专题12-上海高考英语概要写作(二)(原题版)(上海专用)

►专题12上海高考英语概要写作（二）_________________________________________________________________________________________考点难点精考点难点精讲【考情链接】

、概要写作是对原文的高度浓缩，是阅读者在不改变原文的中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下用简洁、精炼的语言表述一篇文章的主要内容、基本观点或事实。它主要包括阅读和写作两个过程。简洁、全面、准确、连贯、客观。1)删除细节。只保留主要观点。把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。4)压缩长的句子。5）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。6)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，7）巧妙使用连接词。【要点梳理】（一）如何概括主旨大意概括主旨大意，首先要抓住文章的主题句，然后在完整理解文章内容的基础上进行概括归纳。如前所述，段落的主题句可能出现在段首，段末，段落中间，甚至于没有明显的主题句。那么针对不同的情况，我们可以有什么不同的方法呢？我们一起来看以下的示例。1、找准主题句概括主旨大意中文段落写作是螺旋/线型的发展方式：重铺垫，讲渲染，讲究“言归正传”。而英文写作主要体现为直线型发展方式：第一句话“开门见山，一语破题”，结论句直接重复，扣题。换句话说，英文文章表意较直接，直奔主题。多数段落以主题句开端，在文章的开始部分就会阐明主题。英文写作是由一般到特殊。先概括后举例，先讲整体轮廓，后说诸多细节。了解英语写作特点将有利于把握文章的主题句，请同学们读以下的段落，根据文本的特点，快速寻找出主题句。A Indevelopingcountries,poorpeoplehavesufferedthemostfromshortagesofcleanwater.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.First,inmanydevelopingcountries,themajorityofhousesinpoorvillagesandurbanslumsarenotyetservedbyapipedwatersystem.Peoplelivingintheseplacesoftenhavetowalkmanymilestofindwaterandcarryithomeinjugsandplasticcontainers.Second,thesepeopleusuallyhavefewalternativestothepipedwatersupply.Theremaybewatercloserbyinriversorlakes,butthisisoftendangerouslypolluted.Inpoorareas,streetvendorsoftensellwaterbytheliter,buttheyoftenchargeextremelyhighpricesforwaterthatisnotalwayssafetodrink. 本段的主题句是Indevelopingcountries,poorpeoplehavesufferedthemostfromshortagesofcleanwater.这一段落主要是说明在发展中国家，很多穷人所面临的一个问题—清洁水源严重短缺。随后在展开部分阐述了造成这一问题的原因。是说明文“现象+原因”的结构。2、提取关键词概括主旨大意 在没有明确的主题句的情况下，学生需要通过定位、提取和整合分散在原文中的关键词对段落或者篇章进行主旨概括。BGenerally,peoplebelievethatthehormoneoxytocinisletoutinourbodyinvarioussocialsituationsandourbodycreatesalargeamountofitduringpositivesocialinteractionssuchasfallinginloveorgivingbirth.ButinapreviousexperimentProfessorRyanfoundthatthehormoneisalsoletoutinourbodyduringnegativesocialinteractionssuchasenvy.这是一段关于人体荷尔蒙的产生和释放的实验研究说明文,但是文中没有明显的主题句。这时我们就可以利用关键词信息来概括主旨大意。首先通过段落中的衔接词“Generally”和“but”了解到研究结果涉及到两个方面；然后在前后两个句子中又可以找出“thehormoneoxytocin”、“isletout”、“create”、“positive”、“negative”、“socialinteraction”等关键词，通过整合，概括主旨大意为：Experimentsshowourbodycreatesandletouthormoneoxytocinduringbothpositiveandnegativesocialinteractions.CTherearemanywaysthroughwhichwecanimproveourEnglish.First,wecanreadasmanyEnglishbooks,newspapersandmagazinesaspossible.Next,wemaylistentoEnglishprogramsontheradioorwatchEnglishprogramsonTVeveryday.Besides,itisnecessaryforustoseizeeveryopportunitytospeakEnglishbothinandafterclass.Finally,itisequallyimportanttoformthehabitoftakingnotesandkeepingadiaryinEnglish.显而易见，段落首句就是主题句，其中关键词是“ways”“improveEnglish”。如果将主旨大意概括为提高英语的方法有很多，未免显得很空泛，所以我们可以从衔接词“First”、“Next”、“Besides”和“Finally”后的内容中提取一些关键词“read”、“listen”、“speaking”and“takingnotes”和“keepingadiary”,进行整合，相对而言能够更精确地表达主旨大意。这一段落的主旨大意概括为：WecanimproveourEnglishbyreadingandlisteningtomoreEnglishmaterialsandtakechancestospeakandwriteinEnglish.（二）如何提取核心内容支撑主旨大意 区分核心内容和细节是概要写作的一大难点。概要写作不是篇章内容的简单罗列和呈现，而是提取主要内容或关键信息的一个过程。所以同学们要仔细辨别什么是核心内容，理清信息的主次，避免因为分不清楚主次而包含太多的细节内容，从而影响概要写作的简洁性。1、核心内容和细节间的区别核心内容是为了表明作者的写作目的或论证作者观点而使用的具体论据，是概要中的必要信息，通常不能省略。而细节描写往往为了起到突出和强调的作用，对文本内容进行更细致和深入的描述，通常被省略。一般而言，信息之间的逻辑关系可以帮助区分信息的主次关系。在一般和具体的关系中，主要内容往往是一般的，较多使用抽象词；次要内容较多使用具体的词。我们不妨通过分析下面这个段落来具体了解如何区分主要信息和次要信息，以便概要写作时正确取舍。为了方便讲解，我们对句子进行编号：①“It’snotjuststudythat’sdifficult.②Youhavetogetusedtoawholenewwayoflife,whichcantakeupallyourconcentrationinthebeginning,”explainedXieLei,whohadlivedallherlifeinthesamecityinChina.③Shetoldmethatshehadhadtolearnalmosteverythingagain.④“SometimesIfeltlikeachild,”shesaid.⑤“Ihadtolearnhowtousethephone,howtopaybusfare,andhowtoaskashopkeeperforthingsIdidn’tknowtheEnglishfor.⑥WhenIgotlostandhadtoaskapasser-byfordirections,Ididn’talwaysunderstand.⑦Theydon’ttalkliketheydoonourlisteningtapes,”shesaid,laughing.第①句是一个过渡句，但difficult一词是个关键词。第②句是本段的主题句，其中“getusedtoawholenewwayoflife”“takeupallyourconcentration”是关键词。从第③句到文末第⑦句都是关于“learneverythingagain”，通过举例来说明gettingusedtonewwayoflifeisdifficult这样一个论点。例证一般都是作为细节来看待，因此概要中可省略。通过对信息的筛选和整合，这段的主旨大意可以概括为：Gettingaccustomedtoacompletelynewlifestyleisnoteasybecausemanythingsaretobelearnedagain.除了前面所提到的利用一般和具体之间的关系来区分主要和次要内容，因果关系、转折关系、并列、递进关系等也能帮助区分主次要信息。我们再来看一例：XieLeiliveswithahostfamilywhogiveherlotsofgoodadvice.②Althoughsomeforeignstudentsliveinstudentaccommodationorapartments,somechoosetoboardwithEnglishfamilies.③Livingwithhostfamilies,inwhichtheremaybeothercollegestudents,givesherthechancetolearnmoreaboutthenewculture.④“WhenIhearanidiomthatIdon’tunderstand,Icanaskmyhostfamilyforhelp,”explainsXieLei.⑤“Also,whenImissmyfamily,it’sagreatcomforttohaveasubstitutefamilytobewith.”这一段落中没有明显的主题句，但是通读文本后不难发现作者想要表达的是livingwithhostfamily的益处。第①句中的定语从句是修饰hostfamily，但“giveherlotsofgoodadvice”是本句关键词，提示了第一个益处。第②句是一个让步状语从句，前后转折关系，一般而言Although引导的状语从句部分是次要信息，而主句部分则是主要信息，在这句中提取关键词“toboardwithEnglishfamilies”。第③句中的hostfamilies就是前面所提到的Englishfamilies,而此句中的关键词“tolearnmoreaboutthenewculture”显然是主要信息。第④句是通过举例的方式，进一步证明livingwithhostfamily的好处。第⑤句的Also之后所提到的信息和之前第③句的信息是同等重要的，因此在概要中需要提及，以保证要点齐全。这一段落的主旨大意可以概括为：Livingwithahostfamilycanhelpstudentsgetmuchadvice,understandanewcultureandrelievehomesickness.2、例证重要性的判断和取舍 分清重要信息和次要信息对于概要写作很重要，有些同学认为举例，引入部分和定义等都属于细节描写，因此在概要写作时一律舍弃，但事实上这有失偏颇，有时为了强调某一观点或者表明观点的真实性和可靠性，会使用如举例论证或者因果论证等方式，所以概要写作时，看到举例论证，引入或者定义时，不能一概而论地舍弃。根据行文的需要来考虑例证的必要性和重要性，以此进行取舍。现在我们从“定义是否需要作为细节而被删减”的角度来看之前讨论过的一个段落：Plannedobsolescence,apracticeinwhichproductsaredesignedtohavealimitedperiodofusefulness,hasbeenacornerstoneofmanufacturingfocusforthepast80years.Thisapproachincreasessales,butitalsostandsincontrasttoatimewhengoodswereproducedtobedurable.Plannedobsolescencewastesmaterialsaswellasenergyinmakingandshippingnewproducts.Italsostrengthensthebeliefthatitiseasiertoreplacegoodsthantorepairthem.In2009,anenterprisingmovement,the“RepairCafé”,saidnotothiswidelyacceptedbelief.段落的首句，用同位语和定语从句的结构对plannedobsolescence一词进行了解释。虽然一般来讲，定义是对某一名词的具体说明和解释，在概要写作中被省略。但是plannedobsolescence对于大部分的读者来说是陌生的词组，如果不加以一定的释义，而是直接将这一词组用于概要之中，许多读者会因为不理解这个词义而影响其对后文的理解；另一方面，第一句中的“aredesignedtohavealimitedperiodofusefulness”为后文提到的这一做法的弊端做了铺垫，进而引出RepairCafé的出现。由于plannedobsolescence的定义毕竟不是主要信息，所以在语言的表达和组织上还是要仔细斟酌。在不超过规定字数的前提下，尽量以分词等结构出现，不宜以单句形式表达，以免本末倒置，偏离段落主旨大意。（三）如何使用自己语言表达原文要点 概要写作强调写作者用自己的语言言简意赅地表达原文的主旨大意和重要内容，要避免照搬原文。释义（Paraphrase）是将听到或看到的内容用自己的语言进行表达，可以借鉴原文的内容，但是要学会用各种方法来进行改写，达到“神似形不似的境界”。下面我们就具体来学习怎样利用paraphrase来进行改写吧。1、使用不同的词汇（1）同义替换：这是paraphrase最简单的方法，就是用近义词或者同义短语替换原文中相应的部分。通常使用这种方法时，不需对句子的其它部分进行改动。·Itiscommonlybelievedthattakingregularexercisedoesgoodtopeople’shealth.→Itiswidelyacceptedthattakingregularexercisedoesgoodtopeople’shealth.→Itisgenerallythoughtthattakingregularexercisedoesgoodtopeople’shealth.在这一例句中，同学们既可以对“commonlybelieved”进行同义替换，也可以将“doesgoodtopeople’shealth”进行同义替换，如：Itisgenerallythoughtthattakingregularexercisebenefits/bringsbenefitsto/isbeneficialtopeople’shealth.练习1请利用词义替换法，对原句进行改写。①Thanksforyourhelp,wecompletedthedemandingtaskaheadofschedule.→______________yourhelp,wecompletedthedemandingtaskaheadofschedule.→______________yourhelp,we_________thedemandingtaskaheadofschedule.→________yourhelp,wefinishedthedifficulttask_______________.②He’striedeverymeanshecanthinkoftodealwiththecurrentfinancialproblems.→He’stried______________________todealwiththecurrentfinancialproblems.→Hehastried______________________to_____________________________.在平时的学习中，同学们应该尽量积累词汇，尤其对于一些高频的、常用的同义词的积累，不仅可以帮助扩大词汇量，也能使自己在句子改写中游刃有余。在练习的过程中，同学们要尽量尝试多用不同的同义词替换原文内容。部分常见同义替换表达的归纳原义同义词;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;； (2)改变词性：这一方法和同义替换较为类似，但是通过词性转换的形式替换原文中的相应内容。·Theyoungmanwassentencedtoprisonbecausehegotinvolvedinamurder.→Theyoungmanwassentencedtoprisonbecauseofhisinvolvementinamurder.在这一例中，用名词involvement替换了动词involve。在词性变化的时候，必要时对句子的结构也要做相应的变化，以免产生句式上的错误。又如：·WhattheyhaveachievedisreallyvaluableinpreventingandtreatingHIVinfection.→TheirachievementsarereallyvaluableinpreventingandtreatingHIVinfection.→TheirachievementsaresignificantinthepreventionandtreatmentofHIVinfection.这一例句中，achieve(v.),prevent(v.),treat(v.)都从动词变成了名词，在句子或词组结构上也相应作了一些改变。练习2请利用词性转换，对原句进行改写。①Thenewlybuilthighwaywhichisbeingconstructedwillmakeiteasierforpeopletotravelaround.→Thenewlybuilthighway________________willmakeiteasierforpeopletotravelaround.②Thelocalgovernmentshouldtakeactionimmediatelytostopthediseasefromspreading.→Thelocalgovernmentto______________tostopthediseasefromspreading.(3)使用不同的连接词。连接词不仅连接句子，也连接段落，所以掌握一些连接词的替换，对改写也有很大的帮助。请看下面的例句：·Hestayeduplateyesterday,asaresult,hefellasleepinclasstoday.→Hewenttobedsolatethathefellasleepinclasstoday.→Hestayeduplateyesterday,sothathefellasleepinclasstoday.练习3请使用不同的连词，对原句进行改写。①Thoughhehadbeenwarnedofthedanger,hestucktoexploringthemysteriousforestalone.→__________thewarningofdanger,hestucktoexploringthemysteriousforestalone.→hestucktoexploringthemysteriousforestalone____________thewarningofdanger.②Parentsshouldn’treadchildren’sdiariesiftheyarenotallowedto.→Parentsshouldn’treadchildren’sdiaries__________theyareallowedto.部分常用连接词的归纳逻辑关系连接词对比/转折however;ontheotherhand;despite;inspiteof;though;although;but；onthecontrary;otherwise;yet;insteadof;rather;ratherthan;whereas；nevertheless;nevertheless;eventhough…表递进What’smore;inaddition;moreover;furthermore;besides…表因果Therefore;so;asaresult;consequently;thus;accordingly;inthisway;dueto;becauseof;owingto;resultfrom;resultin;leadto;cause表总结Inshort;Inbrief;Briefly;Tosumup;Onthewhole;Inaword…(4)对原词进行逆向表达。对一些形容词或副词进行修改，比如采用反义词，双重否定即肯定等改写手段也可以达到用自己语言表达原文的目的,比如：·Thepresentfinancialsituationisnotassimpleashethought.→Thecurrentfinancialsituationismorecomplicatedthanhethought.练习4请利用逆向表达法，对原句进行改写。①IhaveneverseenabetterfilmthantheoneIsawyesterday.→ThefilmIsawyesterdayis____________Ihaveeverseen.②ItisnotuncommonforAmericanstomovearoundforvariousreasons.→Itis___________forAmericanstomovearoundfordifferentreasons.练习参考答案练习1：①Becauseof;Owingto/finished;With/inadvance②everypossiblemeans;possibleapproaches/addressthepresentfinancialissues练习2：①underconstruction②takeimmediateaction练习3：①Inspiteof/Despite;regardlessof②unless练习4：①thebest②common2、使用不同的句型(1)词序的改变。例1Janestaredatthesunsetassheateapples.—Janeateappleswhenshestaredatthesunset.例2Theygotupat5inthemorningsoastocatchtheearliestbus.Tocatchtheearliestbus,theygotupat5a.m.(2)主被动语态的转换。例3Thegovernmentencouragescitizenstotakepublictransportationwhentheytravelaround.→Citizensareencouragedtotakepublictransporttotravelaround.例4 Theyhavetriedeverymeanstosavethedrowningboybutfailed.→Everymeanshasbeenusedtosavethedrowningboybutfailed.例5 Theconstructionofthenewtunnelbenefitspeoplelivingonbothsidesoftheriver.→Peoplelivingonbothsidesoftheriverbenefitfromtheconstructionofthenewtunnel.例6 Theheavyrainresultedinthelandslide,whichkilledover100villagers.→Thelandslide,whichkilledover100villagers,resultedfromtheheavyrain.主动和被动语态之间的转换，除了动词结构的变化之外，还有词组之间的转换，比如resultfrom和resultin;benefit和benefitfrom;basesth.onsth.和bebasedon等，同学们要学会灵活转换。(3)从句和非谓语动词结构的转换。例7 TheyhavelivedinShanghaifornearly10years,sotheyarequitefamiliarwiththecity.→HavinglivedinShanghaifornearlyonedecade,they’requitefamiliarwithit.例8 Manyofthestudentsarenowintheclassroomandtheyaretakingalunchbreak.→Manystudentsarenowintheclassroomtakingalunchbreak.例9 Theactivitywhichisdesignedtoraisepeople’sawarenessofanimalprotectionispopularwiththeresidents.→Theactivitydesignedtoraisetheawarenessofanimalprotectioniswell-receivedbytheresidents.→Theactivitywhoseaimistomakepeopleawareofanimalprotectiongainsgreatpopularityamongtheresidents.例10Theapartmentbuildingcollapsedandmanypeoplelosttheirhomes.→Theapartmentbuildingcollapsed,leavingmanypeoplehomeless.→Manypeoplelosttheirhomeswiththecollapseofthebuilding.例11TomwasadmittedtoCambridgeUniversityandheisthefirstinhishometowntostudyabroad.→Tom’sbeingadmittedtoCambridgeUniversitymakeshimthefirstinhishometowntostudyabroad.(4)概括性的词代替具体的词。例12Somepeoplegotocollegetolearnatrade，somegotoenteraprofession，andothers，havingnoimmediatecareergoals,gofortheloveoflearning.→Peoplegotocollegeforvariousreasons.例13ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimesandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringherholiday.→Shebroughthomeavarietyofreadingmaterialstoenjoyinhervocation._____真题优选操真题优选操练2020年秋考Arepeopleunique?Itishumanbeings’pridethatwearetheonlyspeciesonthePlanetthatcanspeakandthink.However,recentresearchcastsdoubtonthatcommonbelief.Zuberbuhler,apsychologistatSt.AndrewsUniversity,andhiscolleaguesrecordedthousandsofcallsmadebyDianamonkeysandnoticedthatthemonkeysadaptedtheircallstochangethemeaningtowarnoneanotheraboutdifferentsituations.Forexample,theymadea‘krack’alarmcallatthesightoftiger.However,whentheymerelyrepeatedcallsmadebyothermonkeystheyaddedan‘oo’.Theresearchersfoundthatthesamecallswouldberecognisedbyotherspecies,likeCampbell’smonkeys.Sotheyarecommunicatingacrossspecies.‘Andsincethenwehavefoundthathornbillbirdscanunderstandthesecallsandtheytoocanunderstandallthedifferentmeanings’,saidZuberbuhler.Whatisalsosurprisingisthatsignsofintelligencehavebeenfoundinbirds,whosesmallbrainswerelongassumedtobeacompletebarriertointelligence.However,allthatischangingfast.AfewyearsagoIrenePepperbergoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologytaughtaparrottorecogniseandcountuptosixobjects,whichcouldn’thavebeenachievedifbirdswereunabletomemorize.Lastyear,thatwastoppedbyAlexKacelnik,aprofessorofbehavioralecologyatOxford,whodiscoveredthatcrows(乌鸦)arecapableofusingtoolsincomplexorders,thefirsttimesuchbehaviourhasbeenobservedinnon-humans.Inanexperimentsevencrowssuccessfullygrabbedapieceoffoodplacedoutofreachusingthreedifferentlengthsofstick.Crucially,theywereabletocompletethetaskwithoutanyspecialtraining,suggestingthebirdswerecapableofalevelofabstractreasoningnormallyassociatedonlywithhumans.Allthisispowerfulevidenceagainsttheideathatpeopleareunique.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2020年春考GlobalCooperationInthe21stcentury,we’veseenanewtrendthatispushingtheboundaries(边界)ofhumaninventionandinnovation—globalcooperation.Scientificandtechnicalresearchanddevelopmentisnowsocomplicatedthatnoonescientistcanknowitall.So,increasingly,innovationiscomingfromthecombiningofcutting-edgeexpertise(专业知识)fromdifferentscientificfields.Therearenowover8,000scientificjournalsworldwideanditisimpossibletobeanexpertinallareas.Therefore,inthishighlyspecializedworld,scientists,medicsandengineershavetocooperateinordertoinnovate.ProfessorBobLangeratMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)hasmadesignificantbreakthroughsinthefieldofbiomedicalengineering.Buthehasn’tdoneitonhisown.Hehasinvitedexpertsfromaroundtheworldindifferentfieldstoformaglobalteamtodesignnewsubstanceswhichcangoinsidethebody,delivermedicinesandthendissolve.AlsoatMIT,whenCesarHaradaheardabouttheoilspillintheGulfofMexicoin2010,hequithisdreamjobthereandtriedtodevelopamoreefficientwaytoremovetheoil.Butratherthanfocusingonprofit,hedecidedto‘open-source’thedesign.Hesharedhisownideasonthewebforfreeandthengotexpertsfromallaroundtheworldtocontributeideasandevendonations.Thankstothisfree,not-for-profitwayofsharingideasandintellectualpropertyontheinternet,aboatcapableofcleaningoilquicklycameintobeing.Obviously,internationalcooperationbasedonsharinginformationfreelyhasproducedinnovativeapproachestosolvingproblems.Itappearsthatthedaysofbrilliantindividualsworkingintheirgaragesontheirownareover.Globalteamswithaunitedpurposebuildingoneveryone’sexpertisecancollectivelydofarmorethanonebrilliantindividual.Today’sworldcallsforglobalcooperators,sharers,andnotprotectorsofideas.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2019年秋考Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Beingamongthefirsttotryoutanewpieceoftechnologyiscool.Whenyou’retheonlymemberofyoursocialcirclewiththelatesthotdevice,peoplestareinfascination.However,peopletendtounderestimatethecostsofthistemporarycoolness,whichtheypayinmorewaysthanone.Franklyspeaking,earlyadoptionisabadinvestment.Theearliestversionsofdevicesarenotonlyexpensive,theyarealsothemostexpensivethatthosedeviceswilleverbe.Companiesareattemptingtorecoverthecostofproductionasfastastheycan,andoncetheprofitsfromearlyadopters’purchasesaresafelyintheirhands,theycancutthepriceandshifttothenextmarketingphase:sellingtheproducttoeveryoneelse.ThisiswhythecostoftheoriginaliPhonedroppedabout$200onlyeightmonthsafteritsrelease.Thosewhoarefirsttoleapintoanewtechnologyalsoriskwastingmoneyandtimeonsomethingthatwillnevercatchon.In2006,HDDVDs,anewformat（制式）forvideo,enteredthemarket.AfeweagerconsumersboughtHDDVDplayersthatwerediscontinuedinearly2008.Theearlyadopterswerethenstuckwithpriceydevicesthatjustsatontheirshelvescollectingdust.Anothergoodreasontoresisttheearlyadoptiontemptationisthatthefirstversionofaproducttypicallyhasimperfections.Forexample,whenMicrosoft’sgamemachine,XboxOne,wasfirstreleasedin2013,usersimmediatelybegantocomplainofproblems.Devotedgamersworkedtofindandsharesolutionstotheseissues.Suchproblemsaresocommonwithnewtechnologythatearlyadoptersarebasicallyunpaidtesters.Sodon’tjointhefirstwaveofconsumerswhoinvestinthelatestversionofdevice;instead,waitandsee.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2019年春考Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Wherearethebees?Beesareessentialtotheproductionoffoodweeat.Beesmakehoney,buttheyalsopollinate（给...授花粉）largeareasofcrops,suchasstrawberries,applesandonions.Aboutathirdofthefoodweeatisaresultofpollinationofthebees.Unfortunately,beeshavebeendisappearingatanalarmingrate.In2006,beekeepersstartedreportingaboutsomethingcalledColonyCollapseDisaster(CCD).ThemainsignofCCDisthelossofadulthoneybeesfromahive（蜂巢）.InOctoberof2006,somebeekeepersreportedthattheyhadlostbetween30and90percentoftheirhives.Thereweremanytheoriesofthedisappearanceofthebees.Butthemostconvincingonehastodowithpesticides（杀虫剂）andlifestylesofbeestoday.Nowadays,beekeepersgetmostoftheirincomenotfromproducinghoneybutfromrentingbeestopollinateplants.Thismeansthatthelifeofthetypicalbeenowconsistsoftravelingallaroundthecountrytopollinatecropsastheseasonschange.Thatmeansalotoftravelingontrucks,whichisverystressfultobees.Itisnotunusualforupto30%ofthehivetodieduringtransportduetostress.Inaddition,beesthatspendmostoftheirtimelockedupontrucksarenotexposedtowhatusuallyliveon.Instead,theyliveonasweetliquidfromcorn,usuallypollutedwithpesticides.Nooneknowsforsurewhatcausesbeestodisappear,butlosingbeesisverycostlyfortheeconomy.Beepollinationservicesareworthover$8billionayear.Withnobees,pollinationwillhavetobedonebyhand,whichwouldaffectthequalityoffoodandincreasefoodprices.Wehearalotaboutbigenvironmentaldisastersalmosteveryday.Butoneofthebiggestmayjustbethelossofthattinyflyinginsect.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2018年秋考BecominganattractiveemployeeThe2008financialcrisiscreatedanunstablejobmarket.Fast-forwardtothepresent,andtheeconomyhasnotfullyrecovered.Thus,it’sofvitalimportanceforjobseekerstocarefullystrategizetheirapproachtojobapplication.Anditisespeciallyimportantforthosenewtotheworkforce.Theyshouldlookatmakingthemselvesasattractiveaspossibletoemployers.Foryoungpeople,informationtechnologyskillswillplayanincreasingroleinthefuture.AsthegenerationtohavegrownupintheInformationAge,theyarequiteconfidentwhenitcomestoshowingofftheirinterestsandskillsinthisfield.Thismakesthemanaturalfitforcompaniesseekingexpertiseintechnology,marketing,andnetworking.Theyshouldemphasizetheseskillswhenapplyingforjobsthatrequiretheabilitytomultitask.Anotherattractivequalityisexperience.Itisimportantthatanapplicant’sresumelistanyactivitiesthatinvolvedteamworkandgoal-drivenresponsibilities.Membershipinasportsorsocialclubandparticipationasavolunteeraregoodexamplesofthis.Theseactivitiesinvolvegoalmanagementandplanning,alongwiththeabilitytofocuswhilecompetingonateam.Whenhiringcommitteesseethis,theyseeacandidatewhoiscapableofworkinginavarietyofenvironments.Finally,anattractivequalitywhenjob-huntingisagreatattitudetowardapotentialjob.Youngjobseekersareknowntobeoverconfidentbecausetheyhavebeenpraisedforeverythingtheyhavedone.Buttheymustrealizethattheemploymentmarketisabouthowanemployeewillbeagoodfitforacompany,nottheotherwayaround.Infact,inaninterview,animportantquestiontoaskis:“Whatwouldbeexpectedofmeasanemployee?”Intoday’stoughjobmarket.youngjobseekersneedtoprovideapotentialemployerwithgoodreasonstohirethem._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________名校好题必名校好题必测1.2022年上海中学东校高三英语阶段测试ThePowerofiPhoneThoughApplereleaseddatalastweekindicatingiPhonesalesmay,atlast,beslowing,oneCEOrecentlyexplainedwhyhethinksthesmartphonehasoverturnedourexpectationsofbasicallyeverything.HarryWestistheCEOoftheglobaldesignandstrategyfirmFrog,whichworkswithitsclients“toanticipatethefuture”.InaconversationwithTheHuffingtonPostattheWorldEconomicForuminDavos,Switzerland,WestcreditedApplewithtransformingthewaycompaniesapproachconsumersandtheirownemployees.“Waybackintheday,”Westsaid,companiesmarketedtheirproductsas“militaryspec”and“industrial”totakeadvantageoftheimpressionthattheseseeminglyspecializedproductswereofhigherqualitythanconsumerversions.Inthe70s,80sand90s,thisslowlygavewaytotheriseof“professional”productsadaptedtobusinessesandbusinesspeople.“ThatallchangedafterthecomingoftheiPhonein2007,”hesaid.“Consumersbegantousethisamazingdigitalinterface,andtheylikedit.Theyuseditintheirpersonallifeandathome,andwhentheywentbacktowork,theyencounteredthisterrible‘professional’or‘industrial’,or‘enterprise’product,andtheyrealizedhowold-fashionedandinconvenientitwas.Theydemandedchange.”ThatmassiveshiftforeshadowedthedownfallofBlackBerryandtheweakeningofthepowerofitdepartments—anditalsoforcedcompaniestoupdatetheworkexperienceoftheiremployees,accordingtoWest.“Companiesneedtohiremillennials,andmillennialsrefusetoworkintheseoutdated,backwardsystems,”hesaid.“Notonlyisituncomfortable,butitalsoindicatessomethingwrongaboutthecompany.Ifyourworkexperienceisthatold-fashioned,thenwhatelseiswronginthecompany?”