2025年大学英语四级考试考前点题卷二

2025年大学英语四级考试考前点题卷二[问答题]1.TheImportanceofFrustrationEducationAmongCollegeStudents正确答案：详见解析参考（江南博哥）解析：高分范文TheImportanceofFrustrationEducationAmongCollegeStudentsEachyearthereareagrowingnumberofcollegestudentscommittingsuicidewhenconfrontedwithsetbacksandfrustration，whichsuggeststhatfrustrationeducationisextremelyimportantforcollegestudents.Firstofall，whatcannotbeignoredisthatmostcollegestudentswhoarefarawayfromtheirfamiliesneedtofacechallengesaloneandmayeasilygetconfusedandfrustrated.Thus，strengtheningfrustrationeducationcanhelpthembecomestrong-mindedandteachthemhowtodealwithsetbacks.Secondly，collegeguidanceonhowtocorrectlydealwithnegativeemotionsisbeneficialtostudents'mentalhealthandencouragesthemtotakeapositiveattitudetowardstheirschoollife.Moreover，frustrationisinevitableinourlives.Ifcollegestudentsdonotlearnhowtocopewithitwhentheyareyoung，theymayencountermoreproblemsintheirfuturecareers，suchaslackofconfidence，difficultiesingettingalongwellwithothersandunwillingnesstotrynewthings，whichcertainlywillbecomeobstaclestotheirsuccess.Inshort，frustrationeducationcanbringgreatbenefitstostudents，whichshouldnotbeneglectedatcollege.[问答题]2.昆曲(KunquOpera)是中国传统戏剧中最受推崇的形式之一，至今已有600多年的历史。几百年来，昆曲在上海及长江三角洲下游地区发展繁荣。从16世纪到18世纪，昆曲一直主宰着中国戏曲。此外，昆曲还影响了许多其他的中国戏曲形式。例如，在京剧里，我们可以看到昆曲的影子。2001年，联合国教科文组织宣布昆曲为“人类口述和非物质文化遗产代表作”。正确答案：详见解析参考解析：参考译文KunquOperaisoneofthemostveneratedformsoftraditionalChineseoperawithahistoryofmorethan600years.Forhundredsofyears，ithasprosperedinShanghaiandaroundthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverDelta.KunquOperadominatedChineseoperafromthe16thtothe18thcentury.Inaddition，KunquOperahasalsoexertedinfluenceonmanyotherformsofChineseopera.Forexample，KunquelementsarestilldiscernibleinPekingOpera.In2001，UNESCOdeclaredKunquOperaamasterpieceoftheoralandintangibleculturalheritageofhumanity.共享题干题Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffectiveascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT，BAisanoutside-in26_____inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27_____,"saysDavidRichards，ahealthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeter.Ifapatientvaluesnatureandfamily，forexample，atherapistmightencouragehimto28_____adailywalkintheparkwithhisgrandchildren，whichcouldcreatea(n)29_____tomorenegativepastimessuchasponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades，andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT，yetmore30_____scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-aloneapproach.Inarecentstudy，a31_____of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBThead-to-head.They32_____440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwoapproaches，thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6，12and18monthsaftertreatmentbegan.As33_____inapaperpublishedintheLancet，theteamfoundthetreatmentstobeequallyeffective.

Inaddition，Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34_____healthworkerscouldprovideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35_____cheapertoimplementthanCBT，whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboontodevelopingcountries，whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.[单选题]1.空白处26.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正确答案：O参考解析：空格前出现了不定冠词和形容词，故应填入名词。由上文可知，行为激活疗法是针对抑郁症的一种治疗方法，且第二段也出现了approach“方法”，故填入O)technique“方法，技巧”。[单选题]2..空白处27.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正确答案：G参考解析：空格位于系动词之后，从语法上来说填入名词、形容词和动词分词形式都说得通，但空格前出现了由and连接的平行结构，由此推测文章是在讲人的行为和感受之间的关系。由下文可知，治疗师可以利用患者重视的事物对其行为进行干预和修正，可知行为和感受之间是相互联系的，故填入G)linked。[单选题]3.空白处28.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正确答案：L参考解析：空格前出现了encourage和to，由此可知需要填入动词原形构成不定式，作宾语补足语。结合空格后的adailywalk“每天散步”可推测，这里应填入L）schedule“安排，计划”。H)range用作动词时，放在此处虽然也符合语法，但它指的是按照一定位置或顺序给某物进行位置上的排列或排序，放在这里不符合句意，故排除。[单选题]4.空白处29.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正确答案：B参考解析：空格位于不定冠词之后，应填入名词。空格后出现了negativepastimes“消极的消遣方式”，而空格所在从句中的引导词which代指的是前面主句的内容，即“治疗师可能鼓励病人安排每天都和孙儿一起去公园散散步”，这是一种积极的消遣方式，由此可知，前后是两种完全不同的选择，故填入B）alternative，它可以搭配介词to，表示“可供选择的事物”。A)access“进入权，使用权”虽然也能和介词to搭配使用，但放在这里意思就变成了“接触更消极的消遣方式”，不符合语境，故排除。[单选题]5.空白处30.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正确答案：K参考解析：空格位于more之后、名词短语scientificevidence之前，最有可能填入形容词。根据句意“虽然行为激活疗法已经存在了几十年……但我们需要更……的科学证据去评估其作为一种独立方法的相对优势。”修饰“科学证据”，填入K)rigorous“严谨的，严格的”最为合适，故为答案。[单选题]6.空白处31.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正确答案：D参考解析：空格位于冠词和介词之间，应填入名词。后面出现了18researchers，故推测填入D)collaboration“合作，协作”，表示这项研究是由18名研究人员共同完成的。arangeof表示“一系列的”，侧重强调范围广，种类多，不用来修饰人，故排除H)。[单选题]7.空白处32.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正确答案：C参考解析：空格位于代词they之后，且这句话缺少谓语，故应填入动词。因为研究已经完成了，故进一步明确应填入动词的过去式，且该动词可以和介词to搭配使用，符合这些要求的只有C）assigned，assignsb.tosth.表示“把某人分配到某个任务或岗位”，放在这里符合句意，意为“将440名抑郁症患者分配到为期16周的两种治疗方法中”。E）involved一般和介词in搭配使用，故排除。[单选题]8.空白处33.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正确答案：J参考解析：as当连词使用时可引导非限制性定语从句，代指前面或后面的一整句话，这种从句中通常会把it和系动词省略，而直接写成“as+过去分词”的形式。空格后面出现了团队的研究发现，由此可知这里的as代指的是他们发现的内容，故填入revealed，这句话的完整版本是“AsitwasrevealedinapaperpublishedintheLancet.…”，意为“正如发表在《柳叶刀》上的一篇论文显示的那样……”。[单选题]9.空白处34.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正确答案：F参考解析：空格位于名词短语healthworkers之前，应填入形容词。由本段破折号后的内容可知，行为激活疗法比认知行为疗法成本低得多，因为认知行为疗法需要高度专业的治疗师，由此推测行为激活疗法并不需要特别专业的人员。根据空格后面的内容可知，这些医疗工作者还需要接受短期的培训，由此可知他们是资历比较浅的或者没有什么经验的，符合此意思的只有F)junior，表示“（地位、职位、级别）较低的”。[单选题]10.空白处35.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正确答案：N参考解析：空格位于形容词比较级cheaper之前，应填入副词来修饰。根据句意可知，这里需要填入一个程度副词来修饰cheaper，表示“便宜得多”，故填入N）significantly“显著地，极大地”。全文并未提及行为激活疗法只在特定的时间或情况下成本低于认知行为疗法，故排除I）regularly“定期地，有规律地”。UniversalHealthCare，Worldwide，IsWithinReach

(A)Bymanymeasurestheworldhasneverbeeninbetterhealth.Since2000thenumberofchildrenwhodiebeforetheyarefivehasfallenbyalmosthalf，t05.6m.Lifeexpectancyhasreached71，againoffiveyears.Morechildrenthaneverarevaccinated.Malaria，TBandHIV/AIDSareinretreat.

(B)Yetthegapbetweenthisprogressandthestillgreaterpotentialthatmedicineoffershasperhapsneverbeenwider.AtleasthalftheworldiswithoutaccesstowhattheWorldHealthOrganizationdeemsessential,includingantenatal，(产前的)care，insecticide-treatedbednets，screeningforcervicalcancer(子宫颈癌)andvaccinationsagainstdiphtheria(白喉)，tetanus(破伤风)andwhoopingcough.Safe，basicsurgeryisoutofreachfor5bnpeople.

(C)Thosewhocangettoseeadoctoroftenpayacripplingprice.Morethan800mpeoplespendover10%oftheirannualhouseholdincomeonmedicalexpenses;nearly180mspendover25%.Thequalityofwhattheygetinreturnisoftenwoeful.InstudiesofconsultationsinruralIndianclinics，just12-26%ofpatientsreceivedacorrectdiagnosis.Thatisaterriblewaste.Asthisweek'sspecialreportshows，thegoalofuniversalbasichealthcareissensible，affordableandpractical，eveninpoorcountries.Withoutit，thepotentialofmodemmedicinewillbesquandered.(D)Universalbasichealthcareissensibleinthewaythat，say，universalbasiceducationissensible—becauseityieldsbenefitstosocietyaswellastoindividuals.Insomequarterstheveryidealeadstoadangerouselevationofthebloodpressure，becauseitsuggestspaternalism(家长式统治)，coercionorworse.Thereisnohidingthatpublichealthinsuranceschemesrequiretherichtosubsidisethepoor，theyoungtosubsidisetheoldandthehealthytounderwritethesick.Anduniversalschemesmusthaveawayofforcingpeopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[单选题]11.Itisextremelywastefulthatpeoplecouldn'tgetsatisfyingtreatmentafterspendingafortune.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）正确答案：C参考解析：由题干中的extremelywasteful和spendingafortune定位到原文C）段。C）段第一句提到，那些能够去看医生的人也经常要payacripplingprice，由第二句中的over10%oftheirannualhouseholdincome和over25%可知，payacripplingprice是指支付高昂的费用。第三句指出，whattheygetinreturn的水平却常常糟糕透顶，由下一句中的receivedacorrectdiagnosis可知，这些人所得到的是治疗。第四句提到这是一种可怕的浪费，that指代该段前四句话，即那些能够去看医生的人也经常要支付高昂的费用，但他们得到的治疗水平却常常糟糕透顶。题干中的extremelywasteful对应原文中的atemblewaste；peoplecouldn'tgetsatisfyingtreatment对应原文中的“Thequalityofwhattheygetinreturnisoftenwoeful.”；spendingafortune是对原文中payacripplingprice的同义转述，故C）为答案。peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[单选题]12.Apartfromthegovernment，privateinsurancecompaniesandproviderscanalsocomeintoplayinuniversalhealthcare.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）正确答案：H参考解析：由题干中的government、privateinsurancecompanies和providers定位到原文H)段第三、四句。定位句提到，它并不意味着由政府全包。私人保险公司和供应商也能发挥重要作用。由上文可知，定位句句首的it指代该段第一句中的universalhealthcare。而定位句中的biggovernment是指“大政府”，即样样都管的政府。由此推知，除了政府，私人保险公司和供应商也能在全民医疗中发挥作用。题干中的insurancecompanies和comeintoplay分别对应原文中的insurers和playanimportantrole，故H)为答案。peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[单选题]13.MostofIndianandNigerianhealthexpenditureispaidbypatients.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）正确答案：F参考解析：由题干中的IndianandNigerian和healthexpenditure定位到原文F)段第五句。定位句提到，在印度和尼日利亚，60%以上的医疗支出是由患者自付。由此推知，印度和尼日利亚的大部分医疗费用由患者支付。定位句中的短语out-of-pocketpayments是指“自付额”，即患者自掏腰包支付医疗费用。题于中的mostof和healthexpenditure分别对应原文中的morethan60%of和healthspending，故F)为答案。peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhea