语言学-考研真题

PAGEPAGE79语言学考研真题和答案第一章语言学Fillintheblanks1.Humanlanguageisarbitrary.Thisreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthe_______itisassociatedwith.（人大2007研）meaning语言有任意性，其所指与形式没有逻辑或内在联系2.Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Thisqualityislabeledas_______.（北二外2003研）displacement移位性指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点3.Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsofthe_______levelarecomposedofelementsofthe__________levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.（北二外2006研）primary,secondary双重性指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则4.Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalled_______features.（北二外2006）design人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。5.Theterm________originatesfromMalinowski'sstudyofthefunctionsoflanguageperformedbyTrobriandIslanders.Itreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage.（中山大学2006研）phaticcommunication寒暄功能有助于确立和维持人际关系的表达，最先由Malinowski提出6.Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehas________,interpersonalandtextualfunctions.（中山大学2008研）ideational韩礼德将儿童的语言功能范围逐渐缩小，简化成为一套高度符号化和抽象化的功能：概念、人际、语篇功能。7.Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Thisisthe________functionoflanguage.（中山大学2005研）metalingual语言的元语言功能是指语言可以用来讨论语言本身。8.Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthe_______studyoflanguage.（北二外2003研）scientific9.________studieshowthespeechsoundsaremade,transmitted,andreceived,and_______studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.（人大2006研）phonetics,phonology语音学研究语音是如何产生，传播以及接收的；音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。10._______studiesmeaninginlanguage,_______isaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences,and________isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Theyareallamongthemainbranchesoflinguistics.（人大2006研）semantics,syntax,morphology语义学研究语言的意义，句法学研究构成句子的规则，形态学研究词汇的内部结构。三者都是语言学的分支。11.InSaussure'sview,therelationshipbetweensignifier(soundimage)andsignified(concept)is_______.（北二外2003）arbitrary索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系。12.________isthestudyofthelanguage-processingmechanisms.Itisconcernedwiththestorage,comprehension,productionandacquisitionoflanguage;________ontheotherhand,attemptstoshowtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Theybothbelongtobranchesofmacrolinguistics.（人大2006研）psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics心理语言学研究语言处理机制，如语言的记忆、理解、习得等。社会语言学研究语言与社会之间的关系。13.Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances)as________and________.Theformerreferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andthelatteristheconcretemanifestationoflanguageeitherthroughspeechorthroughwriting.（人大2006研）langue,parole索绪尔用语言和言语来区分说话者的语言能力和言语上(表达的)的实际表现或语料。14.________grammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage,while________grammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.Mostcontemporarylinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursnaturallyinthelanguageshouldbedescribed.（人大2006研）descriptive,prescriptive描述性语言记录语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则，规定式的语言学目的在于为正确使用语言定下各种规则。15.Oneoftheimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsis________andperformance.（人大2006）competence语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。16.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe________theory.yo-he-ho语言的起源有“汪汪”理论，“噗噗”理论和“哟嘿吼”理论o“哟嘿吼”理论语言起源于原始人共同劳动时发出的有节奏的哼哟声。17.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa________study.Diachroniclinguistic历时语言学家集中研究几十年或几百年的时期内两个或比两个更多的语言状况的差异。18.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure'slangueandChomsky's________.Competence索绪尔的语言与乔姆斯基的语言能力相似，因为二者都指抽象的语言知识，不是实际使用中的语言MultipleChoices1.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?（大连外院2008研）BA.Languageisameansofvocalcommunication.B.Languageisinstrumental.C.Languageissocialandconventional.2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafrequentlydiscusseddesignfeature?（大连外院2008研）BA.Arbitrariness B.Convention C.Duality3.By_______wemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.（西安外院2006研）A.arbitrariness B.dualityC.creativity D.displacementC创造性指语言的能产性，能早出和理解无穷的长句，其中大半是从未听说过的4.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?（西安交大2008研）AA.tree B.crashC.typewriter D.bangCrash是个缩略语，typewriter是复合词，bang是拟声词，5.ThefunctionsoflanguagedoNOTinclude________.（大连外院2008研）CA.informativefunctionB.interpersonalfunctionC.metacognitivefunction语言的主要功能是寒暄功能、指示功能、信息功能、疑问功能、表达功能、施为功能和劝说功能6.Themostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguageisthe_______function,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.（西安外院2006研）B A.performative B.interpersonal C.phaticD.metalingual7.Saussuretooka(n)________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma______pointofview.（西安交大2008研）AA.sociological...psychological B.psychological...sociologicalC.applied...pragmatic D.semantic...linguistic索绪尔的语言指语言社团中的语言，所以是从社会的角度研究语言。乔姆斯基是从使用者本身掌握的语言知识研究语言，是从心理角度研究语言。8.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,_______referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.（西安交大2008研）C A.parole B.performance C.langueD.Language9.Thestudyofphysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeechiscloselyconnectedwith______.（大连外院2008研）B声学语音学研究语音的物质特质A.articulatoryphonetics B.acousticphonetics C.auditoryphonetics10.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn'tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.B寒暄功能 A.Emotive. B.Phatic. C.Performative. D.Interpersonal.11.________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.CA.Linguisticgeography B.SociolinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics D.Comparativelinguistics12.Verbaldueling,theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,ismainlytodowiththe_______,functionoflanguage.（武汉大学2011研）D为了开心好玩，所以选娱乐功能A.performative B.interpersonal C.informative D.recreationalTrueorFalse1.Thephaticfunctionreferstolanguagefunctionforestablishingormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas.（清华2011研）T寒暄功能是指建立与保持社交联络而不是交换信息2.Syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage.（大连外院2008研）T3.“Competence”and“performance”aretwodistinctivetermsproposedbySaussure.（北二外2005研）F是乔姆斯基提出的4.Theconceptcompetenceoriginallyreferstothegrammaticalknowledgeoftheideallanguageuserandhasnothingtodowiththeactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.（南开2004研）T5.Prescriptivelinguisticsismorepopularthandescriptivelinguistics,becauseitcantellushowtospeakcorrectlanguage.F这是两种不同的方法，不能淡出说谁好谁坏6.Bydiachronicstudywemeantostudythechangesanddevelopmentoflanguage.T7.Onomatopoeicwordsaretotallyarbitrary.F拟声词不是完全任意的ExplaintheFollowingTerms1.arbitrariness（四川大学2006研）2.duality（四川大学2006研）3.displacement（南开2010研，清华2001研）4.performativefunction（武汉大学2004研）5.parole（北师大2004研）6.descriptivestudyoflinguistics（四川大学2007研）7.langue（北外2010研）1.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbenonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative;aconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Forexample,itisunabletoexplainwhyabookiscalleda/buk/andapena/pen/.2.Dualityreferstothefactthatinalllanguagessofarinvestigatedtherearetwolevelsofstructureorpatterning.Atthefirst,higherlevel,languageisanalyzedintermsofcombinationsofmeaningfulunits(suchasmorphemes,wordsetc.);atthesecond,lowerlevel,itisseenasasequenceofsegmentswhichlackanymeaninginthemselves,butwhichcombinetoformunitsofmeaning.Forexample,asyllableisthesmallestunitthatisnormallyspokenbyitself,andscoresofsyllablesbecomethecarriersofhundredsofmeaningfulsegmentsofwordsthatarecalledmorphemes.3.Languagecanbeusedtorefertowhatispresent,whatisabsent,whathappensatpresent,whathappenedinthepast,whatwillhappeninthefutureorwhathappensinafar-awayplace.Thispropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace.Forexample,scientistscanpredictthe"future"ofcertainplanetsthatareseveralbillionsoflightyearsawayfromus.4.Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersonsanditcanextendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligiousoccasions.Thekindoflanguageemployedinperformativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandevenritualized.Forexample,inChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowlthehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosaysuisuipingan(everydaybesafeandhappy)asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlives.5.Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Itvariesenormouslyaccordingtoindividuals.Thespeeches,theidiosyncraticutterancesmadebyindividualsareallexamplesofparole.6.Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivestudyistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherolestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,ornorms,ofcorrectness,whichareinthescopeofprescriptivelinguistics.7.Languereferstoabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstoparticularrealizationoflangue.ShortAnswerQuestions1.Citeanexampletoexplainsynchroniclinguistics.（人大2005研）2.Howwell,inyouropinion,doestheword“communication”representthefunctionofhumanlanguage?（北二外2008研）3.Whatarelinguisticcompetenceandcommunicativecompetence?（武汉大学2007研）4.Oneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguageiscreativity.Whatisit?Andwhatmakesitpossible?（浙江大学2007研）5.Whatisthedirectivefunction?（西安交大2008研）第一章简答答案1.SynchronicLinguisticsisthedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.Itfocusesonthecharacteristicsofthelanguageatacertaintime.Forexample,whenwestudyEnglish,welearnaboutthevocabulary,thelanguagepointsandoralEnglishetc.Atthistime,wearelearningEnglishofcurrenttimeinsynchronicmethod.2.Weuselanguageforanalmostinfinitenumberofpurposes,fromwritingletterstogossipingwithourfriends,makingspeechesandtalkingtoourselvesinthemirror.Buttheprimaryfunctionoflanguageoflanguageistotransmitinformationandtoconveycommands,feelingsandemotions.Thatis,languageisatoolofcommunication.Theterm“communication”canbeusedtocovermuchofthefunctionoflanguage.Thisfunctioncanbefurtherdividedintomorespecificfunctions,suchasphaticfunction/communion,directivefunction,informativefunction,interrogativefunction,expressivefunction,evocativefunction,performativefunctionetc.3.LinguisticcompetencewasoriginallyproposedbyNoamChomsky.Itisdefinedasalanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemorrules.InChomsky'sview,thenativespeaker'scompetencecanbecharacterizedasasetofrulesforproducinganunderstandingofsentencesinhislanguage.Toacquirethenativespeaker'scompetenceistoobtaintheabilityofrecognizingandproducinggrammaticalsentencesinalanguage.Communicativecompetence,ontheotherhand,wasproposedbyDellHymesasanefforttorefinetheoriginalnotionbyChomsky.HepointedoutthatChomsky'scompetenceisnecessarybutnotsufficientforalearnertocommunicatewithotherssuccessfullyinaspeechcommunity.Inadditiontogrammaticalaccuracy,asuccessfulcommunicationrequiresappropriacyinthesensethatheknowswhenhespeakswhattowhom.Thusheextendedthenotionofcompetencebyincorporatingthepragmaticabilityforlanguageuse.Thisextendedideaofcompetenceiscalledcommunicativecompetence.4.Thecreativityoflanguagemeansthatuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Creativityisapropertyuniquetohumanlanguage.Itcombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverheardbefore.Humanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Thespeakerisabletounderstandthesentencesbeforeproducedorheard.Thefactthathumanlanguageisrecursivecouldbeshowninthatwordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthings,andcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatwordbefore.Forexample,Icouldmakeasentencelike“Themanwhoiswaitingfortheladywhoistalkingtotheboywhoisplayingwithagirl,ismyuncle.”5.Directivefunctionisoneoffunctionsoflanguage.Languageisusedtogetthehearertodosomething.Mostimperativesentencesareofthisfunction.Forexample,thesentence“Closeyourbookandlistentomecarefully!”performsadirectivefunction.Othersyntacticstructuresorsentencesofothersortscan,accordingtoJ.AustinandJ.Searle's“Indirectspeechacttheory”atleast,servesthepurposeofdirectiontoo,e.g.,“IfIwereyou,Iwouldhaveblushedtothebottomofmyears!”EssayQuestions1.Linguisticsisnottheonlyfieldconcernedwithlanguage.Otherdisciplinessuchassociology,psychology,ethnographyarealsopreoccupiedwithlanguage.（中山2008研）本题答案：Sincelanguagehasbothindividualandsocialaspects,itisnaturallyofinteresttopsychologistsandsociologistsamongothers.Manypsychologistsareinterestedtoinvestigatetheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample,languagedevelopmentinthechild,suchasthetheoriesoflanguageacquisition;biologicalfoundationsoflanguage,andabigtopic—therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognition,sotherearepsycholinguistics.Socialistswhoareinterestedintherelationsbetweenlanguageandsocietydoresearchesconcernedbothsociologyandlinguistics,includingthesocialfunctionsoflanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers.Whenanthropologistsenlistedthehelpoflinguiststostudyunwrittenlanguages,anthropologyandlinguisticsbecamecloselyassociatedintheearlydaysofanthropologicalfieldwork.Incontrastwithotherlinguists,anthropologicallinguistsareinterestedprimarilyinthehistoryandstriKlureofformerlyunwrittenlanguages.Theyareconcernedwiththeemergenceoflanguageandalsowiththedivergenceoflanguagesoverthousandsofyears.Therefore,itisnotsurprisingtherearesomebranchesofmacrolinguisticsthatshowaninterdisciplinarynature.2.Therearetwokindsofgrammarbasedondifferentlinguisticpointsofview.Theyareprescriptivegrammaranddescriptivegrammar.Agrammarmaydescribehowlanguageisactuallyspokenand/orwritten,andmaynotstateorpostulatehowitoughttobespokenorwritten.Butagrammarmayalsostatetherulesforwhatisconsideredthebestormostcorrectusage.Whichgrammarisdescriptivegrammar,andwhichgrammarisprescriptivegrammar?Citesomeexamplestogiveyourreasons.（北师大2003研）本题答案：Thefirstoneistypicalofdescriptivegrammar,whilethesecondoneisprescriptivegrammar.Thedescriptivegrammaraimstodescribehowpeoplespeakanddetailtheunderlyingknowledge.Itisbelievedindescriptivegrammarthatwhateveroccursinnaturalspeech,suchashesitation,incompleteutterance,shouldbedescribedintheanalysis,andnotbemarkedasincorrect,abnormal,orcorrupt;modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.Whereas,theprescriptiveapproachaimstoteachpeoplehowtospeak,read,andwriteaparticularlanguage;inthe18thcentury,allthemainEuropeanlanguageswerestudiedprescriptively.Forexample,thestatementthat“instandardEnglish,adoublenegativeisrarelyused”isadescription,showinghowthelanguageisusedinstandardEnglish,regardlesswhetheritiscorrectornot.“Youshouldneveruseadouble-negative”isatypicalgrammarrulethatprescribeswhatshouldbegrammaticallycorrectintheStandardEnglish.Asforthespelling,prescriptionsays“judgment”iscorrect,butdescriptionaccuratelypointsoutthat“judgment”isconsideredbyEditedEnglishtobecorrecttoo,andadescriptiveaccountforthesetwodifferentspellingswillshowhowthelateroneisusedandwhousesit.3.Saussureputsforwardtheconceptoflangueandparole,andChomskyputsforwardtheconceptofcompetenceandperformance.Pleasedwelluponthedifferencesandsimilarities,ifany,ofthetwopairs:langueandparolevs.competenceandperformance.（北京交通大学2007研）本题答案：AccordingtoF.deSaussure,languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity;whileparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.ForChomsky,afundamentaldistinctionbetweenlinguisticcompetenceandperformanceshouldbemade.Alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledlinguisticcompetence.Andperformancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Inlightwiththis,competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.Aspeaker’scompetenceisstablebuthisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors,andthuswouldinvolveimperfectionssuchasslipsoftongue,falsestarts,unnecessarypauses,andsoon.Thus,thepointisthataspeaker’sperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchhiscompetence.Saussure’sdistinctionissomewhatsimilarwithChomsky’sinthesensethattheybothrefertotheconstantfactorwhichunderliestheutterancesthatconstituteparole/performance.However,theirdifferenceisquiteobvious.Saussue’slanguageisasocialproduct,asetofconventionsforaspeechcommunity.Chomskyregardscompetenceasapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.SaussruelooksatlanguagemorefromasociologicalpointofviewwhileChomskylooksatitmorefromapsychologicalpointofview.4.Examinethefollowingtwostatementsaboutlanguage,anddiscussthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthem.Doyouagreewiththetwostatements?Explainyouranswer.(1)Sapir(1921:Language);“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”(2)BlochandTrager(1942:OutlineofLinguisticAnalysis):“Alanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsbymeansofwhichasocialgroupco-operates.”本题答案：Similarities:(1)Bothdefinitionssticktothefactthatlanguageisprimarilyamatterofspeechbecausetheprimarymediumoflanguageissound.SapirillustratesthisideabyimplyingthattheproducedsymbolsareauditoryandBlochandTragerbyexplicitlyusingtheword‘vocal’.(2)Bothdefinitionsalludetothefactthattheassociationbetweenthewordsandthethingsthattheydenotedisrarelyinherent,Sapirbyusingtheword‘symbols’andBlochandTragerbyplacingemphasison‘arbitrary’and‘symbols’.Differences:(1)Sapir’sdefinitionemphasizethatlanguagerelatestocommunicationbetweenhumanbeings.Itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsofothercreatures,suchasbirdsongsandbeedances.BlochandTragerdonotclearlyindicatethisproperty,onlysayingthatitispossessedbyasocialgroup.(2)Sapiralsoconsidersthatlanguageis‘non-instinctive’and‘voluntarilyproduced’.Thusforhimlanguagedoesnotincludesuchinstinctiveformsofcommunicationassmilingandcriesofpain,etc.However,BlochandTrager’sdefinitiondonotincludethisfeature.(3)Theelement‘system’inBlochandTrager’sdefinitionreflectsthefactthatlanguageprovidesuswiththeframeworkforgeneratingappropriateutterancesratherthanprovidinguswithaninfinitestoreofready-madeutterances.Stillelementsoflacunaearecombinedaccordingtorules.(4)Thefunctionoflanguageisindicateddifferentlyintwodefinitions.Sapirseeslanguageasforcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesires,whileBlochandTragerconsidersitforasocialgroup'sco-operation.Sapir’sdefinitionproposes‘communication’astheprincipalfunctionoflanguageandspecifieswhatiscommunicated;BlochandTrageronlyvaguelypointsoutthatlanguagecanbeusedforco-operation.Eachofthetwodefinitionshasitsownspecialemphasisanditnottotallyfreefromlimitations.Wethinkthetwodefinitionsgraspsomedefiningpropertiesoflanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication,forexample,‘vocal’,‘arbitrary’,‘symbol’,‘purelyhuman’,‘asystem’.Buteitherhassomelimitation.AsforSapir’sdefinition,whetheroneconsiderslanguagetobeinstinctiveornotisanissue.Languageisinstinctiveinsofarasweareallbornwithapredispositiontospeak,weallacquirealanguagewithouttuitionandwhenwespeakwedonotconsciouslyconvertourthoughtsintospeech.Languageis,however,non-instinctiveinthatwecanchoosewhattosayorwhethertosayanythingatall.Boththedefinition'sdescriptionoflanguage'sfunctionisnotprecise.Sapir’sdefinitionconfineslanguageonlytocommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesires,andBlochandTrager’sdefinitiondoesnotpointitoutatall.5.Itiswidelyknownthatanimalshavetheirownwaysofcommunicatingwitheachother.Forexample,beescandanceverycomplicateddancesandsomebirdscansingverycomplicatedsongs.Itisalsogenerallyagreedthattherearefundamentaldifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandotheranimals'waysofcommunicating.i.Whatisyourviewonthispoint?ii.Ifyoualsothinkthattherearefundamentaldifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandotheranimals'waysofcommunicating,accordingtoyou,whatarethedifferences?Pleasegiveshortexplanations.Ifyoudon'tthinkthattherearefundamentaldifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandotheranimals’waysofcommunicating,pleasealsodefendyourposition.Illustrateyourpointswithexamplesifnecessary.本题答案：i.There’refundamentaldifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandotheranimal’swaysofcommunicating.Allcreatures,notonlythe“clever”oneslikeapesanddolphinsbutalsosuch“lower”onesasbeesandbirdsareabletocommunicatewitheachother.Wehavebeencarefulinusingtheterm“animalcommunicationsystem”toindicatethisability.Butlanguageishuman-specificwhichisnotmerelyatoolusedtotransmitinformationbutalsoameansofsocialcommunication.Linguistsmadealistof“designfeatures”,whicharefoundutterlyabsentinanimalcommunicationandthusdistinguishhumanlanguagefromanimal’scry.ii.Therearefundamentaldifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandotheranimals’waysofcommunicating,suchasthe“designfeature”coulddistinguishhumanlanguagefromothersystemsofcommunication.Forinstance,1)Duality,animalsthatusevocalsignalshaveastockofbasicsoundswhichvaryaccordingtospecies.Acowhaslessthanten,achickenhasaroundtwenty,butmostanimalscanuseeachbasicsoundtostandforonethingonly,sothecommunicativepowerofanimallanguageishighlylimited.However,humanlanguagehasanumberofsoundunits,orphonemesandeachphonemecanbecomemeaningfulwhenitiscombinedwithotherphonemes,sowesayhumanlanguageoperatesontwolevelsofstructures.2)ProductivityorCreativity,itmeansthathumanbeingscanproducenovelutteranceswhenevertheywant.Therobiniscreativeinitsabilitytosingthesamethinginmanyways,butnotcreativeinitsabilitytousethesameunitsofthesystemtoexpressmanydifferentmessageswithdifferentmeanings.3)Displacement,itisapropertyoflanguageenablingpeopletotalkaboutthingsbeingremoteeitherinspaceorintime.Mostanimalscanonlycommunicateaboutthingsintheimmediatesituation.本题考查语言的本质特征。结合所学知识和自己对这一组特征的理解，先给出自己的观点，再阐释动物语言系统和人类语言系统的区别6.Whydowesaylinguisticsisascience?（北二外2011研）本题答案Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Ittriestoanswerthebasicquestions"Whatislanguage?"and"Howdoeslanguagework?"Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,e.g.English,Chinese,Arabic,andLatin,butitstudieslanguagesingeneral. Itisascientificstudybecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguisthastodofirstistocollectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharcfoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem;thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Butthehypothesesthusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.Inlinguistics,asinanyotherdiscipline,dataandtheorystandinadialecticalcomplementation;thatis,atheorywithoutthesupportofdatacanhardlyclaimvalidity,anddatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheoryremainamuddledmassofthings.本题考查语言学作为一门学科，其科学性，为开放试题。从其研究内容和方法角度作答即可。7.WhatarethethreemetafunctionsofSystemicFunctionalGrammar?Illustrateeachofthemwithspecificexamples.（武汉大学2011研）本题答案：AccordingtoHalliday,theadult'slanguagebecomesmuchmorecomplexandithastoserveman-ymorefunctions,andtheoriginalfunctionalisgraduallyreducedtoas