种猪选育新技术课件

种猪选育新技术

SwineProduction

养猪生产Genetics遗传BiologicalPotentialforProduction生物生产潜力Growth,Reproduction,Carcass,Disease,MeatQuality,etc.生长,繁殖,胴体,疾病,肉质等Nutrition营养Health健康Environment环境Management管理=EfficientProductionofQualityPork优质猪肉的高效生产SwineBreedingPyramid

猪育种金字塔Selection选择群Multiplication扩繁群SlaughterGenerationProduction商品代长白猪

长白母猪约克夏杜洛克美国华都猪种TraitLeaderforMLI

最好母系指数公猪Conceptofpurebreedsandbreedersbecomingextinct!

纯种和纯种育种者的概念逐渐消失Specialized Sire& DamLines专门化 父系和 母系Selectionfor:Growth Littersize, &carcass Growth&carcass选择:生长和胴体产仔数,生长和胴体SwineGenetics

猪的遗传Simpletwo-stageprocess简单的两步法SELECTGENETICALLYSUPERIORANIMALS

选择遗传上优秀个体DifferentialReproduction特异的繁殖性能IncreaseFrequencyofFavorableGenes增加优良基因频率USEAPPROPRIATEMATINGSYSTEMS

应用适宜的繁殖体系Howselectedanimalsaremated选择的个体如何选配Arrangegenesinfavorablecombinations使基因得到最佳组合MethodsofImprovingProductionEfficiency

提高生产效率的方法Management管理Genetics遗传Selection选择MatingSystems选配系统Rapid快Slow漫Rapid快Temporary暂时Permanent永久Temporary暂时OperatingExpense管理成本CapitalInvestment资金投入LittleExpense成本低Mustpurchasestockofthehighestgeneticpotentialavailable

必须购买供选的最大遗传潜力的种畜Selection选择Keyequation:重要公式Response =heritabilityxselectiondifferentialtoselection generationinterval选择的响应=遗传力x选择差/世代间隔Heritability=proportionofgeneticsuperioritypassedontooffspring遗传力=传给后代的遗传优势的比例Selectiondifferential=differenceinperformancebetweenselectedindividualsandpopulationmean选择差=选择群与大群性能均值之差Generationinterval=timebetweengenerations世代间隔=世代间的时间MaximizingResponsetoSelection

最大的选择响应Selectforlimitednumberoftraits

选择较少的性状Selectfortraitswithmoderatetohighheritabilitythatcanbemeasuredintheliveanimal

选择中高遗传力且能活体测定的性状Maximizeselectiondifferentials

选择差最大Testlargenumbersofanimals测定大量个体Selectsmallnumberofreplacements选择少量后备猪Minimizegenerationintervals世代间隔最小Replacebreedingstockrapidly快速更换种畜猪肉品质Whatshouldweselectfor?Traitsofeconomicimportance

我们应选择什么?重要经济性状BreedingFemale:种母猪Ageatpuberty初情期Breedingregularity配种规律性Gestationlength妊娠长短Longevity寿命Littersize产仔数Growing/finishingpig:生长/肥育猪On-farmperforamnce

场内性能Growthrate生长速度Feedefficiency饲料报酬Carcassquality胴体品质Tissuecomposition组织组成Tissuedistribution组织分布Meatquality猪肉品质Visualappeal–color肉色评分Driploss滴水损失Eatingquality食用品质General:整体Structuralsoundness(Legsandlocomotion,Teatnumber)

形态结构(腿和运动,奶头数Diseaseresistance?;Behavior?抗病性,行为Heritabilityestimatesforsomeimportanttraitsinswine

(fromClevelandetal.1986)重要性状的遗传力估值Traits性状Heritability(h2)遗传力Littersurvivaltoweaning断奶成活窝0Numberfarrowed产仔数0.10Numberweaned断奶数0.10Birthweight出生重0.20Weaningweight断奶重0.20Feedefficiency饲料报酬0.25Growthrate生长速度0.30Ageatpuberty初情期0.35Backfatthickness(probed)背膘厚(超声)0.40Yieldofleancuts瘦肉率0.40Loineyearea眼肌面积0.45Backfatthickness(carcass)背膘厚(胴体)0.50SelectionProgramsinSwine

猪的选择方案Maximumprogresswillbemadeifselectionisforafewtraitswith:如选少数选择可获最大进展Moderatetohighheritabilities

中到高遗传力thatcanbemeasuredintheliveanimal,beforepuberty

初情期前可在活体度量Emphasizemaleselection强化公猪选择Testmany–selectfew测得多-选得少Replacebreedingstockquickly快速更换种畜Historicallythemajoremphasiswas(andstillis)onselectionfor:历史上且至今主选性状是

GROWTHandCARCASSTRAITS生长和胴体性状IndirectMeasurementofCarcassCompositionintheLiveAnimal

胴体组成的活体间接测定

Liveweight活重Visualassessment主观评价Bodydimensions体型Liveanimalprobes活体测定Photogrammetry

摄影测量Density密度Ultrasound超声波A-modeA型Real-time实时Velocity速度B超测定和称重Identifyinggeneticallysuperioranimals

鉴别遗传上优秀个体Phenotypic

= Genetic+EnvironmentPerformance ComponentComponent表型性能=遗传分量+环境分量Toidentifygeneticdifferencesbetweenanimalsneedstoeliminateoradjustfortheeffectoftheenvironmentonperformancee.g.Nutrition,Climate,Disease

鉴别个体将遗传差异需校正环境如营养,气候和疾病等对性能的影响RemovingEnvironmentalVariation

消除环境变异Compareanimalstestedinthesameenvironment

在相同测定环境下比较个体差异Centraltesting中心测定Contemporarycomparison同期比较Useadjustmentfactorsestimatedfromotherdatae.g.adjustfortheeffectsofseason,parity,weightetc.应用来自其它数据估计的校正因子校正季节,胎次和体重的影响Havecommongenotypestestedinallofthedifferentenvironmentsinwhichtestingisbeingcarriedoutandusethisdatatocorrectforenvironmentaleffects在不同环境下采用相同基因型,以校正环境影响PerformanceTesting

性能测定Animalsevaluatedonthebasisoftheirownperformance

自身性能为基础估测个体Bestmethodfortraitsofmoderateorhighheritabilitythatcanbemeasuredintheliveanimal对于能活体测定的中或高遗传力性状是最好方法Usedforgrowthandcarcasscharacteristics

用于生长和胴体性状TestingPigs–MeasuringFeedIntake

测定猪-测定采食量Measuresoffeedintakearerequiredtoestimatedfeedconversionefficiency(receivesthemostemphasisinselectionprograms)

采食量的测定是用于估计饲料报酬(在选育计划中最重要Historicallyboarsforevaluationwerepennedindividuallytomeasureindividualfeedintake

以前公猪单圈饲养来测定个体的采食量

Expensiveintermsofbuildingandlaborcosts

建筑和劳工成本高 Relationshipbetweenperformanceofpigspenned individuallyandingroupsisnotstrong.

单圈饲养与群养猪间性能相关不大 Genesassociatedwithimprovedgrowtharedifferent forindividualandgrouppenning.

单圈饲养与群养猪提高生长的基因不同

ElectronicFeedIntakeRecordingEquipment

采食量自动记录仪

Measuresthefeedintakeofindividualanimalswithinagroup –upto15pigspergroup测定群养中每个猪的采食量－每组15头Pigidentification,timeandhopperweightsareautomaticallyrecordedeverytimeapigvisitsthefeeder.每当猪只吃料，其猪号，时间和饲槽重量将被自动记录Measuresfeedingbehavior:测定采食行为Timeofentryandexitfromfeeder进入和离开喂料机的时间Timeofvisit吃料时间Feederweightonentryandexit进入和离开的饲槽重量Mealsizes进食量Feedconsumptionrates饲料消耗率Usinginformationfromrelatives

应用亲属资料Progenytesting,familyindexing

后裔测定,家系指数Usedforsex-limitedtraits用于性连锁性状e.g.milkproduction,littersize

如产奶量,产仔数Usedfortraitsthatcan’tbemeasuredintheliveanimal用于活体不能度量的性状e.g.meatquality

如肉质AnimalUltrasoundSystemsCVTFAT-O-MEATER猪胴体分级技术研究1、名山县鲁梅克斯肉食品公司测定5821头猪不同等级各性状的平均值等级头数比重P2(mm)RF(mm)RM(mm)瘦肉率(%)反射值胴体重P107918.5428.9934.1733.4136.4733.9356.45O173529.8022.2826.8133.9142.6835.2251.11R202934.8617.3621.4234.5747.2935.9747.08U85414.6712.7816.3836.6251.9038.7242.76E1212.089.3112.3642.8756.4844.2640.69S30.057.6710.3358.3361.4055.3341.37总体582110020.1424.4634.6444.7835.9549.24RF、RM:倒数三、四肋之间的背膘厚度和眼肌厚度屠宰加工生产线Heritabilityestimatesforeatingqualitytraits

食用品质性状的遗传力估值Heritabilityestimates遗传力估值Authors作者Tenderness嫩度Juiciness多汁性Flavor风味Acceptability可接收性Jensenetal.,1967-0.190.58-Scheper,19790.37---Cameron,19900.230.180.140.16Loetal.,19920.450.120.130.34Heritabilityestimatesforintramuscularfat

肌内脂肪含量的遗传力估值

Heritabilityestimates遗传力估值Author作者Breed品种h2estimates遗传力估值Duniecetal,1961LargeWhite大白0.50Jensenetal,1967Various多种0.86Arganosaetal,1969Various多种0.42Scheper,1979Landrace长白0.35Schworeretal,1987Landrace长白LargeWhite大白0.550.49CameronandEnser,1991Duroc&Landrace杜洛克和长白0.53Loetal.,1992Duroc&Landrace杜洛克和长白0.52Majoreconomiccomponentsofporkquality

猪肉品质的主要经济成分Musclecolorandwater-holdingcapacity

肌肉颜色和系水力Eatingquality?

食用品质?色度标准31级和3级大理石纹ThePorkQualityTarget(NPPC,2000)

猪肉品质目标Attribute性状 Target目标 Comment注释Color肉色 3.0–5.0 Utilizinga6-point scale 采用6分制pH酸度 5.6–5.9Tenderness嫩度 <7lb.(3.2kg) UtilizingWBSat7days <7磅(3.2千克)

第7天采用WBS测定Flavor风味 Robustporkflavor (nooff-flavor)

健康的猪肉风味 无怪味Intramuscularfat 2to4%肌内脂肪(“marbling”大理石纹)2到4%DripLoss滴水损失 Nottoexceed2.5%

不超过2.5%PietrainEffectofRNgeneonmeatquality

RN基因对肉质的影响

Numberofstudies研究次数Av.difference(RN--rn+rn+)基因型差异Range范围最终pH值

滴水损失,%

Napole

产量

EEL肌肉反射值

InfluenceofproportionofDurocgenesoncarcassandeatingqualitytraits(MLC,1991)杜洛克基因的比例对胴体和食用品质的影响PercentageDuroc杜洛克比例0 25 50 75P2backfatdepth,mm背膘厚10.2a 11.2b 11.7b 12.8Intramuscularfat,%肌内脂肪.70a .86a 1.08c 1.27dPSEcarcasses,%PSE比例8.3a 5.4ab 1.6bc 0.10cTastepanell:品味测定Tenderness嫩度4.96a 5.03a 5.32b 5.38bJuiciness多汁性4.09a 4.11a 4.18a 4.38bPorkflavor风味3.88 3.99 3.96 3.9818-pointscale;lowervalues=poorerquality8分制;分低=质差Selectionforlittersize

产仔数的选择Problems:问题Lowheritability低遗传力 -Phenotypepoorindicatorofgenotype

表现型与基因型差异大 -Slowprogress进展慢Sex-limited性连锁 -Onlyexpressedinfemale仅在母猪中表现 -Progenytestingofmalesineffective

公猪后裔测定无效

Selectionforlittersize

产仔数的选择Use:采用Largepopulations大群Maximizeselectiondifferentials选择差最大化Combineinformationfromrelatives(Familyindexing)综合亲属资料(家系指数)Increaseaccuracyofselection增加选择精度Large-scalecomputingpower

大规模计算能力PROGRESS=+0.25pigsborn/litter/year进展=+0.25产仔数/窝/年Herd12500sows

Herd22500sowsHerd32500sowsHerd42500sowsHerd5群体52500sows母猪GroupNucleusBreedingProgram

核心群组育种计划AICenter人工授精中心SelectedboarsreturnedtoAIcenter选择的公猪回到人工授精中心Replacementfemalesselectedwithinherd后备母猪群内选留工作站工作站工作站主服务器副服务器交换机

遗传评估中心

中国公用分组交换网猪场1猪场N电话线电话线专线或中继线场内遗传评估接入Internet区域性(场间)遗传评估，发布育种信息Estimatedgeneticimprovement(%)Past,presentandfuture

过去，现在和将来遗传改进的估计1980-19901990-19951995-20002000-?Growthrate生长率15162020Carcassleancontent瘦肉率4835105Feedefficiency饲料报酬37303030Littersize产仔数0192525Leanquality肉质001515Diseaseresistance抗病0005SomeSingleGenesAssociatedwithSwinePerformance

一些与猪生产性能有关的单基因Locus位点 TraitAffected影响的性状Halothane氟烷基因 Leancontent,littersize,stressrelated mortality,musclecolorandwaterholding

瘦肉率，产仔数，应激死亡，肉色和系水力RN(acidmeat)酸猪肉Processingyields,musclecolorandwater holding加工产量，肉色和系水力K88 Ecoliresistance抵抗大肠杆菌SLA猪白细胞抗原 Littersize,pigletsurvival,growth,backfat

产仔数，仔猪成活，生长，背膘Transferrin

运铁蛋白 Littersize产仔数Estrogenreceptor雌激素受体基因 Littersize产仔数alpha-lac Milkyield产奶量Growthhormone生长激素 Growthandcarcass生长和胴体etc.等雌激素受体(ESR)基因多态性研究

总产仔数和产活仔数的最小二乘均数和基因效应ESR

基因型头胎经产总产仔数产活仔数总产仔数产活仔数AA8.33337.5000