阅读理解专题（科普类）

课程主题：阅读理解专题（科普类）授课时间：学习目标1.掌握科普类阅读理解的考查类型；2.掌握科普类阅读理解的解题技巧。教学内容【进门测试】建议5minChinaachievedsolidyear-on-yearGDPgrowthof6.9percentinthefirstthreequarters,puttingitinapositiontocomfortablyachieveitswhole-yeartargetofaround6.5percent.Analystssaidthesolidgrowthtrendisexpectedtobecarriedintothefourthquarter.Growthwas6.8percentinthethirdquarter,comparedwith6.9percentinbothfirstandsecondquarters,accordingtotheNationalBureauofStatistics.Chinahaskeptitsgrowthwithinthe6.7to6.9percentrangefornineconsecutivequarters.“Theresilienceof(China’seconomic)developmenthassignificantlyimproved,”saidNBSspokesmanXingZhihongonThursday.China’sindustrialoutputgrewat6.7percentinthefirstthreequarters,upfrom6percentayearago.Retailsalesgrowthwas10.4percentintheJanuary-Septemberperiod,unchangedfromayearago,whilefixed-assetinvestmentgrowtheasedto7.5percent,downfrom8.2percentinthesameperiodlastyear.XingsaidChinahasalsomadeprogressinadvancingitssupply-sidestructuralreform,withcorporatedebtlevelsandcosts,forexample,reducedyear-on-yearinthefirstthreequarters.Thequalityofgrowthhassignificantlyimproved,withresidentialincomeandcorporateprofitsbothregisteringhigheryear-on-yeargrowth,Xingsaid.Chinahasattachedmoreimportancetothequalityofgrowthinrecentyears.XiJinping,generalsecretaryoftheCommunistPartyofChinaCentralCommittee,saidonWednesdayduringtheParty’s19thNationalCongressthatthecountry“hasbeentransitioningfromaphaseofrapidgrowthtoastageofhigh-qualitydevelopment”.It’slikelythatgrowthremainstableinthefourthquarter,saidLianPing,chiefeconomistofBankofCommunications.“Thepropertymarketandconsumptionwillhelpstabilizegrowthinthefourthquarter.”Realestatedevelopmentgrowthreached8.1percentinthefirstthreequarters,2.3percentagepointshigherthanayearago.Consumptiontraditionallyisrobustinthefourthquarter.MostanalystsforecastthatChina’sGDPgrowthcouldbe6.8percentor6.9percentforthewholeyear,beatingthepresettargetofaround6.5percent.ZhouXiaochuan,governorofthePeople’sBankofChina,thecentralbank,saidonSundayitmayevenreach7percentthisyear.Ifitturnedouttobeatleast6.8percent,itwouldbethefirstannualgrowthaccelerationsince2010.1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Thesolidgrowthtrendwillnotappearinthefourthquarter.B.Chinahasmaintainedarangeof6.7%to6.9%for9consecutivequarters.C.XingsaidthattheresilienceofChina’seconomicdevelopmenthassignificantlyimproved.D.Growthwas6.8percentinthesecondquarter.2.WhatcanwelearnfromLianPing?A.Thequalityofgrowthhassignificantlyimproved.B.China’sGDPgrowthcouldbe6.8percentor6.9percentforthewholeyear.C.Itmayevenreach7percentthisyear.D.HeisthechiefeconomistofBankofCommunications.3.Whatisthearticlemainlyabout?A.China’sGDP B.China’seconomictargetC.ThetrendofChina'seconomicdevelopment D.ThelevelofChina’seconomic4.Wherecanwemostpossiblyfindthisarticle?A.ChinaDaily B.Science C.OverseaEnglish D.Teens答案：1-4BDCA【多元导学】建议10min人们曾以为人类的大脑在幼儿时期结束时就完全停止发育了。然而，在过去的十年间，有研究表明人类的大脑从青春期开始到成年初期的这段时间内仍然在变化，请你收集资料了解相关内容！【互动精讲】建议70min知识点一（科普类阅读理解的特点及命题方式）【知识梳理】一：考点描述科普类文章是高考英语的常考题材，每年高考都有所涉及，每五篇阅读文章至少有一篇是科普文章，有的省份的考题甚至出现两篇科普文章（如2005年的江苏卷在五篇阅读文章中就有两篇是关于科普文章的阅读），以体现英语语言的实用性，同时也增加了试题的难度。因此，同学们在平时的学习中一定要对此引起高度的重视。二：材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。具体说来它有以下几个特点：1.文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。2.句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句3.常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。三：命题特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。四：应对策略1.要想做好科普英语阅读理解题，同学们就要注意平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2.要熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题(Headlines)，导语(Introductions)，背景(Background)，主体(Mainbody)和结尾(Ends)五部分构成。标题是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，但根据历年的高考真题情况来看，这类阅读理解材料一般不给标题，而要同学们选择标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述。这一部分命题往往最多，因此，阅读时，同学们要把这部分作为重点。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。3.在进行推理判断时，同学们一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。【例题精讲】In2015,researchersfromAustralia’sDeakinUniversitypublishedoneofthefirststudiesmeasuringfood’sphysicaleffectonthelefthippocampus（海马体）,aseahorse-shapedbrainregioncrucialformemory,learning,anddecisionmaking.ItisalsooneofthefirstareastoshrinkinpeoplewithAlzheimer’sdiseaseandotherformsofdementia（痴呆）.255peoplefilledoutdietsurveysandthenunderwentMRI(磁共振扫描成像)thatmeasuredtheirbrains.Fouryearslater,theyreturnedforanotherscaninresponsetoarequestfromtheresearchers.Thestudyfoundthatthelefthippocampuswasbiggerandheavierinthehealthyeatersthanintheunhealthyones,regardlessofage,sex,weight,exercisehabits,orgeneralhealth.Thatmeanseatingtherightfoodsandskippingthewrongstuffcouldhelpprotectagainstdeclinesinthinkingandmemorythatleadtodementia.Healthyeatingdoesn’tjustpreventbraindecline.Itraisesscoresonthinkingandmemorytests,accordingtoastudypublishedinMarch2019thattracked2,621Americanwomenandmenfor30years.“Greenleafyvegetableshavegoodeffectsthatmayprotectbothfemalesandmalesagainstcognitive（认知的）declineanddementia,”saysleadresearcherClaireMcEvoy,RD,oftheCentreforPublicHealthatQueen’sUniversityBelfastinNorthernIreland.Evenalittlehealthyfoodgoesalongway.Accordingtoa2018RushUniversitystudythattracked960peoplefor4.7years,participantswhoatejust1.3extraservingsofgreenleafyvegetablesadayshowedcognitiveabilitiessimilartothoseofpeople11yearsyounger.Howarethesepowerfoodsworkingwithyourbraincells?Animalandtest-tubeexperimentssuggestthatcompoundsinhealthydietshelpnewcellsmakecopiesofDNAwhentheydivideandmultiply.Meanwhile,high-fat,high-sugarprocessedfoodsharmbraincells.Whilefoodservesasanimportantbrainprotector,expertssaybrainsupplements（补品）aren’tallthateffective.Studiesshowthattheydon'tmakebraincellsactiveinasignificantlypositiveway.“Letthebuyerbecautious,”saysDavidHogan,MD,aspecialistattheUniversityofCalgary.Astudyofnootropics（益智药）intheNovember2019JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationrevealedthattheunapproveddrug—piracetam（乙酰胺吡略烷酮）wasfoundinfouroutoffivebrandstested,atlevelsthatcouldcausesideeffectssuchasdepression.1.Whydidtheresearchershavethe255peoplereturnforanotherMRIscanfouryearslater?A.TotestwhethertheyhadAlzheimer’sdisease.B.Toseewhateffectsdietshadonthelefthippocampus.C.Tostudyhowtheykepthealthyinthefouryears.D.TodeepentheirresearchintoAlzheimer’sdisease.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段...fouryearslater,theyreturnedforanotherscaninresponsetoarequestfortheresearchers.可知，他们回来是为了再做一次扫描来给实验提供数据，也就是说研究者想看看饮食对左海马有什么影响。故选B。2.WhatcanweinferfromParagraph2?A.Healthyeatinghelpstoreducetheriskofdementia.B.Unhealthydietisamajorcontributingfactorincognitivedecline.C.Ageandsexhavenothingtodowithourgeneralhealth.D.Plant-baseddietshavegreatereffectsonwomenthanmen.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段Thestudyfoundthatthelefthippocampuswasbiggerandheavierinthehealthyeatersthanintheunhealthyones,regardlessofage,sex,weight,exercisehabits,orgeneralhealth.可知，吃健康的食物是可以对海马体有积极的影响的，健康的饮食有助于降低患痴呆症的风险。故选A。3.WhichofthefollowingwouldDavidHoganmostprobablyagreewith?A.Brainsupplementsareashelpfulashealthydiets.B.We’dbettertakebrainsupplementsforconvenience.C.Weshouldbecarefulwhentakingbrainsupplements.D.Brainsupplementshaveasmanysideeffectsasprocessedfoods.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段...Letthebuyersbecautious.可知，我们在服用大脑补品时应该小心。，因为他发现有些药可以导致像抑郁症这样的副作用的。故选C。4.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.YestoGreenLeafyVegetablesB.YestoNootropicsC.NotoIntelligenceD.NotoDementia【答案】A【解析】文章标题。根据全文内容可知，本文都在讲健康的饮食对海马体的积极影响。故选A。知识点二（科普类阅读理解的解题方法）【知识梳理】【题型说明】科普知识类文章在高考试卷中是倍受青睐的又一宠儿。每年高考都有关于科普知识类阅读理解材料的考查。这类文章的特点是科技词汇多，句子长且结构复杂，理论性和逻辑性又都较强，再加之文章所介绍的知识对于同学们来说是比较陌生的。因此，同学们看这类文章觉得是雾里看花。【文章特点】科普类文章的主要特点：1.文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。综观整篇文章可以明显看出，它没有文学英语中常采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修饰手段，一词多义的现象也不多见。2.句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象与一体的长句。3.常使用被动语态，强调动作的承受者。4.常使用双重否定句。【结构特点】科普知识类文章结构一般也是由标题(Headlines),导语(Introductions)，背景(Background)，主体(Mainbody)和结尾(Ends)五部分构成。标题是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括，高考这类阅读理解材料一般也不给标题，而要同学们选择标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述。这一部分命题往往最多，因此，阅读时，同学们要把这部分作为重点。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。【备考提醒】要做好这类阅读理解题，先要掌握这类文章的特点和结构，真正读懂并理解它。其次，工夫在课外，平时一定要多读科技幻想类文章，比如：太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。特别是从网上搜寻一些取材原版、内容时新、语言鲜活的科技幻想类材料阅读。这样长期坚持，既可以增长知识、开阔视野，又可以扩充科技词汇，还能提高解答这种类型试题的能力。我们何乐而不为呢？【巩固练习】AManystudieshaveshownhowplayingvideogamescanleadtostructuralchangesinthebrain,includingincreasingthesizeofsomeregions,ortofunctionalchanges,suchasactivatingtheareasresponsibleforattention.NewresearchfromtheUniversityatObertadeCatalunya(UOC)hasgonefurthertoshowhowcognitive(认知的)changescantakeplaceevenyearsafterpeoplestopplaying.Thestudyinvolved27peoplebetweentheagesof18and40withandwithoutanykindofexperiencewithvideogaming.“Peoplewhowerevideogamersbeforeadolescence,despitenolongerplaying,performedbetterwiththeworkingmemorytasks,whichrequirementallyholdingandprocessinginformationtogetaresult,"saidMarcPalaus,theauthorofthestudy.Theresultsshowthatpeoplewithoutexperienceofplayingvideogamesasachilddidnotbenefitfromimprovementsinprocessingandavoidingirrelevantstimuli(刺激).Indeed,theywereslowerthanthosewhohadplayedgamesaschildren,whichmatchedwhathadbeenseeninearlierstudies.“Peoplewhoplayedregularlyaschildrenperformedbetterfromtheoutsetinprocessing3Dobjects,althoughthesedifferenceswerenarrowedaftertheperiodoftraininginvideogaming,whenbothgroupsshowedsimilarlevelssaidPalaus.Thestudylastedamonthandtheresearchersanalyzedparticipants'cognitiveskills,includingworkingmemory,atthreepoints:beforestartingthetraininginvideogaming,attheendofthetraining,andfifteendayslater.ThevideogameusedwasNintendo'sSuperMario64.AccordingtoPalaus,whatmostvideogameshaveincommonisthattheyinvolveelementsthatmakepeoplewanttocontinueplaying,andthattheygraduallygetharderandpresentaconstantchallenge.“Thesetwothingsareenoughtomakeitanattractiveandmotivatingactivity,which,inturn,requiresconstantandintenseuseofourbrain'sresources.“Videogamesareaperfectrecipeforstrengtheningourcognitiveskills,almostwithoutournoticing.However,it'snotthereasonforplayingtoomuch,"hesaid.1.Whatcanbelearnedaboutthestudy?A.Itlooksatdifferentgames. B.Itisaimedatadultgamers.C.Itsparticipantsareadults. D.Itsauthorlikesplayinggames.2.Howdidpeopleplayingnovideogamesaschildrenbehaveinthestudy?A.Theytendedtoignoreirrelevantstimuli.B.Theyfailedtophysicallyhold3Dobjects.C.Theyperformedveryslowlyaftertraining.D.Theydidworseinworkingmemorytasks.3.WhatmayMarcPalaussuggestdoing?A.Findingrecipesforbettercognitiveskills.B.Avoidinggettingaddictedtovideogames.C.Tryinglesschallengingvideogames.D.Forbiddingvideogamesfortheyoung.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.PlayingVideoGamesasKidsCanCauseChangesinBrainB.VideoGamersMemorizeInformationMuchMoreQuicklyC.VideoGamesHelptoImproveChildren'sWorkingMemoryD.PlayingVideoGamesBenefitsCognitiveSkillsEvenYearsLater答案：1-4CDBD解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段“Thestudyinvolved27

peoplebetweentheages

of

18and40

with

and

without

anykind

of

experiencewithvideogaming.”可知,该研究的研究对象是成年人。2.推理判断题。根据第三段“'Peoplewho

were

video

gamers

beforeadolescence,

despite

nolonger

playing,

performed

betterwiththeworkingmemorytasks,”及第四段的内容可推断,没有儿时玩电子游戏的经验的人在工作记忆任务中表现得相对差一点。3.

推理判断题。根据最后一段、尤其是“‘However,it’s

not

the

reasonfor

playing

toomuch,’”可推断,Marc

Palaus可能会建议人们要避免沉迷电子游戏。4.

标题判断题。通读全文、尤其是文章第一段“NewresearchfromtheUniversityatObertadeCatalunya(UOC)hasgonefurthertoshowhow

cognitive(认知的)changes

can

takeplace

even

years

after

peoplestopplaying.

”及第三段可知,本文主要介绍了一个新发现——儿时玩电子游戏有益于认知能力。BSomeparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(认知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋转)andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.24.Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A.Buildingconfidence. B.Developingspatialskills.C.Learningself-control. D.Gaininghigh-techknowledge.25.WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment？A.Parents’age. B.Children’simagination.C.Parents’education. D.Child-parentrelationship.26.Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A.Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C.Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod. B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist D.Ateachingprogram.【答案】24.B25.C26.D27.B【词汇】1.puzzle 2.significant 3.predictor4.income 5.analyze 6.assess7.interact 8.complex 9.confidence10.tough 11.mathematical 12.psychologist1.puzzlen.

难题；谜；迷惑；拼图游戏vt.

使为难；使困惑vi.

苦思；迷惑2.Significantadj.

重要的；有意义的；意味深长的；显著的3.Predictorn.

预言者4.Incomen.

收入；所得；收益5.Analyzevt.

分析；解析；研究6.Assessv.

评定；评估；估算7.Interactvi.

相互作用；相互联系；相互影响；互动8.Complexadj.

复杂的；合成的；复合的n.

综合体；复合体；[医]综合症状；[心]情结9.Confidencen.

信任；把握；信心；知心话adj.

骗得信任的10.Toughadj.

强硬的；棘手的，难办的；艰苦的；严厉的；牢固的，强壮的；坚强的，坚韧的adv.

以强硬的态度；强硬地，顽强地n.

暴徒;恶棍11.Mathematicaladj.

数学的；精确的；可能性极小的12.psychologistn.

心理学家，心理学者【长难句】1.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.【句子分析】主干部分：PsychologistSusanLevinefoundchildrendevelopbetterspatialskills.同位语：anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago定语从句：whoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4later修饰children【翻译】心理学家苏珊·莱文是芝加哥大学幼儿数学发展方面的专家，她发现在2岁至4岁之间玩拼图游戏的儿童后来发展出了更好的空间技能。2.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(认知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk.【句子分析】主干部分：Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition连词+分词短语作状语：aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk.【翻译】在排除了父母收入、教育程度和父母话语量差异后，拼图游戏被发现是认知水平的重要预测因素。3.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.【句子分析】主干部分：Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsandfoundchildrenhavebetterspatialskills介词短语做定语：of53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathome定语从句：whoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofage修饰children时间状语从句：whenassessedat54monthsofage.【翻译】研究人员分析了53对父母在日常家庭活动中的视频记录，发现玩拼图游戏的26至46个月大的孩子在54个月大的时候有更好的空间能力。4.Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋转)andtranslateshapes.【句子分析】主干部分：Thechildrenperformedbetterthanthose定语从句：whoplayedwithpuzzles定语从句的省略：whodidnot（playedwithpuzzles）定语从句：thatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋转)andtranslateshapes.修饰tasks【翻译】玩拼图游戏的孩子，在评估他们旋转能力和转变形状的任务上，表现得比不玩的孩子好【课堂检测】建议15minAMakeUpYourMindtoSucceedKind-heartedparentshaveunknowinglylefttheirchildrendefenselessagainstfailure.Thegenerationbornbetween1980and2001grewupplayingsportswherescoresandperformancewereplayeddownbecause“everyone’swinner.”Andtheirreportcardssoundedmorepositive(正面的)thaneverbefore.Asaresult,StanfordUniversityprofessorCarolDweck,PhD,callsthem“theoverpraisedgeneration.”Dweckhasbeenstudyinghowpeopledealwithfailurefor40years.Herresearchhasledhertofindouttwoclearlydifferentmind-setsthathaveagreateffectonhowwereacttoit.Here’showtheywork:Afixedmind-setisgroundedinthebeliefthattalent(才能)isgenetic–you’reabornartist,pointguard,ornumbersperson.Thefixedmind-setbelievesit’ssuretosucceedwithoutmucheffortandregardsfailureaspersonalshame.Whenthingsgetdifficult,it’squicktoblame,lie,andevenstayawayfromfuturedifficulties.Ontheotherhand,agrowthmind-setbelievesthatnotalentisentirelyheaven-sentandthateffortandlearningmakeeverythingpossible.Becausetheego(自尊)isn’tonthelineasmuch,thegrowthmind-setseesfailureasachanceratherthanshame.Whenfacedwithadifficulty,it’squicktorethink,changeandtryagain.Infact,itenjoysthisexperience.Weareallbornwithgrowthmind-sets.(Otherwise,wewouldn’tbeabletoliveintheworld.)Butparents,teachers,andinstructorsoftenpushusintofixedmind-setsbyencouragingcertainactionsandmisdirectingpraise.Dweck’sbook,Mind-set:TheNewPsychologyofSuccess,andonlineinstructionalprogramexplainthisindepth.Butshesaystherearemanylittlethingsyoucanstartdoingtodaytomakesurethatyourchildren,grandchildrenandevenyouareneverdefeatedbyfailure.1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkaboutthepresentgeneration? A.Theydon’tdowellatschool. B.Theyareoftenmisunderstood. C.Theyareeagertowininsports. D.Theyaregiventoomuchpraise.【答案】D【解析】根据第一段中的“professorCarolDweck,PhD,callsthem“theoverpraisedgeneration.”可知：他们被表扬的太多了。【考点定位】考查作者观点和看法。2.Afixedmind-setpersonisprobablyonewho___. A.doesn’twanttoworkhard B.caresalotaboutpersonalsafety C.cannotsharehisideaswithothers D.cansucceedwiththehelpofteachers【答案】A【解析】根据文章第三段中的“Thefixedmind-setbelievesit’ssuretosucceedwithoutmucheffortandregardsfailureaspersonalshame.”可知：他相信成功但不想付出努力。【考点定位】考查判断推理。3.Whatdoesthegrowthmind-setbelieve? A.Admittingfailureisshameful. B.Talentcomeswithone’sbirth. C.Scoresshouldbehighlyvalued. D.Gettingoverdifficultiesisenjoyable.【答案】D【解析】根据文章第四段中的“thegrowthmind-setseesfailureasachanceratherthanshame.Whenfacedwithadifficulty,it’squicktorethink,changeandtryagain.Infact,itenjoysthisexperience.”可知D正确。【考点定位】考查判断推理。4.WhatshouldparentsdofortheirchildrenbasedonDweck’sstudy? A.Encouragethemtolearnfromfailures. B.Preventthemfrommakingmistakes. C.Guidethemindoinglittlethings. D.Helpthemgrowwithpraise.【答案】A【解析】根据文章的最后一句“Butshesaystherearemanylittlethingsyoucanstartdoingtodaytomakesurethatyourchildren,grandchildrenandevenyouareneverdefeatedbyfailure.”可知A正确。【考点定位】考查判断推理。BDeputyAgricultureSecretaryKathleenMerriganseesanepidemic(流行病)sweepingacrossAmericasfarmland.Ithaslittletodowiththeusualchallenges,suchasflood,risingfuelpricesandcrop-eatinginsects.Thecountry'sfannersaregettingolder,andtherearefewerpeoplestandinginlinetotaketheirplace.Nationalagriculturalcensus(普查)figuresshowthatthefastest-growinggroupoffannersisthepartover65.Merriganisafraidtheaverageagewillbeevenhigherwhenthe2012statisticsarecompleted.Merrigan,aformercollegeprofessor,ismakingstopsatuniversitiesacrossthecountryinhopesofencouragingmorestudentstothinkaboutcareersinagriculture.Asidefromtryingtostopthegrayingof.America'sfarmers,herworkismadetougherbyarecentblogpostingthatputagricultureatNo.1onalistof"useless"collegedegrees.Topfederalagricultureofficialsaretalkingabouttheposting,andithastheattentionofagriculturalorganizationsacrossthecountry.“Therecouldn'tbeanythingthat'smoreincorrect,"Merrigansaid."Weknowthattherearen'tenoughqualifiedgraduatestofillthejobsthatareoutthereinAmericanagriculture.Inaddition,agrowingworldpopulationthatsomeexpertspredictwillrequire70%morefoodproductionby2050,shesaid.“Itrulybelievewe'reatagoldenageofagriculture.Globaldemandisatanall-timerecordhigh,andglobalsuppliesareatall-timerecordlows,"saidMattRush,directoroftheTexasFarmBureau."Productioncostsaregoingtobevaluableenoughthatyoungerpeoplearegoingtohavetheopportunitytobeinvolvedinagriculture."TheDepartmentofAgriculturehasprogramsaimedatdevelopingmorefarmersandatincreasinginterestinlocallygrownfood.TheNationalYoungFarmers'Coalitionhasalsobeenpushingforstateandfederalpolicychangestomakeiteasierfornewfarmers.RyanBest,presidentofFutureFannersofAmerica,hasbeenlivingoutofasuitcase,travelingthecountryandvisitingwithhighschoolstudentsaboutcareersinagriculture.The21-year-oldBesthopeshismessage-thatthisisanewtimeinagriculture-willmotivatethenextgenerationtoturnaroundthestatistics.Neverbeforehavewehadtheinnovations(创新)intechnologywhichhaveledtoagricultureinthiscountrybeingthemostefficientithaseverbeen,”hesaid.“there’sreallyaplaceforeverybodytofitin.”1.WhatisthenewchallengetoAmericanagriculture?A.Fewerandolderfarmers. B.Higherfuelprices.C.Morenaturaldisasters. D.Loweragriculturaloutput.2.WhyisMerriganvisitinguniversitiesacrossthecountry?A. Todrawfederalagricultureofficials'attention.B. Toselectqualifiedagriculturegraduates.C. Toclarifyarecentblogposting.D. Totalkmorestudentsintofarmingcareers3. AccordingtoMattRush,Americanagriculturewillprovideopportunitiesforyoungerpeoplebecause__________.A.thegovernmentwillcoverproductioncostsB.globalfoodsupplieswillbeevenlowerC.investmentinagriculturewillbeprofitableD.Americawillincreaseitsfoodexport4. Whatdotheunderlinedwords"toturnaroundthestatistics"inthelastparagraphmean?A.Tore-analyzetheresultofthenationalcensus.B.Toincreaseagriculturalproduction.C.Tobringdowntheaverageageoffarmers.D.Toinvestmoreinagriculture.1.【答案】A【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“Thecountry’sfarmersaregettingolder,andtherearefewerpeoplestandinginlinetotaketheirplace”可知，A项正确。2.【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中“…ismakingstopsatuniversitiesacrossthecountryinhopesofencouragingmorestudentstothinkaboutcareersinagriculture”可知，D项正确。3.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段中“Globaldemandisatanall-timerecordhigh,andglobalsuppliesareatall-timerecordlows”可推断MattRush认为，全球对农业的需要达到了最高，而全球的供应则达到了最低，故在农业上投资肯定会获利，即C项正确。4.【答案】C【解析】句意理解题。根据最后一段第二句中“…thisisanewtimeinagriculture—willmotivatethenextgeneration…”可推断此处表示的是“农业的新时机将会激励下一代来参与，即农民的平均年龄将会年轻化”，故C项正确。【要点回顾】建议15min科普类文章解题技巧：方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主、谓语,即找主干成分典型例句典型例句However,manyHowever,manyscientistswhospecializeinageingaredoubtfulaboutitandsaythehumanbodyisjustnotdesignedtolastpastabout120years.批注：简单句中找出句子主语和谓语确定句子大意。方法二：并列句的处理方法——找并列连词典型例句典型例句 ((MissGermaine’smotherlookedanxiousthroughthewedding)and(Mr.Cordell’sparentsarereportedtobelessthandelighted).批注：并列句的理解中关键找到并列连词,然后分别理解前后单句。并列结构一般有连词and,but,or等。方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词典型例句典型例句WhereasWhereasawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage,itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriagewasinserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecouldsleeponthesofa.批注：“whereas”提示前后对比；notunusual=usual；not...until...直到……才……句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败婚姻的人；而听见一个男人说,直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上,他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕,这是很平常的事。方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列句,再看主从复合句典型例句典型例句((Ifyouaskpeopletonameoneperson）(whohadthegreatesteffectontheEnglishlanguage),youwillgetanswerslike“Shakespeare”,“SamuelJohnson”,and“Webster”,butnoneofthesemenhadanyeffectatallcomparedtoaman(whodidn’tevenspeakEnglish—William,theConqueror).批注：先理解例句中but连接的并列句意思,然后分别理解由括号中的复合从属连词if,who先后引导的从句。【温故知新】建议5min【课后巩固】AForthosewhomakejourneysacrosstheworld,thespeedoftraveltodayhasturnedthecountriesintoaseriesofvillages．Distancesbetweenthemappearnogreatertoamoderntravelerthanthosewhichoncefacedmenastheywalkedfromvillagetovillage.Jetplaneflypeoplefromoneendoftheearthtotheother,allowingthemafreedomofmovementundreamtofahundredyearsago.Yetsomepeoplewonderiftherevolutionintravelhasgonetoofar.Apricehasbeenpaid,theysay,fortheconquest(征服)oftimeanddistance.Travelissomethingtobeenjoyed,notendured(忍受).Theboatoffersleisureandtimeenoughtoappreciatetheever-changingsightsandsoundsofajourney.Ajourneybytrainalsohasaspecialcharmaboutit.Lakesandforestsandwild,openplainssweepingpastyourcarriagewindowcreateagrandviewinwhichtimeanddistan