2024-2025学年中考英语重难点题型讲解训练专题11阅读理解之长难句含解析

PAGEPAGE1专题11阅读理解之长难句长难句是初中生阅读理解的难点之一，由于句子过长，成分困难，从而阻碍了学生的正常理解，也给通篇文章增加了难度。对句子的理解一般包含两个层次，第一个层次是对句子本身含义的理解，这须要学生对句子的结构以及命题人组织长难句的方法有基本的把握和正确的相识；其次个层次是对句子言外之意的感悟，理解句子对下文内容和文章结构的指示作用。这两个层次可以通过语法分析和语义提取得以实现。Part1英语汉语的不同英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较困难的概念，而汉语则不同，经常运用若干短句，作层次分明的叙述。Althoughthesestoresaren’tveryattractive,andtheyusuallydonothaveindividualdressingrooms,youcanoftenfindthesamefamousbrandsthatyoufindinhigh-priceddepartmentstores.天目山林深人少，古树掩映，清泉石上流，雾生半山腰，如仙境一般。英语句子的结构:“葡萄藤型”结构（grapevinestructure），意为在短短的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋，节外生枝，而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延长，因此被称为“竹竿型”结构（bamboostructure）。因此，在进行英译汉时，要特殊留意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解，翻译成汉语的短句。Part2翻译词序的调整英译汉的翻译方法和技巧是建立在英汉两种语言的对比之上的。这两种语言在词汇和句法方面的一些表达手段上各有其特点。语序调整主要指词序、句序两方面的调整。首先我们谈谈词序的调整：英汉语句中的主要成分主语、谓语、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一样的，但各种定语的位置和各种状语的次序在英、汉语言中则有同有异。汉语说“他正在卧房里睡觉”，而在英语中却说Heissleepinginthebedroom.（他睡觉在卧房。）；英语汉语都说“他诞生于北京”，"HewasborninBeijing"。一）定语位置的调整1.单词作定语英语中，单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前，汉语中也大体如此。有时英语中有后置的，译成汉语时一般都前置。somethingimportant（后置）重要的事情（前置）假如英语中名词前的定语过多，译文中则不宜完全前置，因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语。alittle,yellow,raggedbeggar（前置）一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛。（后置）2.短语作定语英语中，修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，而汉语则反之，但间或也有放在后面的，视汉语习惯而定。theirplantocrosstheriver（后置）他们渡江的企图（前置）二）状语位置的调整1.单词作状语英语中单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，通常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面，这一点与汉语相同。Hewasveryactiveinclass.（前置）他在班上很活跃。（前置）英语中单词作状语修饰动词时，一般放在动词之后，而在汉语里则放在动词之前。Modernscienceandtechnologyaredevelopingrapidly．（后置）现代科学技术正在快速发展。（前置）英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般都前置。Heisrunningfastenough.（后置）他跑得够快的了。（前置）2．短语作状语英语中地点状语一般在时间状语之前，而汉语中时间状语则往往放在地点状语之前。HewasborninBeijingonMay20,1970．（地点在前）他是1970年5月20日在北京诞生的。（时间在前）英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大，而汉语中则是从大到小。Part3句序的调整这里，句序是指复合句中主句和从句的时间和逻辑关系叙述的依次。（1）时间依次的调整1．英语复合句中，表示时间的从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，汉语中则通常先叙述先发生的事，后叙述后发生的事。IwentoutforawalkafterIhadmydinner．（从句在主句之后）我吃了晚饭后出去漫步。（从句在主句之前）2.英语复合句中有时包含两个以上的时间从句，各个时间从句的次序比较敏捷，汉语则一般按事情发生的先后支配其位置。HehadflownyesterdayfromBeijingwherehespenthisvocationafterfinishingthemeetinghehadtakenpartinTianjin．他原来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就去北京度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。（2）英汉语复合句中的逻辑依次的调整1.表示因果关系的英语复合句中，因果依次敏捷，在汉语中多数状况是缘由在前，结果在后。Hehadtostayinbedbecausehewasill．（后置）因为他病了，他只好呆在床上。（前置）2.表示条件（假设）与结果关系的英语复合句中，条件（假设）与结果的依次也不固定，在汉语中则是条件在前，结果在后。Istillhopeyouwillcomebackifarrangementscouldbemade．（后置）假如支配得好，我还是希望你来。（前置）3.表示目的与行动关系的英语复合句中，目的与行动的依次比较固定，多数是行动在前，目的在后，汉语也如此，但有时为了强调，也可把目的放在行动之前。Bettertakeyourumbrellaincaseitrains．（后置）最好带上伞以防下雨。（前置）Part4如何处理长难句？英文长句皆由充当定语、状语、介词(短语)、不定式、分词短语或由关系代词、关系副词引导的各种从句所形成。这些成分所处的位置通常就是应当作拆分处理的位置。可以拆分的句子通常带有从句、较多短语或较多并列成分。有时，意义比较困难的形容词或副词也可能被译为短句，甚至于分拆成独立的句子。这些从句、短语或并列结构等成分分拆出来后，单独译成句子，对句子主干部分进行补充说明。有些句子仅仅剥离其修饰成分还不够，还须要将句子结构打乱，重新组合。有时须要在译文句子当中添加表示逻辑关系的词。1.长难句拆分原则：把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。2.5个拆分信号：①标点符号：或显或隐隔离主干—两个逗号形成插入语、破折号说明说明、分号两句并列。②连词：并列句的并列连词and，or，but，yet，for；从句的从属连词which，that，when，if等。③介词：引导介词短语，充当修饰语。④不定式符号to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语。⑤分词：过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语。3.五步拆分步骤：①隔离插入成分，找寻特殊标点②找寻连词，确定句子种类——并列句，主从句；③找寻句中的动词或动词结构④确定整句框架——标出主句主干部分及从属连词；⑤确定从句框架——标出从句主谓部分；**⑥分別翻译——主从句分别进行翻译；**⑦词句推敲——中文语言进行表述。注：**部分为翻译要求步骤。Part5翻译方法(1)顺译法。即顺着英文原有的依次翻译，条件是英语句子的内容与叙述方式同汉语习惯基本一样。如：Althoughthiskindoflonelinesscancausephysicalproblems,suchasheadachesandsleeplessness,itusuallydoesnotlastformorethanayear.(2)逆译法。即不再遵照英文原有的依次，甚至完全逆着原有依次翻译，假如英文的表达次序和汉语的表达习惯不同甚至相反的话。Theworlditselfisbecomingmuchsmallerbyusingmoderntrafficandmoderncommunicationmeans(通讯设备).“Atpresenttheylargelyremainintheperiodofresearchstudies,”notesDrGregFeero,specialadvisortothedirectorofgenomicmedicineattheUSNationalHumanGenomeResearchInstitute.(3)分译法。假如句子中的从句(或修饰语)与主句的关系不是很亲密，可以将它们与主句分割开来，使译文变成好几个短句。这与英汉两种语言表达较困难的意思的习惯是一样的：前者偏向于运用含有很多重层次的主从复合句或并列复合句，而后者往往崇尚“言简意赅”。如：Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.(4)综合法。上面讲解并描述了英语长句的顺译法、逆译法和分译法，事实上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地运用一种翻译方法，而是要求我们把各种方法综合运用，这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些状况下，英语长句假如单纯采纳上述任何一种方法都不便利，这就须要我们细致分析，或依据时间的先后，或依据逻辑依次，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。如：Teachingthemsmallactsofkindness,suchaslettingsomeoneelsegothroughadoorfirstastheyholditopen,mayseemunimportant,butitcangoalongwaytowardhelpingstudentsrealizehowtobepoliteandthankothers.精讲精练【例题1】Havingchosenfamilytelevisionprogramsandwomen’smagazines，thetoothpastemarketer，forinstance，mustselecttheexacttelevisionprogramsandstationsaswellasthespecificwomen’smagazinestobeused.【答案】确定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏经销商还必需选择出要用的准确的电视节目和电视台，以及那些详细的妇女杂志。【解析】在这个有30多个词的简洁句中，动词-ing形式短语用作时间状语，不定式tobeused修饰的不仅是women’smagazine，而且还修饰televisionprogramsandstations。exacttelevision同时修饰programs和stations两个词，这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语forinstance把主语和谓语分隔开了。【练习1】I'velovedmymother'sdesksinceIwasjusttallenoughtoseeabovethetopofitasmothersatwritingletters.Standingbyherchair,lookingattheinkbottle,pens,andwhitepaper,Idecidedthattheactofwritingmustbethemostwonderfulthingintheworld.Yearslater,duringherfinalillness,Motherkeptdifferentthingsformysisterandbrother."Butthedesk",shesaid,"isforElizabeth".Ineversawherangry,neversawhercry.Iknewshelovedme;sheshoweditinaction.Butasayounggirl,Iwantedheart﹣to﹣hearttalksbetweenmotheranddaughter.Theyneverhappened.Andagulfopenedbetweenus.Iwas"tooemotional（易动情感的）".Butshelived"onthesurface".Asyearspassed,Ihadmyownfamily.Ilovedmymotherandthankedherforourhappyfamily.Iwrotetoherincarefulwordsandaskedhertoletmeknowinanywayshechosethatshedidforgive（宽恕）me.Ipostedtheletterandwaitedforheranswer.Nonecame.Myhopeturnedtodisappointment,thenlittleinterestandfinally,peace--itseemedthatnothinghappened.Icouldn'tbesurethattheletterhadevengottoMother.IonlyknewthatIhadwrittenit,andIcouldstoptryingtomakeherintosomeoneshewasnot.Nowthepresentofherdesktoldme,asshe'dneverbeenableto,thatshewaspleasedthatwritingwasmychosenwork,Icleanedthedeskcarefullyandfoundsomepapersinside,aphotoofmyfatherandaone﹣pageletter,folded（折叠）andrefoldedmanytimes.Givemeananswer,myletterasks,inanywayyouchoose.Mother,youalwayschosetheactthatspeakslouderthanwords.1.

Elizabeth

began

to

love

her

mother's

desk________.A.

after

she

had

her

own

familyB.

when

she

was

a

childC.

after

her

mother

diedD.

when

her

mother

was

badly

ill2.

The

underlined

word"gulf"in

the

fourth

paragraph

meansA.

deep

understanding

between

the

mother

and

the

daughterB.

different

ideas

between

the

mother

and

the

daughterC.

free

talks

between

the

mother

and

the

daughterD.

part

of

the

sea

going

far

in

land3.

Elizabeth

wrote

to

her

mother

toA.

apologize

to

herB.

express

thanks

to

herC.

have

heart-to-heart

talksD.

make

her

cry4.

Elizabeth

was

probablyA.

a

teacher

B.

a

doctorC.

a

novelistD.

an

actress5.

Which

of

the

following

statements

is

true

according

to

the

writer？A.

The

letter

had

never

got

to

Elizabeth's

mother.B.

Elizabeth

and

her

mother

often

argued

with

each

other.C.

Elizabeth

realized

her

mother

forgave

her

at

last.D.

Elizabeth's

mother

was

too

emotional.6.

What's

the

best

title

of

the

passage？A.

My

mother's

deskB.

A

letter

to

my

motherC.

Talks

between

Mother

and

MeD.

My

happy

family【答案】BBACBA【解析】本文主要讲解并描述的是有关于作者和母亲之间的事情．作者和母亲之间有代沟，也在尝试和母亲沟通．而母亲则是依据自己的方式，把爱传递给自己的子女．1．B，细微环节理解题，I'velovedmymother'sdesksinceIwasjusttallenoughtoseeabovethetopofitasmothersatwritingletters．自从我能够够到桌子时起先，我就喜爱上妈妈的桌子，此时还是个孩子，选择B．2．B，细微环节理解题，Iwas"tooemotional"．Butshelived"onthesurface"我易感情化，而母亲是却不是这样，由此可知我和母亲的处事方式完全不同，也就是说对同一个事物，两个人具有不同的看法，选择B．3．A，细微环节理解题，Iwrotetoherincarefulwordsandaskedhertoletmeknowinanywayshechosethatshedidforgive（宽恕）me．给母亲写信只是为了看一下母亲是否宽恕了自己，选择A．4．C，细微环节理解题，shewaspleasedthatwritingwasmychosenwork母亲很兴奋我选择了写作，由此可知作者是一个作家，选择C．5．B，细微环节理解题，Andagulfopenedbetweenus．作者和母亲之间有代沟，Iwrotetoherincarefulwordsandaskedhertoletmeknowinanywayshechosethatshedidforgive（宽恕）me．连我想确认母亲是否宽恕了我都要写信，由此可知我和目前的关系并不好，选择B．6．A，主旨归纳题，本文主要讲解并描述的是我和母亲之间的事情，事情从母亲的书桌起先，又在母亲的书桌结束，由此可知选择A．【例题2】Inthe1970shewasasurgeon(外科医生)atYale,hadawonderfulwifeandfivebeautifulchildren,buthewasterriblyunhappy.【答案】在20世纪70年头,他在耶鲁当一名外科医生,有一个精彩的妻子和五个可爱的孩子,但他过得并不快乐。【解析】这是一道典型的“含有多个简洁句的并列句”,在其次个并列句中,即在had前面省略了“andhe”。【练习2】Innature,youmayseemanyinsectsandanimalsofdifferentcolors.HaveyoueverwonderedwhyLocustsaresuperdeliciousfoodforbirds,butitisnotalwaysaneasyjobforbirdstocatchthem.Itisneitherbecauselocustsaregoodjumpersorrunnersnorbecausetheyaresmarterthantheirenemies.Thereasonisthatthecolorsoflocustschangewiththecolorsofcrops（庄稼）.Whencropsareyoung,locustslookgreen.Butwhenautumncomes,locustschangetotheyellowandbrowncolorascropsdo.Brownbears,tigersandotheranimalsmovequietlythroughforests.Theycan'tbeseeneasilybytheirenemies.Thisisbecausetheyhavecolorssimilar（类似的）tothetrees.Forthesamereason,polarbearsthatliveonalandofsnowandicearewhite.Butterfliesandbeeslivingamongtheflowersarecolorfullikeflowers.Soil（土壤）insectsaremostlydark﹣coloredandtheyliveunderthesoilinadarkandwetenvironment.However,insectswithcolorsdifferentfromplantscaneasilybefoundandeatenbyothers.Soinordertosurvive,theyhavetohidethemselvesinthedaytimeandappearonlyatnight.Haveyouevernoticedsomeevenstrangeracts？Theinkfish（墨鱼）intheseacansendoutsomeveryblackinkwhenitfacesdanger.Astheinkspreadsover（散开）,itsenemies（敌人）willfindthemselvessuddenlyinadarkworld.Atthesametimetheinkfishimmediatelyswimsaway.Thatishowitkeepsitselfsafethoughitisnotstrongatall.1.

It

is

not

easy

for

birds

to

catch

locusts

because_____A.

locusts

are

good

runnersB.

locusts

can

jump

very

highC.

locusts

are

smarter

than

birdsD.

locusts

can

change

their

color2.

According

to

the

passage,most

soil

insects______A.

do

not

have

bright

colorsB.

change

their

colors

with

the

soilC.

do

not

live

in

a

dark

and

wet

environmentD.

eat

colorful

insects

like

butterflies

and

bees3.

What's

the

meaning

of

the

underlined

word

"survive"

in

the

passage.A.

繁殖B.

产卵C.

觅食D.

生存4.

The

ink

fish_______so

that

its

enemies

will

not

see

it.A.

changes

its

colorB.

makes

the

water

around

it

blackC.

appears

only

at

nightD.

hides

itself

in

the

sea

rocks5.

What

is

the

main

idea

of

this

passage？A.

Some

insects

and

animals

have

different

skills.B.

Some

insects

and

animals

are

clever

than

we

think.C.

Some

insects

and

animals

use

colors

to

protect

themselves.D.

Some

insects

and

animals

can

get

used

to

（习惯）theenvironmenteasily.【答案】DADBC【解析】短文大意：自然界有很多昆虫和动物都有不同的颜色．本文以蝗虫、棕熊、老虎、北极熊、蝴蝶和土壤昆虫为例叙述了动物的爱护色，并且介绍了墨鱼爱护自己的方式。小题1：D细微环节题.依据其次段Locustsaresuperdeliciousfoodforbirds，butitisnotalwaysaneasyjobforbirdstocatchthem……ereasonisthatthecolorsoflocustschangewiththecolorsofcrops（庄稼）。及下文描述，可知鸟类不易捉住昆虫是因为他们能够随着庄稼而变更他们自身的颜色.故选D。小题2：A细微环节题.依据第三段Soilinsectsaremostlydark﹣coloredandtheyliveunderthesoil（土壤）inadarkandwetenvironment.描述，可知生活在土壤里面的昆虫没有光明的颜色。故选A。小题3：D词汇题.联系下文theyhavetohidethemselvesinthedaytimeandappearonlyatnight.他们不得不白天躲起来，晚上才出现.描述，可知此处指的是为了生存。故选D。小题4：B细微环节题.依据短文最终一段Haveyouevernoticedsomeevenstrangeracts？Theinkfish（墨鱼）intheseacansendoutsomeveryblackinkwhenitfacesdanger.Astheinkspreadsover（散开），itsenemies（敌人）willfindthemselvessuddenlyinadarkworld.Atthesametimetheinkfishimmediatelyswimsaway.Thatishowitkeepsitselfsafethoughitisnotstrongatall.海洋中的墨鱼在面临危急时会发出一些很黑的墨水.当墨水扩散的时候，它的敌人会突然发觉自己处于一个黑暗的世界里.同时，墨鱼也会立即离开.这就是它如何保持自身平安的缘由，尽管它一点也不坚固.描述，可知墨鱼能够能够喷出一种墨水，让它四周水的颜色变黑来爱护自己。故选B。小题5：C主旨题.依据第一段Innature，youmayseemanyinsectsandanimalsofdifferentcolors.在自然界中，你可以看到很多不同颜色的昆虫和动物，及下文的煌虫随季节变更而变更和最终的墨鱼等.这篇主要介绍了一些动物依靠自身颜色来爱护自己的生存方式。故选C。【例题3】Hisjourneytothee-mailhellbeganinnocently（无知地）enoughwhen,aschairmanofComputerAssociatesInternational,asoftwarecompany,hefirstheardhowquicklyhisemployeeshadacceptedtheirnewelectronic-mailsystem.【答案】他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂起先的。作为国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长,他当时还是第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司的新的电子邮件系统。【解析】这是一句含有多个插入成分的句子。aschairmanofComputerAssociatesInternational是he的同位语,asoftwarecompany是ComputerAssociatesInternational的同位语,他们将从属连词when引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔开了。【练习3】ThelargestdryareainAntarcticaiscalledtheDryValleys.WhentheBritishtravelerRobertfirstcameacrossthevalleysmorethan100yearsago,hethoughttheyarelifeless："Itiscertainlyavalleyofthedead."ScientistshavefoundthatScottwaswrong.TheDryValleysareoneofthedriestdesertsintheworld--itrainslittleayear.Buttheyarenotlifeless.Inthatdrysandandrocks,therearedifferentkindsoforganismsthatcometolifewhenitrain.Forafewweekseachsummer,snowturnsintowater.Colorfulorganismsgrowwhenthevalleyiswet.Theorganismsthatliveinthedryvalleycanstandcoldanddryweather.Mostaremicroscopic,butwecanseeafewwithoureyes.ThelargestorganismsintheDryValleysarespringtails.Butwhataboutpenguins？Likeseabirdsandseals,penguinscan'treallyliveonland.Theycanonlyspendsometimeontheiceandland.Scientistssaythatspringtails（跳虫）arethe"elephants"ofAntarctica.Scientistsstudytheorganismsthatliveinthevalley,othersstudygeology.Theywanttofindouttherelationshipbetweentheorganismsandthevalleytheylivein.1.In

the

Dry

Valley,

some

kinds

of

organisms

grow

when__________.A.It

is

cold

B.

it

rains

C.

it

snows

D.

it

is

fine2.The

underlined

word

"microscopic"

means______in

Chinese.A.强大的

B.

虚弱的

C.

巨大的

D.

微小的3.Scientists

agree

that

springtails

are_______living

things

in

the

valley.A.little

B.

long

C.

big

D.

small4.According

to

the

last

paragraph,

scientists

don't

know

clearly_________.A.the

relationship

between

the

organisms

and

the

valleyB.if

there

are

some

kinds

of

living

things

in

the

Dry

ValleyC.when

the

living

things

come

to

life

in

the

Dry

ValleyD.what

the

living

things

in

the

Dry

Valley

look

like【答案】BDCA【解析】南极洲最大的干旱地区被称为干旱河谷．当英国旅行者罗伯特在100多年前第一次来到山谷时，他认为这些山谷没有生命．科学家们发觉斯科特是错的．每年夏天的几个星期，雪变成水．当山谷潮湿时，五彩缤纷的生物生长．生活在干燥山谷中的生物能够忍受寒冷和干燥的天气．大多数是微小的，但我们可以用眼睛看到一些．1．B．