提升词汇量的策略探究

词汇量对于考生的重要性不言而喻，词汇量的多少甚至对考生分数的高低起决定性作用。英语成绩相对较薄弱的考生，其词汇量往往相对较小；而基础较好的考生，其词汇量也往往较大。如何提升词汇量也是困扰广大考生的难题。考生往往会采用机械记忆的方式来记单词，比如按照词汇表或单词书逐个重复读写来记忆，但效果并不明显，往往很快就忘记，反复记忆又反复忘记，最终使考生失去记单词的动力和兴趣。那么，如何才能更好提升词汇量呢？一、以教材文本为基础，深入研读文本，建构知识结构考生应该充分重视教材文本，教材的每个文本都是围绕一个特定的主题展开的，包含了大量而丰富的主题词汇。为了掌握这些零碎的主题词汇，考生需要识别文本中含有主题词汇的语块，毕竟语块是学习语言的基本单位，语块可以包含动词短语、名词短语、形容词短语、介词短语等有意义的词汇组合。此外，考生需要深入研读文本，深探主题意义，从而找到主题语块的内在关联，把零散的语块串联起来，连成线、织成网、形成片，形成一定的知识结构，纳入已有的知识结构，形成知识体系更易于储存在大脑中。下面以人教版必修三Unit2MoralsandVirtues的ReadingandThinking：MotherofTenThousandBabies为例来阐释如何通过深入解读文本、建构知识结构来串联零散的主题语块。该文本包含了课标要求的preciouslife，entrust…with…，carrythrough，bedeeplyaffectedby，insteadof，followthetraditionalpathofmarriage，themajorityofgirls，complain，thinkofhightuitionfees等31个语块。该文本主要讲述了“万婴之母”林巧稚的教育背景以及工作经历，赞扬了林巧稚的努力拼搏、家国情怀以及默默奉献的一生。该文本共有六段，可以分为三个部分，第一部分即第一段：通过引用林巧稚的话引入其艰难抉择的一生这个主题；第二部分即第二至五段：主要讲述了林巧稚的教育和工作经历；第三部分即最后一段：再次引用林巧稚的话烘托其无私奉献的精神。该文本是人物自传、记叙文文体，其明线是时间线索，按照时间先后顺序介绍了林巧稚的一生，暗线是林巧稚一生五个艰难的抉择。因此，根据两个线索把文本的主要语块进行有意义的串联如下。TimeLinsexperiences1901Linwasborn.1906Shewasdeeplyaffectedbyhermothersdeath.1909Insteadoffollowingthetraditionalpathofmarriagelikethemajorityofgirls，shechosetostudymedicine.1917ShegraduatedfromPUMCwiththeWenhaiScholarship，thehighestprizegiventograduates.Sheimmediatelybecamethefirstwomanevertobehiredasaresidentphysicianandthenwasnamedachiefresidentphysician.（续表）TimeLinsexperiences1939ShewassenttostudyintheUS.1941ShebecamethefirstChinesewomanevertobeappointeddirectorofthehospital.1954ShewaselectedtothefirstNationalPeoplesCongress.1983Shedidntretireuntilthedayshedied，22April，1983.表1：文本的明线——时间线索HardchoicesReasonsDifficultiesQuotesQualitiesChoice1：Insteadofgettingmarried，shechosetostudymedicine.（Para1）Shewasdeeplyaffectedbyhermothersdeath.Thehightuitionfees.Sheresponded，“Idratherstaysingletostudyallmylife.determinedChoice2：SherejectedstayingintheUSbutchosetoreturnhome.（Para2）Shewantedtoservethewomanandchildrenathome.Shemustgiveuphighincomesandcomfortablelife.patrioticChoice3：Shechosetoopenaprivateclinicratherthandidnothing.（Para3）Allthepeoplewerestillinneedofhelp.Shechargedverylowfeesandreducedcostsandrodeadonkeytofarawayvillagestoprovidemedicalcare.devoted，committedChoice4：Insteadofholdingmanyimportantpositions，shechosetotendpatients，publishmedicalresearchoncareforwomanandchildren，andtrainthenextgenerationofdoctors.（Para4）TheOB-GYNdepartmentcaresfortwolives.Weshouldberesponsible.Shehadtoworkveryhardandmaybecameexhausted.“TheOB-GYNdepartmentcaresfortwolives”，shetoldnewstaffinthedepartment.“Asdoctors，weshouldberesponsibleforthepatientsandtreatthemasoursisters.”indifferenttofameandmoney，hard-workingChoice5：Shechosetoworkuntilthedayshedied，andtoleavehersavingstoakindergartenandafundfornewdoctors.（Para5）Lifeisprecious，andpeopleentrustherwiththatlife.Shemayhavenothingleftforherown.“Imreadytogo.Donttrytorescuemeanymore.Dontwastethemedicineanymore.”selfless，generous表2：文本的暗线——林巧稚一生的五大抉择表1按照时间线索梳理了林巧稚的生平，共串联了11个语块（黑体划线部分）；表2按照文本的暗线梳理了林巧稚一生的五大抉择以及抉择背后的原因、困难、对林巧稚话语的引用及其宝贵的品质，共串联20个语块。两个线索共同形成了文本的知识结构，共串联了31个课标要求掌握的语块。二、基于知识结构，复述文本内容，提炼语块，强化记忆建立知识结构后，也就理清了文本发展的主要脉络，并梳理了文本的主要信息。为了进一步理解记忆主要语块，考生要根据知识结构对文本进行复述，不仅更好理解文章的主要内容，而且能进一步掌握单词、语块的用法，为后续的迁移运用做铺垫。同样以人教版必修三Unit2MoralsandVirtues的ReadingandThinking：MotherofTenThousandBabies为例，根据以上知识结构，该文本的复述如下：In1901，LinQiaozhiwasborn.Asafive-year-oldgirl，shewasdeeplyaffectedbyhermothersdeath.Atage18，Insteadoffollowingthetraditionalpathofmarriagelikethemajorityofgirls，shechosetostudymedicinedespiteherbrotherscomplainabouthightuitionfees.Eightyearslater，ShegraduatedfromPUMCwiththeWenhaiScholarship，thehighestprizegiventograduates.Sheimmediatelybecamethefirstwomanevertobehiredasaresidentphysicianandthenwasnamedachiefresidentphysician.In1939，shewassenttostudyintheUSandwasinvitedtostaybutsherejectedtheoffer.In1941，ShebecamethefirstChinesewomanevertobeappointeddirectorofthehospitalbutitwasclosedbecauseofthewar.Shechosetoopenaprivateclinicratherthandidnothing，becauseallthepeoplewerestillinneedofhelp.Shechargedverylowfeesandreducedcostsandrodeadonkeytofarawayvillagestoprovidemedicalcare.In1954，shewaselectedtothefirstNationalPeoplesCongressandthensheheldmanyimportantpositions，butshechosetotendpatients，publishmedicalresearchoncareforwomanandchildren，andtrainthenextgenerationofdoctors，forshethoughtthatasdoctors，theyshould“beresponsibleforthepatientsandtreatthemasoursisters.”Shechosetoworkuntilthedayshediedin1983，andtoleavehersavingstoakindergartenandafundfornewdoctors，becauseshethoughtthatlifewaspreciousandpeopleentrustedherwiththatlife.以上复述包含了该文本需要掌握的主要语块。考生不仅应能口头复述，最好能够写下来使之更加精确、完整。此外，考生应根据知识结构和对文本的复述，再次梳理语块，如下：Bedeeplyaffectedby对……感到深深悲伤Insteadof而不是Followthetraditionalpathofmarriage遵循传统的结婚之路Themajorityofgirls大多数女孩……梳理语块时注意分两栏，左边写英语，右边默写汉语，中英文对照以便后续再次巩固复习，强化记忆。三、结合试题，归纳派生词，积累语块对于考生而言，熟练掌握教材文本语块仅仅是基本功。而考试的时候，往往会有很多超越教材文本的词汇导致考生看不懂文章，答题的错误率居高不下，因此，考生要善于总结试题中的词汇，尤其是派生词以及语块以拓展词汇量。下面以2024年广州市普通高中毕业班综合测试（二）的A篇文章为例来阐明如何总结派生词、积累语块。该文章如下：ATraintheimportantskillsmoderneditorsusetoevaluateandenhancewritingforclarity，precisionandaccuracy.Inthiscourse，studentswilllearnhowaneditorapproachesasubmittedpiece，goingbeyondsentence-levelerrorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy，styleandorganization.Understandingthedifferentchallengesinaneditorsjob，studentswillgetabehind-the-sceneslookatthissometimesbusyandoftenexcitingcareer.Meanwhile，studentswillgrowtheirowntechnicaleditingskillsandreturnhomeamorecompetenteditor.UsingGenZEraastheircasestudy，studentswillmeetandstudyunderthepeoplewhodecidewhattopicsarerelevantandvaluabletotheaudienceandwhodeterminetheoveralleditorialstrategy，ensuringthatthecontentmeetsthestandardsandtoneofthepublication.CourseHighlightsVisitthemediacityandattendlecturesbyaward-winningguestspeakers.Assessarticlesaswellasquestionandcoachtheauthorstogetthebestpiecepossible.Connectwithprofessionalswhomanagethedevelopmentandpublicationofaccurateandworthycontent.Editonepieceintoawell-writtenandfact-checkedarticleinthestyleofGenZEraPriceResidentialProgram（Studentsliveoncampus）：$6，600DayProgram（Studentscommutetoclasseveryday）：$5，500（Graduatingseniorscanhavea$400discountifapplyingbeforeMay2，2024.）TermDate：July9-July21，2024ApplicationDeadline：Friday，May31，2024ContactAdmission：info@21.Whichistheprobablenameofthecourse？A.CareerDevelopmentinMedia.B.EditorialDecision-making.C.FundamentalsofEditing.D.IntroductiontoPublication.22.Whatwillstudentsdointhecourse？A.Interviewaward-winningguests.B.Helpauthorsimprovetheirarticles.C.Connectwithprofessionalpublishers.D.EditonearticleforGenZEra.23.AgraduatingseniorapplyingforaDayProgramonApril30，2024shouldpay.A.$5，100B.$5，500C.$6，200D.$6，600该文章是一篇应用文，主要介绍了写作课程的主要内容以及基本信息。该文本含有大量的派生词和语块，因此，考生在答题后应总结归纳文本的派生词并积累语块以拓展词汇量。如文章的第一段出现了editor一词，第二段出现其形容词短语editingskills，第三段出现另外一个形容词短语theoveralleditorialstrategy以及动词短语editonepieceintoawell-writtenandfact-checkedarti