专题05极端天气-备战2022年中考英语阅读理解热点话题特训

05极端天气Passage1Hato,Pakhar,Mawar,Harvey...Haveyoueverheardofthesenames?Thesearethenamesoftyphoonsandhurricanes（飓风）.Everysummer,thestormswilldosomedamagetoAsiaandNorthAmerica.Butdoyouknowhowthesestormsgottheirnames?Hurricanesusedtobenamedaftersaintsandlatitude-longitude（经纬度）positions.DuringWorldWarIⅡ,USmilitary（军队的）weathermennamedhurricanesaftertheirgirlfriendsorwives.Itwaseasytoremember.Soafterthewar,women’snamescontinuedtobeusedforstorms.Finallyin1979,men’snamesstartedtobeused,too.Now,theWorldMeteorologicalOrganization（WMO,世界气象组织）isresponsibleforhurricanenames.Theykeepsixlistsofnamesinalphabetical（按字母表顺序的）order,withonelistusedeachyear.Thismeanseachnamewillbereusedeverysixyears.So,the2013namelistisnowbeingusedagainin2019.However,ifastormisespeciallydamaging,suchas2005’sKatrina,thatstorm’snamewillnotbeusedagain.Typhoonsarethebrotherofhurricanes,thoughtheyhappeninthePacificOceaninsteadoftheAtlanticOcean(大西洋)(wherehurricanesusuallytakeplace).Thenewnamingsystemfortyphoonshasbeenusedsince2000.TheWMOaskedeachofits14membersintheAsiaPacificareatohandinalistof10names.MembersincludeChina,JapanandSouthKorea.Butinsteadofpickinghumannames,scientistsdecidedtonametheextreme（极端的）weatherafteranimals,plants,placesandevenfood.Forexample,Hato,providedbyJapan,isaconstellation（星座）;Pakhar,providedbyLao,isakindoffishlivingintheMekongRiver;MawarisfromMalaysia,meaningrose.1．Theunderlinedword“they”inParagraph5refersto________.A．hurricanes B．typhoons C．names D．storms2．WhichstatementisFalseamongthefollowingsentences?A．Hurricanesisnamedbymilitaryweathermennow.B．Hurricanesbegantobenamedafterwomen’snamesduringWorldWarⅡ.C．Thestorm’snamewillnotbereusedifitisespeciallydamaging.D．Nownamesoftyphoonscomefromthelistthatsomecountriesoffer.3．Whatcanweinfer（推断）fromthepassage?A．Typhoonswerenevernamedafterlatitude-longitudepositions.B．StormswerenamedafterwomenafterWorldWarⅡ.C．HurricanesusuallytakeplaceintheAtlanticOcean.D．We’veusedthenewnamingsystemforhurricanessince2013.4．Accordingtothepassage,wecanknow________.A．howthestormsareformedB．howthestormsarenamedC．howthestormsarerememberedD．howthestormsaredecidedPassage2OnMay6th,2020,a30-memberChinesesurveyteamstartedtheprojecttomeasuretheheightofQomolangma(珠穆朗玛峰).Actuallyithasbeenmeasuredbymanycountries.In1856,aBritishsurveyteammeasuredtheheightofQomolangma.TheirresultshowedthatQomolangmareachedaheightof8,840metersabovesealevel.In1955,thefigure(数据)wasrewrittenbyanIndianteamto8,848meters,andlaterto8,850metersaccordingtoaUSteamin1999.Andin2005,aChineseteamgotaheightof8,844meters.ItisnotaneasytasktomeasuretheheightofQomolangma.Theaverageairtemperatureonthemountainis-29°Candpowerfulwindsblowallthetime.Insuchextremeconditions,surveyingdrones(无人机)cannotworkatthetopofthemountain.That'swhyit'sstillnecessarytosendhumanexpertstothetoptogetexactresults.MeasuringtheheightofQomolangmaismuchmorethanjustgettinganexactnumber.LyingattheplacewheretheEurasianPlate(板块)meetstheIndianPlate,MountQomolangmaformed38millionyearsagoasaresultofthetwoplateshitting,whichmakesittheperfectwindowforstudyingcrustal(地壳的)movements.Changestothemountain'sheightcansuggestwhetherthetwoplatesareheadingtowardorawayfromeachother.Thesurveyteamwillalsogetfirsthandinformationabouttheconditionofthesnowandothernaturalmaterialsatthetop,whichcouldbeasignofclimatechangeontheTibet-QinghaiPlateau(青藏高原).5．ThelatestheightofQomolangmais_________metersinthepassage.A．8,840 B．8,848 C．8,850 D．8,8446．Theunderlinedword"extreme"inparagraph2means________inChinese.A．晴朗的 B．极端的 C．刺激性的 D．清晰的7．HowdidMountQomolangmaappear?A．Powerfulwindsblowstronglyallthetime.B．TheEurasianPlatemeetstheIndianPlate.C．Itistheresultofthehittingoftheplates.D．TheclimatechangedontheTibet-QinghaiPlateau.8．Whatwillthewritercontinuetowriteinparagraph4?A．Comparison(比较)oftheinformationtheygot.B．Changeoftheconditionofthesnow.C．Changeofothernaturalmaterials.D．Analysis(分析)ofthechangeoftheclimate.Passage3Natureshowsitselfinmanyways.Oneofthemostimpressive(令人印象深刻的)formsisakindofstormknownasahurricane,typhoonortropicalcyclone.Thesepowerfulweathereventsformoverwater.TheyareknownashurricanesinthecentralandeasternNorthPacificandtheNorthAtlanticOceans,typhoonsintheNorthwestPacificOceanandtropicalcyclonesintheSouthPacificandtheIndianOcean.Thespinning(旋转的)roundstormscanbecomepowerful,spreadingover900kilometersacross.Thewindsinsidethestormscanreachspeedsofmorethan320kilometersperhour.Thestormsalsomayreachaheightofupto15kilometers.Theyspinaroundacentercalledthe“eye”,whichisacalmareawithlowwindspeed.Whenthesestormsreachtheshore,theyaresometimesstrongenoughtoteartreesoutoftheground.Heavyrainsandlargewavesoftencausefloodingandgreatdamagetobuildings.Anewstudyshowsthat,duringthelast70years,thespeedatwhichthesestormsmoveacrosswaterandlandhasbeengraduallyslowingdown.Asaresult,theyhavebeenputtingmoreandmorerainonland.Thishascausedincreasedfloodingandlossoflife.InAugust2017,HurricaneHarveymovedsoslowlyacrosstheU.S.stateofTexasthatitwasabletoputmorethan30inchesofrain,leadingtogreatdamage.Accordingtoscientists,thereasonfortheseslower-movingstormsisatmospheric(大气的)warming.Overtheyears,theEarth’satmospherehasbeenslowlywarmingup.Thishascausedaircirculation(循环)intheEarth’satmospheretoweaken.Asaresult,thewindsthatpushtropicalstormsalonghavegottenweaker,sothestormssloweddown.9．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingthepassage?A．TyphoonsdevelopinthecentralandeasternPacific.B．Slowmovingstormsputlessrainonland.C．Thespeedofstormsisaffectedbyatmosphericwarming.D．Theeyeofastormisanareawithhighwindspeed.10．WhatdidthestudymentionedinParagraph3discover?A．Atrendthathaslastedfordecades.B．Atheorythatshowsthecausesofstorms.C．Amaterialthathurtstheenvironment.D．Amethodthatprotectspeoplefromstorm.11．Inwhichpartofthemagazinecanthisarticleberead?A．Education. B．Health.C．Travel. D．Environment.Passage4Scientistshavelongpredictedthatwarmertemperaturescausedbyclimate（气候）changewillhavethebiggestinfluenceontheworld’spoorestpeople.Newresearchnowsuggeststhathasalreadyhappenedoverthepastyears.AstudycomingoutintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencefoundthatinmostpoorcountries,highertemperaturesaremorethan90%likelytohaveresultedinafallineconomicoutput（经济产量）,comparedtoaworldwithoutglobal（全球的）warming.Theinfluencehasbeenlessbiginrichercountries—withsomeevenbenefiting（获益）fromhighertemperatures.“We’renotsayingthatglobalwarmingcreatedinequality（不公平）,”saysNoahS.Diffenbaugh,thewriterofthestudyandaprofessoratStanfordUniversitywhostudiesclimatechange.But“globalwarminghassloweddowntheimprovement”.Thepoorestcountriesarefacingtheworstinfluenceofrisingtemperatures—forwhichtheyareleastresponsible,headds.Thenewstudybuildsonpastresearch.A2015studyinthejournalNaturepredictedthattheaverageincome（平均收入））inthepoorestcountrieswillbe25%lowerby2100comparedtoaworldwithoutwarming,whilesomeoftherichestcountries—liketheUSA—couldexperienceanincreaseinincome.AndareportfromIPCC,theUN’sclimatesciencebody,showedthatifglobaltemperaturesrisemorethan1.5℃bytheendofthecentury,poorcountrieswilllikelyfaceveryseriouschallenges,includingthedisappearanceofwholecommunitiesandmillionsofearlydeaths.“Theywillsufferthemost,astheyarealready,”saidMaryRobinson,whousedtobeaUNSpecialEnvoyonClimateChangeandapresidentofIreland.Theinfluenceisgreaterelsewhere,especiallyinSub-Saharan,AfricancountriesincludingSudan,BurkinaFasoandNiger,whereclimatechangehasdriventheaverageincomemorethan20%lower.“Thereareanumberofwaysbywhichtemperatureinfluenceseconomicactivities,”saysDiffenbaughWhat’sclearisthat,forpoorcountries,thenewsisallbad.12．Accordingtothetext,warmertemperatures________.A．aremainlycausedbypoorcountries B．maybringadvantagestorichcountriesC．hadnoinfluenceontheworldbefore D．canimprovethepoorestpeople’shealth13．Whatdoes“suffer”underlinedinParagraph4mostprobablymeaninChinese?A．供应 B．犹豫 C．遭受 D．谋利14．Whichofthefollowingwillfacegreateconomicproblemscausedbyclimatechange?A．TheUN. B．TheUSA． C．Ireland. D．BurkinaFaso.15．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Climatechangewillmakepoorcountriespoorer. B．Wemusttakeactiontodealwithclimatechange.C．Climatechangecancausemillionsofearlydeaths. D．Peoplemakegoodpredictionsaboutclimatechange.16．Fromwhichisthetextmostprobablytaken?A．Ageographytextbook. B．Ahealthmagazine. C．Aresearchpaper. D．Astorybook.Passage5Somescientistssaythattheweatherinthefuturewon’tbegood.Summerswillbehotter.Warmer,wetterwintersareontheway.Terribledroughts(干旱),floods,wildfires,andstormsmayoftenhappen.What’sthereasonforallthosewackyweatherchanges?Globalwarmingcauses(导致)someweatherchanges.GlobalwarminghappenswhengasesintheairtakeintheSun’senergy.ThatenergyheatstheEarth.Withoutthegases,theenergywouldgointospace.Someglobalwarmingisgood.Withoutit,theEarthwouldbetoocoldtoliveon.Foryears,humansmakelotsofpollution.Pollutionisoneofthereasonsforglobalwarming.Therearesomesigns(迹象)ofglobalwarming.Oneofthesignsishappeninginthecoldestpartsoftheworld.NeartheNorthandSouthPoles,largeicesheets(冰原)arebreakingup.Scientiststhinksomemaydisappearbytheyear2100.Becausetheicemelts,oceanlevelsrise.Thismightcausefloods.Insomeareas,globalwarmingmightcausedroughts.Droughtsmaycausewildfires.Scientistssaythatcuttingdownairpollutionwillslowglobalwarming.Onewaytolowerairpollutionistodriveless.Peoplealsoneedtofindcleanerwaystomakeelectricity.17．Whatwillthewinterbelikeinthefutureaccordingtothescientists?A．Cooler. B．Drier. C．Warmer. D．Colder.18．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“wacky”mean?A．Strange. B．Comfortable. C．Famous. D．Important.19．WhichisNOTtrueaboutglobalwarming?A．Itcancausesomeweatherchanges.B．Itisgoodforpeoplesometimes.C．Itcancausetheicetomelt.D．ItcanbestoppedifthereisnoairpollutiononEarth.20．WhatCANNOThelptoslowdownglobalwarmingaccordingtothepassage?A．Cuttingdownairpollution.B．Tryingtodriveless.C．Burningrubbishtomakeenergy.D．Findingcleanerwaystomakeelectricity.21．What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A．Someusefulwaystostopairpollution.B．Whyweatherchangeshappen.C．Someterribledisasters(灾难)onearth.D．HowtoprotecttheNorthandSouthPoles.Passage6It’scommonlyknownthatgreenhousegaseslikecarbondioxide(CO2)causesglobalwarming.Thewholeworldhasmadegreateffortstoimprovethesituation.Amongthem,thetreesplantedinChinaareplayinganimportantrole.AreportpublishedinNatureshowsthatCO2absorption(吸收)intwonewforestareasinChinaismorethanwethought.ThetwoareasarelocatedinChina’ssouthwesternandnortheasternprovinces.Theymakeupover35percentofChina’scarbonsinks.CarbonsinksarenaturalsystemsthatabsorbandstoreCO2fromtheair.Themainnaturalcarbonsinksaretreesandotherplants.AccordingtoPaulPalmer,theseprovinceshavebeenworkingonrapidforestation(造林)inlargeareas.Overthepast10to15years,theforestareashavekeptincreasingby400-4,400squarekilometersperyear.Chinaisoneoftheworld’sbiggestcountriesofhuman-producedCO2,________.In1978,Chinabegananational-levelforestationproject.ManytreeshaveplantedintheareasofnorthernChinatoactaswindbreaks.Forexample,aboutonethirdoftheKubuqiDesertinInnerMongoliaisnowcoveredwithtrees.In2019,Alipay’sAntForestprogramplanted122milliontreesandwontheUNChampionsoftheEarthawardforhelping500millionpeoplelivelow-carbonlives.China’sgoalistoreachcarbonneutralityby2060.CarbonneutralityreferstoremovingasmuchCO2asoneputsintotheair.IfChina’sgoalisachieved,itwilllowerglobalwarmingbyaround0.2to0.3℃alone,accordingtoClimateActionTracker(CAT).22．China’scarbonsinksaremainlylocatedinthe________.A．southeastandnortheast B．southwestandnortheastC．southeastandnorthwest D．southwestandnorthwest23．InParagraph3,PaulPalmershowsChina’sachievementinforestationby________.A．usingnumbers B．askingquestions C．givingexamples D．makingcomparison24．Whichofthefollowingcanbeputinthe________inParagraph4?A．andithascausedseriousenvironmentalproblemsB．sothegovernmentwilltakestepstostopairpollutionC．thoughmostofChinesepeoplearelivinglow-carbonlivesD．butourcountryhasbeenworkingonreducingitsclimateinfluence25．Thepassagemainlytalksabout________.A．whatcausesglobalwarming B．whatChinadoestolowerglobalwarmingC．whyChinaproducessomuchCO2 D．howtreesabsorbandstoreCO2fromtheairPassage7April22ndisWorldEarthDay.It’sadaytoremind（提醒）ustocareaboutourplanet（星球）.Theearthfacesalotofproblems.Globalwarming（全球变暖）isaverybigproblemintheworld.Itmakestheearthhotandchangestheclimate.Italsomakesthesealevelrise（上升）.Ifthesealevelgoesonrising,someplacessuchastheMaldives,StPetersburginRussiaandBangkokinThailand,maydisappearunderwaterinjustafewyears.Anotherseriousproblemiswaterpollution（污染）.Wecanonlyuse3percent（百分之）oftheearth’swater.Butpeoplethrowtrashandpourdirtywaterintoriversandthesea.Almost884millionpeopledon’thavecleanwatertodrink.Besides,humansareusingup（耗尽）naturalresources（资源）.AccordingtoareportfromBP（英国石油公司）,therewillbenocoal（煤）touseontheEarthby2158andoilwilldryupby2050.Tosavetheearth,everyoneshoulddosomething.26．WhenisWorldEarthDay?A．April21st. B．April22nd. C．May22nd. D．May23rd.27．WhichoftheproblemsisNOTmentioned（提及）inthepassage?A．Globalwarming. B．Airpollution.C．Humansareusingupnaturalresources. D．Waterpollution.28．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disappear”meaninparagraph2?A．消失 B．发现 C．融化 D．显现29．Ifthewritercontinues（继续）towrite,thenextpart（部分）ofthepassagewillbeabout________.A．howtocontrol（控制）globalwarming B．whytheearthhassomanyproblemsC．whatwecandotoprotect（保护）theearth D．whenwillotherresourcesbeusedupPassage8Maybeyouknowfloods,earthquakes,sandstormsandsoon.Buthaveyouheardoftyphoons(台风)?Typhoonsaresomeoftheworststorms,usuallyaroundthePacificOceanandtheSouthChinaSea.MosthappeninJuly,AugustandSeptember.Howdoesatyphoonhappen?Whenlotsofseawatergetshotinthesummersun,itevaporates(蒸发)intotheair.Thismakestheairhotter.Whentheairgetswarmenough,itstartstomovehigherupintosky.Thencoolerairarounditrushesin.Itfillsthespacethatisleft.Aftertheairgetswarmer,itstartstomovequickly,makingwind.Thewindgoesincircles(圆圈)anditkeepsmovinghigherinthesky.Thewarmertheairgets,thequickerthewindmoves.Andwhenthewindmovesfasterthan30metresasecond,atyphoonbegins.Atyphoonhastwoparts,oneiscalledthe“eye”.Intheeye,thewinddoesnotmovesofast.Theotherpartisthewallofcloudsaroundtheeye.Herearethestrongestwindsandhardestrains.Typhoonsareverydangerous.Whatshallwedowhenatyphoonhits?●Stayinside.Closeallthewindowsandstayawayfromthem.●Trytobringallofyourthingsinside.Strongwindscouldevenblowawayyourbikes!●ListentotheradioorTVforimportantinformation.●Ifyou’retoldtogotoasaferplace,doitrightnow.30．Whenatyphooncomes,weCANNOT________.A．stayinsidethestronghouse B．closeallthewindowsC．gooutsidetofindasaferplacebyourselves D．listentotyphoonnews31．Inwhichorder(顺序)doesatyphoonhappen?a.Thewindmovesfastenough,atyphoonstarts.b.Theairmovesquickly,makingwind.c.Thesunmakesseawaterhot.d.Theairgetswarmer.A．c-d-a-b B．d-b-a-c C．d-c-b-a D．c-d-b-a32．Thispassageismostprobablyfrom________.A．aweatherreport B．asciencemagazineC．atravelrecord D．anadvertisement【答案】1．B2．A3．C4．B【分析】本文介绍了台风和飓风命名的历史。1．词义推断题。they指代上句中的主语typhoons。故选B。2．细节理解题。根据“Now,theWorldMeteorologicalOrganization（WMO,世界气象组织）isresponsibleforhurricanenames.”可知现在飓风的名字是由WMO命名的。故选A。3．推理判断题。根据“Typhoonsarethebrotherofhurricanes,thoughtheyhappeninthePacificOceaninsteadoftheAtlanticOcean(大西洋)(wherehurricanesusuallytakeplace).”可知飓风通常发生在大西洋。故选C。4．推理判断题。根据“Butdoyouknowhowthesestormsgottheirnames?”及全文内容可知，本文主要介绍了台风和飓风的命名。故选B。5．D6．B7．C8．D【分析】本文讲述了人类测量珠穆朗玛峰的高度并对其进行了研究。5．细节理解题。根据“Andin2005,aChineseteamgotaheightof8,844meters.”可知，文章中提到的珠穆朗玛峰的最新高度是8844米，故选D。6．词句猜测题。分析“Theaverageairtemperatureonthemountainis-29°Candpowerfulwindsblowallthetime.Insuchextremeconditions,surveyingdrones(无人机)cannotworkatthetopofthemountain.”可知，山上的平均气温是-29°C，强风一直在吹，测量的无人机不能到山顶，山顶的条件是极端恶劣的。所以推测extreme是“极端”的含义，故选B。7．细节理解题。根据“MountQomolangmaformed38millionyearsagoasaresultofthetwoplateshitting”可知，珠穆朗玛峰形成于3800万年前，是两个板块碰撞的结果，故选C。8．推理判断题。分析最后一段内容“Thesurveyteamwillalsogetfirsthandinformationabouttheconditionofthesnowandothernaturalmaterialsatthetop,whichcouldbeasignofclimatechangeontheTibet-QinghaiPlateau(青藏高原).”可知，调查队还将获得关于山顶积雪和其他自然物质状况的第一手信息，这可能是青藏高原气候变化的一个迹象。所以推测接下来文章可能会分析青藏高原气候的变化。故选D。9．C10．A11．D【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了自然界中常见的现象——被称为飓风、台风或热带气旋的风暴。随着大气变暖，风暴的移动速度逐渐减慢，这也给陆地带来了越来越多的雨水。9．细节理解题。根据原文“Accordingtoscientists,thereasonfortheseslower-movingstormsisatmospheric(大气的)warming”可知，风暴的速度受大气变暖影响。故选C。10．推理判断题。根据原文“Anewstudyshowsthat,duringthelast70years,thespeedatwhichthesestormsmoveacrosswaterandlandhasbeengraduallyslowingdown”可知，一项新的研究表明，在过去的70年里，这些风暴移动的速度逐渐减慢，由此可推断该研究发现，风暴移动速度逐渐减慢这一趋势已经持续了数十年。故选A。11．推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文是一篇说明文，介绍了自然界中常见的现象——被称为飓风、台风或热带气旋的风暴。随着大气变暖，风暴的移动速度逐渐减慢，这也给陆地带来了越来越多的雨水。根据四个选项推断，这篇关于气候变化影响风暴移动以及由此给人类带来影响的文章可能出现在环境版块。故选D。12．B13．C14．D15．A16．C【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了气温升高会对贫穷国家造成重大影响，使他们更加贫穷。12．细节理解题。根据“Theinfl"uencehasbeenlessbiginrichercountries—withsomeevenbenefiting（获益）fromhighertemperatures.”可知，在较富裕的国家，气候变化的影响较小，有些国家甚至从高温中获益。所以，气温升高可能会给富裕国家带来好处。故选B。13．词义猜测题。根据画线词后句“astheyarealready.”以及前文“poorcountrieswilllikelyfaceveryseriouschallenges,includingthedisappearanceofwholecommunitiesandmillionsofearlydeaths.”可知，贫穷国家很可能面临非常严重的挑战，包括整个社区的消失和数百万人的过早死亡。所以，贫穷国家会遭受气温升高所带来的影响。画线词suffer意为“遭受”，故选C。14．细节判断题。根据“Theinfluenceisgreaterelsewhere,especiallyinsub-Saharan,Africandriventheaverageincomemorethan20%lower.”可知，布基纳法索（非洲国家）将面临由气候变化引起的重大经济问题。故选D。15．主旨大意题。根据“Scientistshavelongpredictedthatwarmertemperaturescausedbyclimate（气候）changewillhavethebiginfluenceontheworld'spoorestpeople.”以及通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了气温升高会对贫穷国家造成重大影响，使他们更加贫穷。故选A。16．推理判断题。根据“Scientistshavelongpredictedthatwarmertemperaturescausedbyclimate（气候）changewillhavethebiginfluenceontheworld'spoorestpeople.Newresearchnowsuggeststh