大湾区普2024届通高中毕业年级联合模拟考试(二)英语

大湾区普2024届通高中毕业年级联合模拟考试(二)英语姓名：__________班级：__________考号：__________题号一二三四五六总分评分一、第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。Inthisissue,weofferupasmalltasteofavastandattractiveculinary(烹饪的)region—fromclassicdishesandtreasuredinstitutionstopioneeringchefsandnewdirections.Hereiswhatsomeofthecontributorswanttosaytoyou.PatrickHanlonAlthoughthereisalotofseaweedaroundIreland'scoast,itwasn'talwaysliked.However,it'snowbecomingincreasinglypopularasakeypartintraditionalIrishfood.ThedishIenjoyedwhilelookingoutovertheAtlanticinConnemaraperfectlyshowedhowpopularseaweedhasbecomelately.CONNEMARA,P8MikeJordanI'matrueSoutherner:borninNashville,raisedinHuntsville,Alabama,andnowbasedinAtlanta.IlovedtalkingtobrilliantSouthernchefslikeMashamaBaileyandRodneyScott,whorepresenttheregion'sincrediblediversityanduniqueculture,andtellnewstoriesthroughtheircuisine.SOUTHERNSTATES,P48SianMeadesWilliamsWhenIvisitedSantorinitofindoutmoreaboutvinsanto,thelocaldessertwine,itwasthepowerfulwomenwinemakersthatreallyimpressedme.They'reworkinghardtomakerealchangeintheindustry,andtheirlovefortheisland,itsproduceandtheircommunityrunsthrougheverythingtheydo.SANTORINI,P66CeciliaHae-JinLeeTheculinaryhistoryofanycountryisfullofdepthandsurprises.SharingthestoryofbibimbaprevealsonlyasmallpartofthebeautifulandtroubledhistoryofmyhomecountryofKorea,withitsrollingcountryside,dramaticmountainsandweather-beatenfishingboats.BIBIMBAP,P761．WhowritesaboutthecuisineoftheSouthernstates?A．PatrickHanlon. B．MikeJordan.C．SianMeadesWilliams. D．CeciliaHae-JinLee.2．WhatimpressedSianMeadesWilliamsduringhervisittoSantorini?A．Thediversityofcultures. B．Thelocaldessertwine.C．Thepopularityofseaweed. D．Thefemalewinemakers.3．OnwhichpagecanwereadaboutKorea'sculinaryhistory?A．P8. B．P48. C．P66. D．P76.阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。Americanshaveadopteddogsinrecordnumbersinthepandemic(流行病),andwereallydon'tlikeleavingournewfamilymembershomeontheirown.Weworrythatthey'llbelonely,orworse,chewthefurniture.Soweask:Whatwouldwewanttodoifwewereathomewithnothingtodo?WatchTV,ofcourse.DogTV,achannelfordogs,hasbeenavailableintheUnitedStatessince2012.LastmonthitexpandedtoreachdogsinEngland,AustraliaandNewZealandandisnowavailablein14countries.Unsurprisingly,morethan80percentofthechannel'ssubscribersareAmericans,whomakeupthelargestpetmarketintheworld.AccordingtoRonLevi,thefounderofDogTV,thereisasignificantamountofseparationanxietyamongpetowners.DogTVwascreatedtoprovidesensoryandvisualstimulationthatcanhelpreducethisanxiety.Levicameupwiththeideaforthechannelin2006whenherealizedthatdogsarehighlysocialanimalsandoftenstrugglewhenleftaloneathome.Thus,hedecidedtofocusontheirneeds.WhilesomeanimalbehavioristsadvocatefortheuseoftoysandpuzzlesinsteadofTV,othersbelievethatcertaintypesofprogrammingcanbebeneficialwhenthereisnothingelsegoingon.ForpetownerslikeSageRandall,whogotanewdognamedCarrotCakein2020tokeephercompanywhileworkingathome,theguiltofleavingapetalonecanbegreat.ShelaughedwhenafriendadvisedhertogetDogTVandthoughtitwascrazytoevenimagineadogactuallysittingstilltowatchtelevision.However,shetrieditandwasshockedthatCarrotCakeenjoyedwatchingthedifferentlandscapesandseeingotherdogsplaying.AlthoughDogTVmaynotbeaperfectsolutionforeverypetowner,itprovidesaninterestinglookathowtechnologyisbeingusedtoaddresstheneedsofdogs.Asforwhetherdogsactuallyenjoytelevisionorifwearesimplyfindingcomfortinprovidingthemwiththisveryhumanformofentertainment,thatremainsanopenquestion.4．Whoismostlikelytobetheauthorofthisarticle?A．Adogowner. B．Amobilesubscriber.C．Ananimalbehaviorist. D．AnAmericanmarketer.5．Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?A．Americanslikedogsbest.B．Thepetmarketisgrowing.C．Dogscosttheirownersalot.D．DogTVisgainingpopularity.6．Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A．Howdogs'needsaremet. B．WhyDogTVwascreated.C．Whatworriespetowners. D．Whofoundedthechannel.7．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinmentioningSageRandall?A．Tocomparedifferentwaysoftreatingdogs.B．Toexplaindogs'fondnessforwatchingTV.C．Toillustratetheattitudeofsomepetowners.D．Toshowtheeffectoftechnologyonanimals.阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。Yes,havingabignameinsciencewillhelpgetyourpaperpublished,anewstudyconfirms.Involvinghundredsofresearchersreviewinganeconomicspaper,thestudyfoundthatreviewersweremorelikelytorecommendacceptancewhenthepaperwasassociatedwithafamousauthorcomparedtoalesser-knownone.TheMattheweffect,atermcoinedin1968todescribethisprejudice,hasbeenatopicofconcernamongscientistsforyears.However,previouseffortstodocumentthisprejudicehadlimitationssuchassmallsamplesizesorlackofrandomization.Toaddresstheseissues,ateamfromtheUniversityofInnsbruckconductedanextensivestudy.Theteamsentemailstoabout3,300researchers,invitingthemtoreviewaneconomicspaperforarealjournal.Thepaperhadtwoauthors:VernonSmith,aNobelPrizewinner,andSabiouInoua,oneofSmith'sformerPh.D.students.Thepotentialreviewersreceivedoneofthreedescriptionsofthepaper:onementioningonlySmith,anothermentioningonlyInoua,andathirdwithnoauthormentioned.Oftheresearcherswhoagreedtoreviewthepaper,Smith'sfameinfluencedtheirresponses.WhengivenonlySmith'sname,38.5%acceptedtheinvitationtoreview,whilethefigureswere30.7%forthosegivennonameand28.5%forthosegivenonlyInoua'sname.Tofurtheravoidprejudice,theteamrandomlyassignedthe313reviewerswhoinitiallyreceivednoauthor'snametoreviewoneofthreepapers:onecreditedtoSmithalone,anothertoInouaalone,andathirdwithnoauthorslisted.ReviewersratedthepapercreditedtoSmiththehighest,praisingitsinclusionofnewinformationanddata-supportedconclusions.Theversionwithnoauthorsreceivedrecommendationsforacceptancefrom24%ofreviewers,morethandoublethepercentagefortheversioncreditedonlytoInoua.Theteamwarnedagainstevaluatingidenticalworkdifferentlybasedontheauthor'sidentityandsuggestedthatdouble-blindreviewsmayreducetheprejudice.However,thisapproachmaynotbeeffectiveasreviewerscanoftenidentifyauthorsthroughpreprintsorconferencepresentations.8．Whatdoestheterm"theMattheweffect"refertoaccordingtothispassage?A．Atopicofpublicconcern.B．Apreferenceinpublication.C．Adocumentdescribingcoins.D．Awaytogetpapersaccepted.9．WhydidtheteamfromtheUniversityofInnsbruckcarryouttheextensivestudy?A．Toreviewaneconomicspaper.B．Tofindfaultwithpriorstudies.C．Tofurtherinvestigateaneffect.D．Tostudyhowtoreleasepapers.10．Whatarepresentedinparagraphs3and4?A．Datareceptionandrelease.B．Paperdescriptionandscores.C．Researchmethodsandfindings.D．Authors'identitiesandresponses.11．Whatdoestheteamsuggesttoreducetheprejudice?A．Revisingthereviewmethod. B．Readingtheonlinepreprint.C．Assessingdifferentworks. D．Addingnewinformation.阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。Cities,oftenseenasecologicalwastelands,actuallyhavethepotentialtoproduceexceptionalbiologists.Whiletraditionalbiologiststypicallycomefromruralbackgrounds,urbanresidentspossessdiverseskillsetsthatmakethembetterones.Takemyselfasanexample.GrowingupinPhiladelphiaprovidedmewithauniqueangletolookaturbanecology.Thecity'sdistinctseasons,plentifulsquirrels,rowhomes,andfestivalsservedasmyfirstecologicalclassroom.ItwastherethatIwitnessedwildcatseatingbirdsandrats,peopledrivingbatsfromtheirhomes,andsnakesbeingkilledbylawnmowers(割草机).Thiswasecologyinaction,asrealasanyobservationinfieldsandforests.Theuniqueenvironmentofurbanareasencourageswildlifetheretodevelopdistinctfeaturesandbehaviorsthatsetthemapartfromtheirruralcounterparts:theymaybelargerinsize,beactiveatdifferenttimesoftheday,movedifferently,andevendisplaydifferentpersonalities.Somebiologistsarguetheyareeven"smarter"becausetheybalancemorerisks,suchasexposuretoroads,poisonouschemicalsanddiseasesfromdomesticanimals—withrewards,ofcourse,likeinhabitableparksandhuman-providedfood.Ashumanresidentsofcities,wetooadapttotherisksandchallengesofurbanliving.Thisadaptationsharpensourintuition(直觉)—welearnwhichstreetstoavoidandlockourdoorsforsafety.Ourabilitytoassessthreatsandourawarenessregardingsafetyinfluenceourbehaviorsandchoices,muchastheydoforurbanwildlife.Sharedexperiencessuchastheseenableustobetterunderstandandappreciateurbanwildlife.Mostoftheworld'spopulationnowaccessesgreenandbluespaces,aswellaswildlife,withinurbanneighborhoods.Natureisnolongeronlyuntouchedwilderness;itincludessoundsofhumanlaughter,trashtrucksandfirealarms.Weurbanresidentsareresourcefulandimaginative.Weneedmorecapacity,moreparticipation,moreenergyandmoreinnovationinsciencetocreatesolutionstofightenvironmentaldegradationandreducebiodiversityloss.Identifyingthistalentacrosscitiespresentsapracticalapproach.12．WhatdidgrowingupinPhiladelphiateachtheauthor?A．Philadelphiaisuniquelyrichinwildlife.B．Studyingbiologyatschoolhelpsgreatly.C．Urbanwildcreaturesneedprotectiontoo.D．Citiesarefarfromecologicalwastelands.13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"counterparts"inparagraph3mostlikelymean?A．Similarspecies. B．Potentialenemies.C．Naturalresources. D．Qualifiedbiologists.14．Whatexperienceshelpurbanresidentsunderstandwildlifebetter?A．Eco-friendlyhabits. B．Risk-awarebehaviors.C．Ill-informedchoices. D．Fast-pacedurbanlife.15．Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A．CitiesBuildBetterBiologistsB．WhatMakesSmarterResidents?C．UrbanAreasEncourageWildlifeD．WhoSavesEcologicalWastelands?二、第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Springmarathonsareapproaching,andwe'reheretohelpyouprepareforthestartingline.16．.●WhattrainingplanshouldIuse?17．.Somepeoplerespondwelltologginghighmileagesixdaysaweek,whileotherspreferlower-intensityplansthatallowformorecross-trainingandfewerrunningdays.Thebestmarathontrainingplanistheonethatsuitsyourneedsandpreferences.●18．?Thedurationofyourmarathontrainingplandependsonyourexperiencelevel,currentfitness,andtheexpertorauthorityyou'refollowing.Typically,marathontraininglasts12to20weeks,withmostplansfallingwithinthe16-to20-weekrange.●WhatifImisstrainingtime?It'simportanttosticktoyourtrainingplaninordertorunyourbestrace.However,noone'strainingisperfect.Don'tworryifyoumisssomerunsduetolifeeventsorunexpectedcircumstances.19．.●Whatifmytrainingfeelstoodifficult?Marathontrainingisnoeasytask.Attimes,thiscanfeeloverbearinganddifficult.Youshouldbeuncomfortabletosomedegree,whichisnormalwhengrowinginanything.20．.Ifitdoes,consideradjustingyourplanorseekingadvicefromexperiencedrunnersorcoaches.Finally,don'tforgetaboutfuelingduringtrainingandracing,aswellaswhattowearonraceday.Withtherighttrainingplan,preparation,andattentiontothesedetails,you'llbewell-equippedtorunyourbestraceyet—whetherit'syourfirstor50th!A.TrainingplansvaryforeachrunnerB.HowlongshouldItrainforamarathonC.HowdoIdeterminemymarathongoalsD.Butyourtrainingshouldn'tfeelimpossibleE.It'sbettertoskipafewdaystoallowyourbodytorestF.TakeadeepbreathandgetbackontrackassoonaspossibleG.Thisguideaddressescommonquestionsaboutmarathontraining三、第三部分语言运用(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。It'sbeenoverayearsinceIstartedmyvolunteerworkasacaregiveratawell-knownlocationhereinOklahoma.Duringarecentvisit,Ihada(n)21．withanursethere.WediscussedhowIranintosomeissueswithmyrightlegafteraterriblefall.Iwassharinghowmynew22．ledmetohavetomakesomepersonalchangesandsoI23．someat-homeprojects,suchasavegetablegarden,achickenpen,andmypetbirds,whenJudithwheeledoverandpolitelyintroducedherself.She24．offeredmealike-newbirdcagetoreplacemy25．one,andIgratefullyacceptedher26．.WhenIwenttoJudith'shouseto27．thebirdcage,sheaskedifIcould28．herforanupcomingsurgerysinceshehadnooneelsetorelyon.Ifelt29．tobechosentotakecareofherafterthe30．.Judith,whoisalsoa31．andhasdevotedmanyyearstoworkingasahospitalvolunteer,truly32．tobetreatedwithkindnessandrespect.Thisexperienceservesasabeautifulexampleoftwo33．showingrandomactsofkindnesstowardseachother.Ifirmlybelievethateverythinghappensforareason,andIamtruly34．fortheopportunitytocareforJudith.Inthefuture,shouldIeverneed35．,Ihopetoreceivethesamelovingsupport.21．A．date B．drink C．argument D．conversation22．A．jobs B．rules C．challenges D．wishes23．A．funded B．sold C．created D．studied24．A．kindly B．proudly C．jokingly D．calmly25．A．hanging B．strugglingC．hand-made D．solar-powered26．A．offer B．claim C．decision D．donation27．A．lookfor B．pickup C．throwoff D．putaway28．A．forgive B．thank C．interview D．accompany29．A．honored B．prepared C．relaxed D．qualified30．A．checkin B．accident C．operation D．examination31．A．patient B．doctor C．cleaner D．caregiver32．A．needs B．expects C．deserves D．continues33．A．nurses B．elders C．visitors D．strangers34．A．sorry B．grateful C．responsible D．famous35．A．advice B．assistance C．information D．guidance四、第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。ThecoolnightfilleduswitheageranticipationaswebeganclimbingMountTai.Alongtheway,wemetfellowtravelers,allpursuing36．samegoal:thesunrise.Inthemoonlight,theirfacesseemedunfamiliar,37．oursharedpurposeunitedus."Keepgoing;wearealmostthere!"someonecheered,givingusthemotivationtocontinueaswepausedforabreak."Youcandoit!"addedanothervoice.Thesewordsof38．(encourage)werelikeawarmwind,refreshingourtiredbodiesandminds.Afteraboutfourhours,wefinallyreachedthepeak,wherethetemperaturewas39．(noticeable)lower.Wrapping40．(we)tightlyinrentedcoats,wefounda41．(suit)spotandsettleddowntoawaitthesunrise.Theskygraduallytransformed,shifting42．deepbluetorosycolors.Suddenlyaredsunjumpedoutfrombehindtheclouds,andthousandsofraysoflight43．(shine)onthepeak.Withgoldencloudsdelicatelysuspendedintheair,MountTaiappearedlikeafairyland,44．(create)abreathtakinglybeautifulscene.Bathedinthebrilliantsunlight,theentiremountainseemedtocomealivewithbirdssingingandtreesswaying,asifnatureitselfwasjoininginthecelebrationofthenewday.45．(strike)bythebeautyofthemoment,wesatthere,feelingproudtohavewitnessedsuchamagicalsight.五、第四部分写作(共两节，满分40分)第一节(满分15分46．正值你校社团招新，学校英文报发起"MyClub"主题征文活动。请你写一篇短文投稿，介绍并推荐你参加的一个社团。注意：1)写作词数应为80个左右；2)请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。六、第二节(满分25分)47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。Afterabusyweek,Emilyandherparentsdecidedtogoonamountainpicnic.Theylongedtofullyexperiencenature'sbeautyandenjoyqualityfamilytime.Littledidtheyknow,thisoutingwouldbefilledwithunexpectedtwistsandturns(波折).Arrivingatthemountain'sbase,theydiscoveredahouse,infrontofwhichMikeandhisfatherhadjustfinishedloadingaboatontoMike'struck.Emilyapproachedthemandaskedforthebestpicnicspotinthearea.Knowingthemountainwell,Mikesuggestedalocationabouttwohours'walkaway."It'sworththeeffort,"heassuredthem.ParkingtheircarnexttoMike'struckandcarryingtheirpicnicsupplies,Emilyandherparentssetoffonthewindingroad.Tallgreentreesononeside,aflowingstreamontheother,theroadeventuallyledthemtoabreathtakingclearingdottedwithcolorfulwildflowers.Theyenjoyedtheirdelicioussandwiches,fruits,andsnacks,engaginginpleasantconversations.Justastheyfinishedtheirmealandsettleddowntorelax,darkcloudsunexpectedlyrolledin.Itlookedlikerain.Panicked,theyhurriedlysetupthetenttheyhadbrought.Nosoonerhadtheyenteredthanraindropsbeganpouringontheroof.Heavyrainenvelopedthesurroundings,makingitimpossibletoseeanything.Theyhadnochoicebuttopatientlywaititout.Afterwhatfeltlikeacentury,therainceased.Emilyandherparentswastednotimepackinguptheirbelongings,readytogetdownhill.However,theirexcitementturnedtoworrywhentheydiscoveredthatthesmallstreamtheyhadpreviouslycrossedhadturnedintoawideandimpassableriver.Withnocellphonesignal,theyweretrappedwithoutameansofseekinghelp.Tomakemattersworse,darknesswasapproaching.注意：1)续写词数应为150个左右；2)请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。Suddenly,theyheardthesoundofavehiclefromacrosstheriver.Emilyandherparentsboardedtheboat.

答案解析部分【答案】1．B2．D3．D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了特约作者们对于美食的介绍。

【点评】考查阅读理解，包含细节理解题，是一篇介绍类阅读，注意先略读文章，掌握文章大意，再分析题干及选项，到文中找到相关内容并进行理解。1．考查细节理解。根据MikeJordan部分中的"I'matrueSoutherner:borninNashville,raisedinHuntsville,Alabama,andnowbasedinAtlanta."我是一个真正的南方人：出生在纳什维尔，在阿拉巴马州的亨茨维尔长大，现在住在亚特兰大。可知MikeJordan写了关于南部州的美食。故选B。2．考查细节理解。根据SianMeadesWilliams部分中的"WhenIvisitedSantorinitofindoutmoreaboutvinsanto,thelocaldessertwine,itwasthepowerfulwomenwinemakersthatreallyimpressedme."当我访问Santorini了解更多关于当地甜品葡萄酒vinsanto的信息时，真正给我留下深刻印象的是那些强大的女性酿酒师。可知SianMeadesWilliams在去Santorini时对女酿酒师印象深刻，故选D。3．考查细节理解。根据CeciliaHae-JinLee部分中的"SharingthestoryofbibimbaprevealsonlyasmallpartofthebeautifulandtroubledhistoryofmyhomecountryofKorea,withitsrollingcountryside,dramaticmountainsandweather-beatenfishingboats.BIBIMBAP,P76"分享bibimbap的故事只揭示了我的祖国韩国美丽而动荡的历史的一小部分，那里有起伏的乡村、引人注目的山脉和饱经风霜的渔船。BIBIMBAP，页码是76，故选D。【答案】4．A5．D6．B7．C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在疫情流行期间，美国人收养狗的数量创下了记录，他们担心新家庭成员会感到孤独，或者更糟，会啃家具。因此，狗主人想出了各种方法来陪伴狗，其中包括创建一个狗电视频道。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断，目的意图和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，考生需要根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。4．考查推理判断。根据第一段"Americanshaveadopteddogsinrecordnumbersinthepandemic(流行病),andwereallydon'tlikeleavingournewfamilymembershomeontheirown.Weworrythatthey'llbelonely,orworse,chewthefurniture."在新冠疫情中，美国人收养的狗数量创下历史新高，我们真的不喜欢把我们的新家庭成员独自留在家里。我们担心他们会很孤独，或者更糟的是，会啃家具。可推知，作者可能是一位狗主人，故选A。5．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"Unsurprisingly,morethan80percentofthechannel'ssubscribersareAmericans,whomakeupthelargestpetmarketintheworld."不出所料，该频道80%以上的订户是美国人，他们构成了世界上最大的宠物市场。可推知DogTV越来越受欢迎，故选D。6．考查段落大意。根据第三段中的"DogTVwascreatedtoprovidesensoryandvisualstimulationthatcanhelpreducethisanxiety."DogTV旨在提供感官和视觉刺激，帮助减少这种焦虑。可知，第三段主要介绍了创建DogTV的原因，故选B。7．考查目的意图。根据第四段中的"ForpetownerslikeSageRandall,whogotanewdognamedCarrotCakein2020tokeephercompanywhileworkingathome,theguiltofleavingapetalonecanbegreat."对于像SageRandall这样的宠物主人来说，在2020年养了一只名叫CarrotCake的新狗，在家工作时陪伴着她，让宠物独处的内疚感可能会很大。可知作者提到SageRandall的目的是说明一些宠物主人的态度。故选C。【答案】8．B9．C10．C11．A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了科学界中马太效应的一个实证研究，该效应描述了在科学研究中对著名作者存在的偏见，以及这种偏见对论文发表机会的影响并提出了减少这种偏见的可能方法。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。8．考查推理判断。根据第二段"TheMattheweffect,atermcoinedin1968todescribethisprejudice,hasbeenatopicofconcernamongscientistsforyears.However,previouseffortstodocumentthisprejudicehadlimitationssuchassmallsamplesizesorlackofrandomization.Toaddresstheseissues,ateamfromtheUniversityofInnsbruckconductedanextensivestudy."马太效应是1968年创造的一个术语，用来描述这种偏见，多年来一直是科学家们关注的话题。然而，先前记录这种偏见的努力存在局限性，例如样本量小或缺乏随机化。为了解决这些问题，来自因斯布鲁克大学的一个团队进行了一项广泛的研究。可知，"马太效应"被描述为"对著名作者的偏见"和"基于作者身份对相同作品的不同评价"。它用来描述审稿人在接受与著名作者相关的论文时，相比于鲜为人知的作者，所表现出的偏见。这清楚地表明，它指的是出版过程中的偏好或偏见。故选B。9．考查推理判断。根据第二段"TheMattheweffect,atermcoinedin1968todescribethisprejudice,hasbeenatopicofconcernamongscientistsforyears.However,previouseffortstodocumentthisprejudicehadlimitationssuchassmallsamplesizesorlackofrandomization.Toaddresstheseissues,ateamfromtheUniversityofInnsbruckconductedanextensivestudy."马太效应是1968年创造的一个术语，用来描述这种偏见，多年来一直是科学家们关注的话题。然而，先前记录这种偏见的努力存在局限性，例如样本量小或缺乏随机化。为了解决这些问题，来自因斯布鲁克大学的一个团队进行了一项广泛的研究。可知，该团队进行了一项广泛的研究是为了深入调查这一效应，而不是简单地回顾一篇经济学论文、找先前研究的错误或研究如何发布论文。故选C。10．考查段落大意。根据第三段中的"Theteamsentemailstoabout3,300researchers,invitingthemtoreviewaneconomicspaperforarealjournal.("该团队向大约3300名研究人员发送了电子邮件，邀请他们为一份真正的期刊审阅一篇经济学论文；以及第四段中的"Tofurtheravoidprejudice,theteamrandomlyassignedthe313reviewerswhoinitiallyreceivednoauthor'snametoreviewoneofthreepapers:onecreditedtoSmithalone,anothertoInouaalone,andathirdwithnoauthorslisted."为了进一步避免偏见，研究小组随机分配了313名最初没有收到作者姓名的审稿人，让他们分别审查三篇论文中的一篇：一篇是Smith一个人的论文，另一篇是Inoua一个人的论文，还有一篇没有作者的论文。可知，在这两段中，首先介绍了研究团队使用的实验方法，即他们模拟了经济学领域论文的同行评审过程，并详细说明了实验的具体步骤。接着，在第四段中，他们呈现了研究的发现，即论文的作者身份确实对审稿人的评分有显著影响，这进一步验证了"马太效应"的存在。因此，这两段主要介绍了研究方法和发现。故选C。11．考查细节理解。根据最后一段"Theteamwarnedagainstevaluatingidenticalworkdifferentlybasedontheauthor'sidentityandsuggestedthatdouble-blindreviewsmayreducetheprejudice.However,thisapproachmaynotbeeffectiveasreviewerscanoftenidentifyauthorsthroughpreprintsorconferencepresentations."该团队警告说，不要根据作者的身份对相同的作品进行不同的评估，并建议双盲评审可能会减少偏见。然而，这种方法可能并不有效，因为审稿人通常可以通过预印本或会议演讲来识别作者。可知，研究人员认为减少偏见的唯一方法是修改评审方法。因此，团队建议的是修订评审方法以减少偏见。故选A。【答案】12．D13．A14．B15．A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一个来自城市的生物学家认为城市的生态系统和野外的生态系统一样值得研究，并且期待未来能有更多来自城市环境的生物学家一起创造生态学的未来。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和标题归纳三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。12．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Whiletraditionalbiologiststypicallycomefromruralbackgrounds,urbanresidentspossessdiverseskillsetsthatmakethembetterones."虽然传统的生物学家通常来自农村背景，但城市居民拥有多样化的技能，使他们成为更好的生物学家；以及第二段"Takemyselfasanexample.GrowingupinPhiladelphiaprovidedmewithauniqueangletolookaturbanecology.Thecity'sdistinctseasons,plentifulsquirrels,rowhomes,andfestivalsservedasmyfirstecologicalclassroom.ItwastherethatIwitnessedwildcatseatingbirdsandrats,peopledrivingbatsfromtheirhomes,andsnakesbeingkilledbylawnmowers(割草机).Thiswasecologyinaction,asrealasanyobservationinfieldsandforests."以我自己为例。在费城长大让我有了一个独特的角度来看待城市生态。这座城市分明的季节、丰富的松鼠、排屋和节日是我的第一个生态课堂。在那里，我亲眼目睹了野猫吃鸟和老鼠，人们把蝙蝠从家里赶出去，蛇被割草机杀死。这就是生态学的作用，就像在田野和森林里观察到的一样真实。可知，在费城长大教会作者城市并非生态荒地。故选D。13．考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的"Theuniqueenvironmentofurbanareasencourageswildlifetheretodevelopdistinctfeaturesandbehaviors"城市地区独特的环境促使野生动物发展出独特的特征和行为；以及"theymaybelargerinsize,beactiveatdifferenttimesoftheday,movedifferently,andevendisplaydifferentpersonalities"它们可能体型较大，在一天中的不同时间活动，动作不同，甚至表现出不同的个性。可推断，这让它们与农村的野生动物区分开来，因此推断划线词"counterparts是"相似物种"之意，故选A。14．考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段中的"Ourabilitytoassessthreatsandourawarenessregardingsafetyinfluenceourbehaviorsandchoices,muchastheydoforurbanwildlife.Sharedexperiencessuchastheseenableustobetterunderstandandappreciateurbanwildlife."我们评估威胁的能力和安全意识会影响我们的行为和选择，就像它们对城市野生动物的影响一样。这些共同的经历使我们能够更好地理解和欣赏城市野生动物。可知，风险意识行为有助于城市居民更好地了解野生动物。故选B。15．考查标题归纳。根据第一段中的"Whiletraditionalbiologiststypicallycomefromruralbackgrounds,urbanresidentspossessdiverseskillsetsthatmakethembetterones."虽然传统的生物学家通常来自农村背景，但城市居民拥有多样化的技能，使他们成为更好的生物学家；以及最后一段中的"Weurbanresidentsareresourcefulandimaginative.Weneedmorecapacity,moreparticipation,moreenergyandmoreinnovationinsciencetocreatesolutionstofightenvironmentaldegradationandreducebiodiversityloss.Identifyingthistalentacrosscitiespresentsapracticalapproach."我们城市居民足智多谋，想象力丰富。我们需要更多的能力、更多的参与、更多的精力和更多的科学创新，以创造应对环境退化和减少生物多样性丧失的解决方案。在各个城市寻找这样的人才是一种实用的方法。可知，文章首尾呼应，点明主题——城市可以培养出更好的生物学家。故选A。【答案】16．G；17．A；18．B；19．F；20．D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了有关马拉松训练的常见问题。

【点评】考查七选五，本文是一篇运动类阅读，要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。16．根据空前"Springmarathonsareapproaching,andwe'reheretohelpyouprepareforthestartingline."春季马拉松比赛即将到来，我们在这里帮助您为起跑线做准备；以及下文每段小标题"●WhattrainingplanshouldIuse?"●我应该使用什么培训计划？；"●WhatifImisstrainingtime?"●如果我错过了训练时间怎么办？；"●Whatifmytrainingfeelstoodifficult?"●如果我的训练感觉太难怎么办？，介绍了马拉松训练出现问题时如何解决，可知此空应该介绍马拉松训练常见问题及其应对办法，G.Thisguideaddressescommonquestionsaboutmarathontraining"本指南解决了有关马拉松训练的常见问题。"承上启下，符合语境，故选G。17．根据本段小标题"●WhattrainingplanshouldIuse?"●我应该使用什么培训计划？可知此处与训练计划有关；以及空后"Somepeoplerespondwelltologginghighmileagesixdaysaweek,whileotherspreferlower-intensityplansthatallowformorecross-trainingandfewerrunningdays."有些人对每周六天的高里程记录反应良好，而另一些人则更喜欢低强度的计划，这样可以进行更多的交叉训练，减少跑步天数。介绍了训练计划因人而，A.Trainingplansvaryforeachrunner"每个跑步者的训练计划各不相同。"承上启下，符合语境，故选A。18．根据空后"Thedurationofyourmarathontrainingplandependsonyourexperiencelevel,currentfitness,andtheexpertorauthorityyou'refollowing.Typically,marathontraininglasts12to20weeks,withmostplansfallingwithinthe16-to20-weekrange."马拉松训练计划的持续时间取决于你的经验水平、当前的体能以及你所关注的专家或权威。通常，马拉松训练持续12到20周，大多数计划都在16到20周的范围内。可知本段介绍的是训练时间的问题，B.HowlongshouldItrainforamarathon"我应该为马拉松训练多长时间？"符合语境，故选B。19．根据本段小标题"●WhatifImisstrainingtime?"●如果我错过了训练时间怎么办？；以及空前"However,noone'strainingisperfect.Don'tworryifyoumisssomerunsduetolifeeventsorunexpectedcircumstances."然而，没有人的训练是完美的。如果你因为生活事件或意外情况而错过了一些跑步，不要担心。可知此处是解决训练时间的方法，F.Takeadeepbreathandgetbackontrackassoonaspossible"深呼吸，尽快回到正轨。"承接上文，符合语境，故选F。20．根据本段小标题"●Whatifmytrainingfeelstoodifficult?"●如果我的训练感觉太难怎么办？；空前"Marathontrainingisnoeasytask.Attimes,thiscanfeeloverbearinganddifficult.Youshouldbeuncomfortabletosom