专题03 阅读理解议论文(解析版)-五年（2017-2021）高考英语真题分项汇编（浙江专用）

五年（2017-2021）高考英语真题分项汇编（浙江专用）阅读理解·议论文1.（2021年1月，浙江高考）Atthestartofthe20thcentury，anAmericanengineernamedJohnElfrethWatkinsmadepredictionsaboutlifetoday.Hispredictionsaboutslowingpopulationgrowth，mobilephonesandincreasingheightwereclosetothemark.Buthewaswronginoneprediction：thateverybodywouldwalk10milesaday.Today，inAustralia，mostchildrenonaveragefall2，000stepsshortofthephysicalactivitytheyneedtoavoidbeingoverweight.Intheearly1970s，40percentofchildrenwalkedtoschool，whilein2010，itwasaslowas15percent.Thedeclineisnotbecausewehaveallbecomelazy.Familiesarepressedfortime，manywithbothparentsworkingtopayfortheirhouse，oftenworkinghoursnotoftheirchoosing，livingincar﹣dependentneighborhoodswithlimitedpublictransport.Theothersideofthecoinisequallyadeprivation：forhealthandwell﹣being，aswellaslostopportunities（机会）forchildrentogettoknowtheirlocalsurroundings.Andforparentstherearelostopportunitiestowalkandtalkwiththeiryoungscholarabouttheirday.Mostparentswillhaveeagerlyaskedtheirchildabouttheirday，onlytomeetwitha"good"，quicklyfollowedby"I'mhungry".Thisisalsomyexperienceasamother.Butsomewhereoverthedailywalkmoreaboutmyson'sdaycomesout.Ihearhimmakingsenseoffriendshipanditslimits.Thisistheunexpectedandrareparentalopportunitytohearmore.Manyprimaryschoolssupportwalkingschool﹣busroutes（路线），withdaysofregular，parent﹣accompaniedwalks.Doingjustoneoftheseafewtimesaweekisbetterthannothing.Itcanbetoughtobeginandtakesalittleplanning﹣runningshoesbythefrontdoor，lunchesmadethenightbefore，umbrellasonrainydaysandhatsonhotones﹣butit'scertainlyworthtrying.24．WhydoestheauthormentionWatkins'predictionsinthefirstparagraph？A.Tomakecomparisons.B.Tointroducethetopic.C.Tosupportherargument.D.Toprovideexamples.25．WhathascausedthedecreaseinAustralianchildren'sphysicalactivity？A.Plainlaziness.B.Healthproblems.C.Lackoftime.D.Securityconcerns.26．Whydoestheauthorfindwalkingwithhersonworthwhile？A.Shecangetrelaxedafterwork.B.Shecankeepphysicallyfit.C.Shecanhelpwithherson'sstudy.D.Shecanknowhersonbetter.答案与解析：24．【解析】第一段最后一句Buthewaswronginoneprediction:thateverybodywouldwalk10milesaday.提到沃特金斯关于人们每天走10英里路的预言是错误的。结合后文对此的解释一人们忙于生存，进而讲到人们也没有时间陪孩子走路上学。由此可推知作者在第一段提到沃特金斯的预言，是为了引出文章的主题。故选B项。【答案】B25．【解析】根据第三段中的Familiesarepressedfortime,manywithbothparentsworkingtopayfortheirhouse,oftenworkinghoursnotoftheirchoosing,livingincar-dependentneighborhoodswithlimitedpublictransport.可知，导致澳大利亚儿童走路减少的原因是父母忙于工作挣钱，没有时间陪他们锻炼。故选C项。【答案】C26．【解析】根据倒数第二段中的Thisistheunexpectedandrareparentalopportunitytohearmore.可知,作者觉得和儿子一起散步能让她听到儿子的更多想法,更了解她的儿子。故选D项。【答案】D2.（2018年6月，浙江高考）Asculturalsymbolsgo,theAmericancarisquiteyoung.TheModelTFordwasbuiltatthePiquettePlantinMichiganacenturyago,withthefirstrollingofftheassemblyline（装配线）onSeptember27,1908.Onlyelevencarswereproducedthenextmonth.ButeventuallyHenryFordwouldbuildfifteenmillionofthem.ModernAmericawasbornontheroad,behindawheel.ThecarshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture:theroadsidediner,thebillboard,themotel,eventhehamburger.Formostofthelastcentury,thecarrepresentedwhatitmeanttobeAmerican—goingforwardathighspeedtofindnewworlds.Theroadnovel,theroadmovie,thesearethemosttypicalAmericanideas,bornofabundantpetrol,cheapcarsandanever-endinginterstatehighwaysystem,thelargestpublicworksprojectinhistory.In1928HerbertHooverimaginedanAmericawith“achickenineverypotandacarineverygarage.”Sincethen,thissocietyhasmovedonward,neverlookingback,asthecartransformedAmericafromafarm-basedsocietyintoanindustrialThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelpedtocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.InAmericathedemandforoilhasgrownby22percentsince1990.Theproblemsofexcessive（过度的）energyconsumption,climatechangeandpopulationgrowthhavebeendescribedinabookbytheAmericanwriterThomasL.Friedman.Hefearstheworst,buthopesforthebest.Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy（经济）isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.“Theabilitytodesign,buildandexportgreentechnologiesforproducingcleanwater,cleanairandhealthyandabundantfoodisgoingtobethecurrencyofpowerinthenewcentury.”1.Whyishamburgermentionedinparagraph2?A.ToexplainAmericans’lovefortravellingbycar.B.ToshowtheinfluenceofcarsonAmericanculture.C.TostressthepopularityoffastfoodwithAmericans.D.TopraisetheeffectivenessofAmerica’sroadsystem.2.WhathastheuseofcarsinAmericaledto?A.Declineofeconomy.B.Environmentalproblems.C.Ashortageofoilsupply.D.Afarm-basedsociety.3.WhatisFriedman’sattitudetowardsAmerica’sfuture?A.Ambiguous.B.Doubtful.C.Hopeful.D.Tolera【答案】1.B2.B3.C【解析】文章讲述了汽车在美国经济和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽车带来的环境问题。1.推理判断题。根据第二段ModernAmericawasbornontheroad,behindawheel.ThecarshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture:theroadsidediner,thebillboard,themotel,eventhehamburger.可知，现代美国诞生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最持久的一些方面。Hamburger就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影响，故选B。2.细节理解题。根据第四段ThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelpedtocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.可知，美国汽车的迅速发展，导致全球生态灾难，也就是造成环境问题。故选B。3.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的Hefearstheworst,buthopesforthebest.和最后一段中的Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy（经济）isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.可见，Friedman虽然对未来担心，但抱有最好的希望，他指出了发展绿色经济是保持美国实力的一个机会的想法。可见Friedman对未来是充满希望的，故选C。3.（2017年11月，浙江高考）Thereareenergysavingstobemadefromallrecyclablematerials,sometimeshugesavings.Recyclingplasticsandaluminum,forinstance,usesonly5%to10%asmuchenergyasproducingnewplasticorsmelting（提炼）aluminum.Longbeforemostofusevennoticedwhatwenowcall"theenvironment,"BuckminsterFullersaid,"Pollutionisnothingbuttheresources（资源）wearenotharvesting.Weallowthemtobeleftaroundbecausewe'vebeenignorantoftheirvalue."Totakeoneexample,let'scomparethethrowawayeconomy（经济）witharecyclingeconomyaswefeedacatforlife.Sayyourcatweigh5kgandeatsonecanoffoodeachday.Eachemptycanofitsfoodweights40g.Inathrowawayeconomy,youwouldthrowaway5,475cansoverthecat's15-yearlifetime.That's219kgofsteel-morethanafifthofatonandmorethan40timesthecat'sweight.Inarecyclingeconomy,wewouldmakeonesetof100canstostartwith,thenreplacethemoverandoveragainwithrecycledcans.Sincealmost3%ofthemetalislostduringreprocessing,we'dhavetomakeanextra10canseachyear.Butinall,only150canswillbeusedupoverthecat'slifetime-andwe'llstillhave100leftoverforthenextcat.Insteadofusingup219kgofsteel,we'veusedonly6kg.Andbecausetheprocessofrecyclingsteelislesspollutingthanmakingnewsteel,we'vealsoachievedthefollowingsignificantsavings:inenergyuse-47%to74%;inairpollution-85%;inwaterpollution-35%;inwateruse-40%.4.WhatdoesBuckminsterFullersayaboutpollution?A.Itisbecomingmoreserious.B.Itdestroystheenvironment.C.Itbenefitstheeconomy.D.Itistheresourcesyettobeused.5.Howmanycanswillbeusedupinacat's15-yearlifetimeinarecyclingeconomy?A.50 B.100C.150 D.2506.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A.Topromotetheideaofrecycling.B.Tointroduceanenvironmentalist.C.Todiscussthecausesofpollution.D.Todefendthethrowawayeconomy.【答案】4.D5.C6.A【解析】本文首段点明主旨：回收利用可大大节约资源，并引用伟大建筑师富勒的话和养猫喂食的例子肯定循环经济的价值所在。4.事实细节题。根据第二段BuckminsterFuller的话：Pollutionisnothingbuttheresourceswearenotharvesting.Weallowthemtobeleftaroundbecausewe’vebeenignorantoftheirvalue.可知，他认为污染只不过是我们没有收获的资源。由于我们对它们的价值一无所知，因此让它们白白浪费。故选D。5.事实细节题。根据第四段Butinall,only150canswillbeusedupoverthecat’slifetime可以推断出，循环经济下，要养活一只存活15年的猫需要用掉150个罐。故选C。6.写作目的题。文章通过养猫喂食的例子，用数字对比了循环经济和一次性经济消耗资源的不同结果，目的是推广回收利用的理念。故选A。4.（2017年6月，浙江高考）GettinglesssleephasbecomeabadhabitformostAmericankids.Accordingtoanewsurvey(调查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7-to12-year-oldssaidtheyfelttiredduringtheday,and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.Howmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage.Babiesneedalotofrest:mostofthemsleepabout18hoursaday!Adultsneedabouteighthours.Formostschool-agechildren,tenhoursisideal(理想的).ButthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10-to12-year-oldsgetonlysevenoreighthours.Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobeforebedtime?WatchTV.“MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson,andtherearemoreopportunities(机会)tostayawake,withmorehomework,theInternetandthephone,”saysDr.MaryCarskadon,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityMedicalSchool.Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecanzxxkgetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep.Otherexpertssaypartoftheproblemischemical.Changinglevelsofbodychemicalscalledhormonesnotonlymaketeenagers’bodiesdevelopadultcharacteristics,butalsomakeithardforteenagerstofallasleepbefore11pm.Becausesleepinessissuchaproblemforteenagers,someschooldistrictshavedecidedtostarthighschoolclasseslaterthantheyusedto.Threeyearsago,schoolsinEdina,Minnesota,changedthestarttimefrom7:25amto8:30am.Students,parentsandteachersarepleasedwiththeresults.7.WhatisthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?A.Americankids’sleepinghabits. B.Teenagers’sleep-relateddiseases.C.Activitiestopreventsleeplessness. D.Learningproblemsandlackofsleep.8.Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11-year-oldsneedeveryday?A.7hours. B.8hours.C.10hours. D.18hours.9.WhydoteenagersgotosleeplateaccordingtoCarskadon?A.Theyareaffectedbycertainbodychemicals.B.Theytendtodothingsthatexcitethem.C.Theyfollowtheirparents’examples.D.Theydon’tneedtogotoschoolearly.【答案】7.A8.C9.B【解析】这是一篇议论文。首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在不同年龄段需要不同的睡眠时间，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。7.细节理解题，根据第一段“Accordingtoanewsurvey(调查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7-to12-year-oldssaidtheyfelttiredduringtheday,and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.”可知，第一段向我们说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的。故选A项。8.细节理解题，根据第二段“Formostschool-agechildren,tenhoursisideal”可知，11岁的上学小孩子的睡眠时间需要10个小时，故选C项。9.细节理解题，根据第三段“Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep”,可知，Carskadon说，睡前的这些活动会让孩子们兴奋不已，让他们难以平静下来入睡。所以Carskadon认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些让他们兴奋的活动。故选B项。5.（2016年10月，浙江高考）Digitaltechnology-emailandsmartphonesespecially-havevastlyimprovedworkers'abilitytobeproductiveoutsideofatraditionaloffice.Evenso,mostwhite-collarworkstillhappensinanoffice.Onereasonisthat,accordingtofindingsofanewsurvey(调查)ofofficeworkersconductedbyWakefieldResearchfortheITcompanyCitrix,mostbossesaredoubtfulaboutremoteworking.Halfoftheworkerssaytheirbossdoesn'tacceptit»andonly35percentsayit’stolerated.Skepticalbosseswilllikelyhavetheirdoubtsreinforced(加深)bythesamesurvey,whichshowsthat43percentofworkerssaythey’vewatchedTVoramoviewhile“working”remotely,while35percenthavedonehousework，and28percenthavecookeddinner.Itistrue,however，thatworkingathomemakespeoplemuchmoreefficient(高效的)，becauseitallowsworkerstotakecareofannoyinghouseworkwhilestillgettingtheirjobsdone.It’smuchfaster,forexample,toshopforgroceriesataquartertothreethantostandinlineduringtheafter-workrush.Thefactthatsuchpracticesremainofficiallyunacceptedreflectshowfarwehaven'tcomeasasocietyfromthedayswhenweexpectedeveryfull-timeworkertobesupportedbyafull-timehomemaker.MorebroadlytheWakefieldsurveysuggeststhatemployersmaybemissinga