickeneat”.Butthesamepairofwordsalsohavemeaningsasdiverse

as"thechickenismakingsomebodyeat",or"somebodyiseatingwhere

thechickenis”.Thereare,hesays,nomodifiersthatdistinguishthe

tensesofverbs.Noraretheremodifiersfornounsthatdistinguishthe

definitefromtheindefinite.Indeed,therearenofeaturesinRiau

Indonesianthatdistinguishnounsfromverbs.Thesecategories,hesays,

areimposedbecausethelanguagesthatwesternIinguistsarefamiIiar

withhavethem.

ThissortofobservationfIiesinthefaceofconventionaIwisdomabout

whatlanguageis.MostIinguistsareinfIuencedbytheworkofNoam

Chomsky-inparticular,histheoryof"deepgrammar".AccordingtoDr.

Chomsky,peopIearebornwithasortofIinguistictempIateintheir

brains.ThisisasetofrulesthataIIowschiIdrentolearnalanguage

quickly,butaIsoimposesconstraintsandstructureonwhatislearnt.

EvidenceinsupportofthistheoryincludesthetendencyofchiIdrento

makesystematicmistakeswhichindicateatendencytoimposeruleson

whatturnouttobegrammaticalexceptions(e.g."Ididedit"instead

of"Ididit").ThereisalsotheabilityofthechiIdrenofmigrant

workerstoinventnewlanguagesknownascreolesoutofthegrammatically

incoherentpidginspokenbytheirparents.ExactIywhatthedeepgrammar

consistsofisstillnotclear,butabasicdistinetionbetweennouns

andverbswouldprobablybeoneofitsminimumrequirements.

Dr.GiIcontends,however,thatthereisariskofunconsciousbias

leadingtotheconclusionthataparticularsortofgrammarexistsin

anunfamiIiarlanguage.ThatisbecauseitiseasierforIinguiststo

discoverextrafeaturesinforeignlanguages-forexampIetonesthat

changethemeaningofwords,whicharecommoninIndonesianbutdonot

existinEuropeanIanguages-thantorealizethatelementswhichare

takenforgrantedinaIinguist*snativeIanguagemaybeabsentfrom

another.Despitethebestintentions,hesays,thereisatendencyto

fitIanguagesintoamould.AndsineemostIinguistsarewesterners,that

mouldisusuallyanIndo-EuropeanlanguagefromtheWest.

11needsnot,however,beamodernlanguage.Dr.Gil'spointabout

biasiswe11iIlustratedbythehistoryofthestudyoftheworld'snost

widelyspokentongue.ManyofthepeopIewhodeveIopedmodernIinguistics

hadhadaneducationinLatinandGreek.Asaconsequence,Englishwas

oftendescribeduntiIwe11intothe20thcenturyashavingsixdifferent

nouncases,becauseLatinhassix.Onlyrelativelyrecentlydid

grammariansbeginadebateovernouncasesinEnglish.Somenowcontend

thatitdoesnothavenouncasesatall,othersthatithastwowhile

stillothersmaintainthattherearethreeorfourcases.

ThedifficultyiscompoundedifaIinguistisnotfIuentinthe

languageheisstudying.TheprocessofIinguisticfieldworkisa

painstakingone,fraughtwithpitfaIIs.Itsmainstayistheuseof

"informants"whotelIIinguists,ininterviewsandonpaper,abouttheir

language.Unfortunately,theseinformantstendtobebetter-educated

thantheirfellows,andareoftenfluentinmorethanoneIanguage.

Theword"pitfaIIs1*inthelastparagraphprobablymeans

A.problems.

R.gripvancp.

C.puns.

D.knowledge.

2.{{B}}TEXTD{{/B}}

Irecentlytookcareofa50-year-oldmanwhohadbeenadmittedto

thehospitaIshortofbreath.DuringhismonthIongstayhewasseenby

ahematologist,anendocrinologist,akidneyspecialist,apodiatrist,

twocardiologists,acardiaceIectrophysioIogist,an

infectious-diseasesspeciaIist,apulmonologist,anear-nose-throat

specialist,aurologist,agastroenterologist,aneurologist,a

nutritionist,ageneraIsurgeon,athoracicsurgeonandapainspecialist.

Heunderwent12procedures,includingcardiaccatheterization,a

pacemakerimplantandabonemarrowbiopsy(towork-upchronicanemia).

Despitethiswearyingschedule,hemaintainedanupbeatmanner,

walkingthecorridorsdailywithassistancetochatwithnursesand

physicianassistants.Whenhewasdischarged,fo11ow-upvisitswere

sched-uledforhimwithsevenspecialists.

recently."Everythingmovesbecauseofmoney.

Considermedicalimaging.AccordingtoafederaIcommission,from1999

to2004thegrowthinthevolumeofimagingservicesperMedicarepatient

faroutstrippedthegrowthofalIotherphysicianservices.In2004,the

costofimagingserviceswascloseto$100billion,oranaverageof

roughly$350perpersonintheUnitedStates.

Notlongago,Ivisitedafriend-acardiologistinhislate30s-at

hisofficeonLongIslandtoaskhimaboutinaginginprivatepractices.

"WhenIstartedinpractice,Iwantedtodotherightthing,"hetold

mematter-of-factly."Ayoungwomanwouldcomeinwithpalpitations.11

dte11hershewasfine.ButthenIrealizedthatshe'djustgodown

thestreettoanotherphysicianandhe'dorderaIIthetestsanyway:

echocardiogram,stresstest,Holtermonitor-stuffshedidn*treallyneed.

Thenshe'dgoaroundandtelIherfriendswhatagreatdoctor-athorough

doctor-theothercardiologistwas.

“ItriedtopracticeethicaImedicine,butitdidn'thelp.Itdidn,

tpay,bothfromafinancialandareputationstandpoint."

Lastyear,CongressapprovedsteepreductionsinMedicarepayments

forcertainimagingservices.Dee-percutswiIIaImostcertainlybe

forthcoming.Thisisgood;unnecessaryimagingisaImostcertainlytaking

place,Ieadingtofalse-positiveresults,unnecessaryinvasive

procedures,morecompIicationsandsoon.

Buttheprobleminmedicinetodayismuchlargerthanimaging.Doctors

aredoingtoomuchtestingandtoomanyprocedures,oftenforthesake

ofbusiness.Andpatients,unfortunately,arepayingtheprice.

nThehospitalisagreatplacetobewhenyouaresick,nahospital

executivetoldmerecently."ButIdon'twantmymotherinherefive

minuteslongerthansheneedstobe."

Accordingtotheauthor,whichstatementisNOTtrue

A.TheUnitedStateshasoneoftheleastefficienthealth-caresystem

intheworld.

B.Myfriendhadtoover-testhispatientsmorebecauseheneedstoearn

moreprofitfromthetestsandtogainagoodreputation.

C.ItseemsthatindifferentregionsoftheU.S.thenumberofdeaths

isinproportiontothehealthcareexpenditure.

D.Patientsaretheactualvictimsoftheover-testingandover-procedures.

3.{{B}}TEXTB{{/B})

Inbusiness,ifnotpolitics,theworldhasquieteneddownabit:the

numberofspectacularbankruptcies,indictments,scandals,and

implosionsisnotashighasitwas.Althoughexecutivesstillhaveto

faceaglobalsIowdown,theuncertaineffectsofthewarintheMiddle

East,andthestillfreshconfusionoverbirdflu,theymightnowbe

excusedadeepbreathandalookataspectsoftheirbusinessesthatmay

havebeennegIectedinthescrambletostayontopofnewaccountinglaws

andrestatedearnings.

OnoareatostartcatchinguponisknowIedge.Thisistrueboth

personally,asexecutivesWorkoutwhetherornottheyarestayingon

topofinternalorexternaldevelopments,butalsoatthelevelof

companies.AsurveyofknowIedgemanagement,KnowIedgeUnpIugged,

pubIishedin2005byMcKinsey,foundthatthebest-performingcompanies

werefarmoreIikelythantheworst-performingonestousecreative

techniquesforacquiring,processinganddistributing

knowIedge-everythingfromemphasizingteamworkinproductdevelopment

toholding"ideacontestsnandtryingtoavoidboringdailyroutines.

Butcreatinganatmosphereinwhichknowledgecanbesharedcanbe

aImostaschaiIengingasobtainingitinthefirstplace.Thisisthe

potentiaIprisoner'sdiIemmaofknowIedge:themorevaIueditbecomes,

thelessincentiveempIoyeeshavetoshareitwithoneanother,atthe

riskoflosingthecompetitiveadvantageofwhattheyknow-or,worse,

seeinganotherprofitattheirexpense.Thisprovestobeeventruerat

thecompanyIeveI.Whilefirmsmightturntoexternalpartnerstoenhance

theirknowledgebase,thesharingwiIIbeincompIetewithoutmutuaItrust.

Since"knowledge"issuchavagueterm,itheIpstohavespecificgoaIs

inmindwhenIookingtogainmoreofit.AreyouIookingforinformation

aboutyourcompany,orindustryinparticularDespitethegeneraI

sIowdowninexecutiveeducation,therearestillanumberofcourses

devotedspecificalIytohelpingmanagersingivenindustries-technology,

forexampIe,orhealthcare.Areyoumoreconcernedwithacquiringmore

knowledge,orputtingittobetteruseDoyouneedtomovequickly,or

isthisasubjectthatneedstobeexploredingreaterdepth

Andbearinmindthatstylesoflearningvary.SomepeopIewiIIprofit

mostfrominformalnetworking;someenjoylearninginaclassroom;others

wi11beabletotakeadvantageofthecompanyintranet.Beflexiblein

thepursuitofknowledge;itisbettertosetperformancetargets,

concentrateonmeetingthem,andallowindividuaIsandtheirteamsto

exploretheirownsolutions.SometimesthebestwaytogenerateknowIedge

issimplyabitofbrainstorming.

TheeditionofExecutiveEducationOutIooklooksattheoptions

avaiIabletoexecutivesingainingknowIedge,andenhancingwhatthey

alreadyhave.Itincludesalookatthestateofdistance

learning——neithertherevolutionthehypecIaimeditwouldbeintheIate

1990s,norcompletelydismissible-asapossiibleconduitofknowledge,

thebestplacetogofornewprogrammesinknowIedgemanagement,anda

considerationofthedemandforthebestsourcesofknowIedge:

business-schoolacademics.

CominginJune,GlobalExecutivewi11aIsofeatureaseriesof

ExecutiveDialogueinterviewswithprominentCIOs,furtherexpIoringthe

themesofinformationandknowIedgegathering.Concentratingon

knowIedgenowmaybethebestwaytobepreparedforthenextcha11enges

facingthebusinessworId.

WecanconeIudethatthepassageispossibly

A.theprefaceofabook.

B.theinterviewofsomepublications.

C.anacademicpaper.

D.amagazinearticle.

4.{{B}}TEXTC{{/B}}

Itishardtoconceiveofalanguagewithoutnounsorverbs.Butthat

isjustwhatRiauIndonesianis,accordingtoDavidGiI,aresearcher

attheMaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology,inLeipzig.

Dr.GiIhasbeenstudyingRiauforthepast12years.Initially,hesays,

hestruggledwiththelanguage,despitebeingfluentinstandard

Indonesian.However,abreakthroughcamewhenherealizedthatwhathe

hadbeenthinkingofasdifferentpartsofspeechwere,infact,

grammaticallythesame.Forexample,thephrase"thechickeniseating"

translatesintocolloquialRiauas"ayammakan".Literallyfthisis

"chickeneat',.Butthesamepairofwordsalsohavemeaningsasdiverse

asMthechickenismakingsomebodyeat",orMsomebodyiseatingwhere

thechickenis".Thereare,hesays,nomodifiersthatdistinguishthe

tensesofverbs.Noraretheremodifiersfornounsthatdistinguishthe

definitefromtheindefinite.Indeed,therearenofeaturesinRiau

Indonesianthatdistinguishnounsfromverbs.Thesecategories,hesays,

areimposedbecausethelanguagesthatwesternIinguistsarefamiIiar

withhavethem.

ThissortofobservationfliesinthefaceofconventionaIwisdomabout

whatlanguageis.MostIinguistsareinfIuencedbytheworkofNoam

Chomsky-inparticular,histheoryof"deepgrammar".AccordingtoDr.

Chomsky,peopIearebornwithasortofIinguistictempIateintheir

brains.Thisisasetofrulesthata11owschiIdrentolearnaIanguage

quickly,butaIsoimposesconstraintsandstructureonwhatislearnt.

EvidenceinsupportofthistheoryincludesthetendencyofchiIdrento

makesystematicmistakeswhichindicateatendencytoimposeruleson

whatturnouttobegrammaticalexceptions(e.g."Ididedit"instead

of"Ididit").ThereisalsotheabilityofthechiIdrenofmigrant

workerstoinventnewlanguagesknownascreolesoutofthegrammatically

incoherentpidginspokenbytheirparents.ExactIywhatthedeepgrammar

consistsofisstillnotclear,butabasicdistinetionbetweennouns

andverbswouldprobablybeoneofitsminimumrequirements.

Dr.GiIcontends,however,thatthereisariskofunconsciousbias

leadingtotheconclusionthataparticularsortofgrammarexistsin

anunfamiIiarlanguage.ThatisbecauseitiseasierforIinguiststo

discoverextrafeaturesinforeignlanguages-forexampIetonesthat

changethemeaningofwords,whicharecommoninIndonesianbutdonot

existinEuropeanIanguages-thantorealizethatelementswhichare

takenforgrantedinaIinguist*snativeIanguagemaybeabsentfrom

another.Despitethebestintentions,hesays,thereisatendencyto

fitIanguagesintoamould.AndsineemostIinguistsarewesterners,that

mouldisusuallyanIndo-EuropeanlanguagefromtheWest.

11needsnot,however,beamodernlanguage.Dr.Gil'spointabout

biasiswe11iIlustratedbythehistoryofthestudyoftheworld'snost

widelyspokentongue.ManyofthepeopIewhodeveIopedmodernIinguistics

hadhadaneducationinLatinandGreek.Asaconsequence,Englishwas

oftendescribeduntiIwe11intothe20thcenturyashavingsixdifferent

nouncases,becauseLatinhassix.Onlyrelativelyrecentlydid

grammariansbeginadebateovernouncasesinEnglish.Somenowcontend

thatitdoesnothavenouncasesatall,othersthatithastwowhile

stillothersmaintainthattherearethreeorfourcases.

ThedifficultyiscompoundedifaIinguistisnotfIuentinthe

languageheisstudying.TheprocessofIinguisticfieldworkisa

painstakingone,fraughtwithpitfaIIs.Itsmainstayistheuseof

"informants"whotelIIinguists,ininterviewsandonpaper,abouttheir

language.Unfortunately,theseinformantstendtobebetter-educated

thantheirfellows,andareoftenfluentinmorethanoneIanguage.

Ifthereisanotherparagraphfollowingthepassage,itmighttaIkabout

A.whattheresultsofDr.Gil'sresearchonRiauIndonesian.

R.whatth(?rpsnltsoflinguists'rpsparchonRiauTndnnnsian.

C.howDr.Gi1carriesouthisresearchonRiauIndonesian.

D.howlinguistscarryouttheirresearchonRiauIndonesian.

5.Wea11knowthatprogramminglanguageisthesystemofsyntax,grammar,

andsymboIsorwordsusedtogiveinstructionstoacomputer.Because

computersworkwithbinarynumbers,first-generationIanguages,called

machineIanguagesrrequiredthewritingofIongstringsofbinarynumbers

torepresentsuchoperationsasadd,subtract,andcompare.Later

improvementsaIIowedocta11decimal,orhexadecimaIrepresentationof

binarystrings.Itisdifficulttowriteerror-freeprogramsinmachine

language;manylanguageshavebeencreatedtomakeprogrammingeasier

andfaster.Symbolic,orassembIytIanguages——second-generation

languages-wereintroducedintheearly1950s.Theyusesimplemnemonics

suchas"Anforaddor"M"formultiply,whicharetransIatedintomachine

languagebyacomputerprogramcalledanassembler.Anextensionofsuch

alanguageisthemacroinstruction,amnemonic(suchas"READ")forwhich

theassembIersubstitutesaseriesofsimpIermnemonics.Inthemid-1950s,

athirdgenerationofIanguagescameintouse.Calledhigh-level

languagesbecausetheyarelargelyindependentofthehardware,these

algorithmic,orprocedural,languagesaredesignedforsolvinga

particulartypeofproblem.Uniikemachineorsymboliclanguages,they

varyIittIebetweencomputers.TheymustbetransIatedintomachinecode

byaprogramcalledacompiIerorinterpreter.ThefirstsuchIanguage

wasFORTRAN(FORmuIaTRANsIation),deveIopedabout1956andbestused

forscientificcaIcuIation.Thefirstcommerciallanguage,COBOL(Common

BusinessOrientedLanguage)twasdevelopedabout1959.ALGOL

(ALGOrithmicLanguage),deveIopedinEuropeabout1958,isusedprimarily

inmathematicsandscience,asisAPL(AProgrammingLanguage)tpubIished

in1962.P1/1(programmingLanguage1),developedinthelate1960s,and

ADA(forAdaAugusta,countessofLoveIace,biographerofCharles

Babbage),developedin1981,aredesignedforbothbusinessand

scientificuse.ForpersonalcomputersthemostpopularIanguagesare

BASIC(BeginnersAlI-purposeSymboIicInstructionCode),developedin

1967andsimilartoFORTRAN,andPascaI(forBlaisePascaItwhobuilt

thefirstsuccessfulmechanicalcalculator),introducedin1971asa

teachingIanguage.ModuIa2,aPacaI-1ikelanguageforcommercialand

mathematicaIapplications,wasintroducedin1982.TheClanguage,

introduced(1972)toimpIementtheUnixoperatingsystem,hasbeen

extendedtoC++todeaIwiththerigorsofobject-orientedprogramming.

Fourth-generationlanguagesarenonprocedural.Theyspecifywhatisto

beaccompIishedwithoutdescribinghow.Thefirstone,FORTH,developed

in1970,isusedinscientificandindustrialcontrolapplications.Most

fourth-generationlanguagesarewrittenforspecificpurposes.

Fifth-generationlanguages,whicharestillininfancy,areanoutgrowth

ofartificialinte11igenceresearch.PROLOG(PROgrammingLogic)is

usefulforprogramminglogicalprocessesandmakingdeductions

automaticaIIy.ManyotherIanguageshavebeendesignedtomeet

speciaIizedneeds.GPSS(GeneralPurposeSystemSimulator)isusedfor

modelingphysicalandenvironmentaIevents,andSNOBOL(String-Oriented

SymbolicLanguage)andLISP(LIStProcessing)aredesignedforpattern

matchingandIistprocessing.LOGO,aversionofLISP,wasdevelopedin

the1960stohelpchiIdrenlearnaboutcomputers.PILOT(Programmed

InstructionLearning,OrTesting)isusedinwritinginstructional

software,andOccamisanonsequentiaIIanguagethatoptimizesthe

executionofaprogram,sinstructionsinparaIleiprocessingsystems.

The3rdgenerationofprogrammingIanguagesharesalIthefollowing

characteristicsEXCETP

A.itisu«;pdindesigningsnftwarp.

B.itishardware-independent.

C.isshouldbetranslatedintothecomputerlanguagebysoftware.

D.itisdesignedtosolvesomespecificproblem.

6.RobertCongeI,acommercialreal-estatedeveloperwhoIivesinupstate

NewYork,hasapIanto"changetheworId."ConvineedthatitwiII"produce

morebenefitforhumanitythananyonethingthatprivateenterprisehas

everdone,"heisraising$20biIIiontomakeithappen.That*s12times

theyearlybudgetoftheUnitedNationsandmorethan25timesCongeI,

sownnetworth.WhatCongeIhasinmindisanoutsizeandextremely

unusuaImega-ma11.DestinyII.S.A.,theretaiI-and-entertainmentcompIex

heisbuiIdinginupstateNewYork,aspirestobenotonIythebiggest

man-madestructureontheplanetbutalsothemostenvironmentaIly

friendly.EqualpartsDisneyWorId,LasVegas,BelILaboratoriesandMalI

ofAmerica-withasplashofWaIdenPond-the"retailcity"will

incIudetheusualshopsandrestaurantsaswe11asanextensiveresearch

faciIityfortestingadvancedtechnologiesanda200-acrerecreational

biospherecompIetewithspring-1iketemperaturesandanartificialriver

forkayaking.Afterafalsestartin2002,countlesschangesofplan

andastormofIocaIopposition,CongeIisfinallybreakinggroundagain,

withaprojectedcompletiondateof2009.Laterthismonth,bulIdozers

poweredbybiodieselarescheduledtobeginIeveIingthesite,a

rehabiIitatedbrownfieIdinSyracuse,CongeI'shometown.WhetherCongeT

sfirm,thePyramidCompanies,canmaintainthecashflowandpolitical

supportneededtocompIetetheprojectisasubjectofmuchlocaldebate.

AlsodisputedareCongeI*sgoaIsofcreating200,000jobsregionally

andmakingDestinynothinglessthanntheNo.1touristdestinationin

America."Moremind-bogglingthanthesheerscopeofDestinyisits

agenda.CongeIemphasizesthatrenewableenergyalonewiIIpowerthemall,

withits1,000shopsandrestaurants,80,000hotelrooms,40,000-seat

arenaandBroadway-styletheaters.AsaresuIt,CongeIsays,Destinywill

jump-startrenewabIe-energymarketsnationwidewithitsinvestmentsin

solar,wind,fuelcellsandotheraIternative-energysources.Butif

CongeIdoesmanagetoerecthisElDorado,wi11itreaIlyhelpcureour

country5saddictiontoscarceandhighlypollutingfossiIfueIOrwiII

itjustbeacleverlymarketedboondoggIethatmaycreatemore

environmentaIproblemsthanitsolvesAlIbyitself,thema11would

boostAmerica*ssolar-electricpowercapacitybynearly10percent."On

everylevel,thisprojectastounds,"SenatorHiIIaryClintonsaidin

ApriI,claimingthatthemalIcouldmaketheareaahubforclean

technologiesanddeIiverashotofadrenaIinetoupstateNewYork*saiIing

economy.TohelpfootthebiIIforCongeIfsproject,Clintonandother

politicianssuccessfullypersuadedCongresstoprovidefinancial

incentivesformega-scalegreendeveIopmentprojects.(Destiny,of

course,wiIIfacelittlecompetitiontoreapthosebenefits.)

ThemalIisastoundingbecause.

A.Itislarge.

B.Itisenvironmentallyfriendly.

C.TheincentiveCongresshasgiventoit.

D.BothAandB.

7.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendofthe

conversationyouwi11begive10secondstoanswereachofthefollowing

fivequestions.NowIistentotheinterview.

OldFreddoessomethingstupidbecause.

A.hehassomementalproblems

B.heistoooldtoknowwhatheisdoing

C.hawantstohavpagoodChristmas

D.hehasgotintothehabitofstealing

8.ThebiggestproblemfacingChileasitpromotesitselfasatourist

destinationtobereckonedwith,isthatitisattheendoftheearth.

Itistoofarsouthtobeaconvenientstoponthewaytoanywhereelse

andismuchfartherthanarelativelycheapholiday'sfIightawayform

thebigtouristmarkets,uniikeMexico,forexample.ChiIe,therefore,

ishavingtofighthardtoattracttourists,toconvineetravelersthat

itisworthcominghaIfwayroundtheworIdtovisit.Butitissucceeding;

notonlyinexistingmarketsIiketheUSAandWesternEuropebutin