【高三暑假自学课】第01讲 冠词和名词 原卷版

2023年新高三英语【暑假自学课】（课标全国卷）第01讲冠词和名词原卷版1.掌握不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词的基本用法。2.掌握名词的“数”及名词的复数形式的构成。3.掌握名词所有格和常见名词构词法。一、冠词基础知识（一）冠词用法思维导图（二）定冠词the的十大典型用法考点1：表示双方都知道的人或事物。Wouldyoumindturningdowntheradioalittle?Thebabyissleeping.请把收音机音量调小点好吗？婴儿在睡觉。考点2：表示特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物。（第一次提到用“a或an”以后再次提到用“the”）Doyouknowthegirlinred?你认识那个穿红衣服的女孩么？考点3：表示世界上独一无二的事物。Asisknowntous,theearthmovesaroundthesun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。考点4：用在序数词，形容词最高级前面，以及对特定的两个人或事物进行比较时的比较级前。LiuYangisthefirstwomanwhohasbeenintospaceinChina.在中国，刘洋是第一位进入太空的女性。Heisthetalleststudentinourclass.他是我们班个子最高的。考点5：用在姓氏的复数名词前表示一家人或夫妻俩。TheSmithslivedintheapartmentaboveours.史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。考点6：用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。theWestLake西湖考点7：与某些形容词连用表示一类人。thepoor穷人therich富人thewounded伤员考点8：用在表示方位或西洋乐器名称的名词之前。JilinisinthenorthofChina.吉林位于中国的北部。乐器前一定要加定冠词。PeterlikesplayingfootballwhileIamfondofplayingthepiano.彼得喜欢踢足球，而我喜欢弹钢琴。考点9：用在表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。Itisnotrareinthe1990sthatpeopleintheirfiftieswenttouniversityforfurthereducation.在二十世纪九十年代五十多岁的人上大学进修并不罕见。考点10：用于某些固定词组中。inthedaytime在白天inthehabitof习惯于makethemost/bestof充分利用inthedistance在远处intheway挡路onthewhole总的来说atthesametime同时atthemoment此刻forthetimebeing暂时gotothedoctor's去看医生bytheway顺便说；顺便问一下theotherday前几天ontheradio/phone通过无线电/电话onthespot在场；到场；立即；马上；当场totell(you)thetruth说实话，老实说gotothecinema去看电影notintheleast一点也不forthemostpart通常，多半（三）不定冠词a(n)的七大典型用法考点1：用于第一次提到的某人或某物之前。ThisisanEnglishbook.这是一本英语书。考点2：泛指人或事物的某一类别，以区别于其他种类。Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.飞机是一种能飞的机器。考点3：泛指某人或某物。Agirliswaitingforyou.一个女孩正在等你。考点4：用在表示数量、长度、时间等的计数单位的名词前，表示“每一”。Thecarmoves100milesanhour.这辆小汽车以每小时100英里的速度行驶考点5：抽象名词具体化的情况下，不定冠词a/an用于抽象名词前，表示具体的人或事物。ItisasuccessforacountrytohosttheOlympicGames.对于一个国家来说，主办奥运会是一件成功的事。考点6：不定冠词a与an的区别a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前，an用在以元音音素开头的单词前。要点：不见元音不加an，不看字母看发音。anhonestboy一个诚实的男孩anumbrella一把伞 anunusualstory一个不同寻常的故事anunhappyboy一个不高兴的男孩 auniversity一所大学aEuropeancountry一个欧洲国家ausefulbook一本有用的书考点7：用于某些固定词组中。haveacold患感冒haveagoodtime玩得高兴haveagiftfor有……的天赋haveawordwith与……谈话make/earnaliving谋生goonadiet节食asaresult因此asamatteroffact事实上asarule通常，照例inahurry匆忙地inasense在某种意义上inaword总之inamoment立刻onceinawhile偶尔ataloss困惑，不知所措allofasudden突然（四）零冠词的基本用法考点1：季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科、球类、棋类等名称前一般不加冠词。Springisthebestseasonoftheyear.春天是一年中最好的季节。Iwenttoschoolwithouthavingbreakfastthismorning.今天早上我没吃早饭就去上学了。考点2：表示泛指意义的复数名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、人名、地名等前，一般不加冠词。Sarahlookedatthefinishedpaintingwithsatisfaction.萨拉满意地看着那幅完工的油画。考点3：在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词前不加冠词。Childas/thoughsheis,sheknowstoomuchFrench.尽管她是一个孩子，但她懂很多法语。考点4：系动词turn后跟表职业的名词时，名词前不加冠词。Theyounggirlhasturnedwriter.→Theyounggirlhasbecomeawriter.这个年轻女孩已经成为一位作家。考点5：no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词前不用冠词。There'snosuchthingasajobforlifeanylonger.不再有像终身职位这样的事了。考点6：表示头衔和职务的名词的前面也常不用冠词。Tombecamemonitorofourclass.汤姆成为我们班长。Hewasappointedambassador.他被任命为大使。考点7：在复数可数名词前表示一类人或事物，一般不使用冠词。Horsesareusefulanimals.马是有用的动物。Dogsarehumanbeings’friends.狗是人类的朋友。考点8：在与by连用的表示交通工具的名词前。一般不使用冠词。bybike,bybus,bytrain,byship,bysea,byland,byair(plane)等考点9：零冠词的常见固定搭配givewayto给……让路 onhand在手头 onpurpose故意地 forexample例如inadvance提前indebt负债 bymistake错误地，无意地underrepair处于维修中 loseheart灰心dayandnight夜以继日地 catchfire着火frommorningtillnight从早到晚facetoface面对面地 outofcontrol失控indanger处于危险之中atdawn/noon/dusk/night在黎明/正午/黄昏/夜晚inplace在恰当的位置 heartandsoul全心全意地二、名词基础知识（一）名词所有格的用法考点1：表示两者各自所有关系时，分别在每个名词的词尾加’s；表示两者共有，在最后名词词尾加’s。如：mysister'stelephone姐姐的电话Jones’room琼斯的房间Nurses’Day护士节Women’sday妇女节。考点2：表示店铺、办公室或某人家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。如：atthebarber's在理发店atmyuncle's在我叔家HaveyouevermetTom'sandJim'sfathersbefore?汤姆父亲和吉姆父亲考点3：若一样东西为两人所有，只在后一个名词后加’s。ThisisTomandJim'sfather汤姆和吉姆的父亲。考点4：of所有格：无生命的名词常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或定语修饰的有生命的名词用of所有格。thewindowoftheroom房间的窗户考点5：双重所有格：指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。aplayofShakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)afriendofmine(我的一个朋友)（二）不可数名词用法考点1：常见不可数名词有fun/furniture,luggage,information,progress,advice/air,knowledge,news,equipment,work,homework,housework。这些名词取首字母可以妙记为flipaknew(飞来品，牛)。不可数名词没有复数形式，前边也不能有不定冠词a或an。这点在短文改错中频繁考查。Forfurtherinformationonthediet,writetousatthisaddress.欲知规定饮食的详情，请按这个地址给我们写信。Alltheequipmentshouldbecleaneddownregularly.所有设备都应该定期彻底打扫。考点2：具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情Yourcontributionwillcertainlymaketheeventahugesuccess.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。考点3：物质名词具体化drink饮料→twodrinks两杯饮料coffee咖啡→acoffee一杯咖啡chalk粉笔→achalk一支粉笔hair头发→ahair一根头发考点4：抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：Beingabletoaffordadrinkwouldbeacomfortinthosetoughtimes.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。（三）可数名词单数变复数用法考点1：名词单数变复数规则变化种类变化例词一般情况词尾加-sbook→books,pen→pens以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾词尾加-esbus→buses，bench→benches，box→boxes，dish→dishes，但stomach例外，其后直接加-s以“辅音字母＋y”结尾变y为i后加-esfamily→families，city→cities以“元音字母＋y”结尾词尾加-skey→keys，boy→boys以-f或-fe结尾多数变f或fe为v后加-esleaf→leaves，life→lives,knife→knives少数词尾加-schief→chiefs,roof→roofs,belief→beliefs以字母-o结尾词尾加-eshero→heroes,potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes词尾加-sphoto→photos,kilo→kilos,piano→pianos以-sis结尾的外来词变sis为sesbasis→bases,analysis→analyses,crisis→crises考点2：名词单数变复数不规则变化种类例词单复数同形deer,sheep,Chinese,aircraft,means,series,species,headquarters单数形式复数意义people,police,cattle复数形式单数意义news,physics,politics合成词变复数passer­by→passers­by，son­in­law→sons­in­law,looker­on→lookers­on,go­between→go­betweens,grown­up→grown-ups词形变化man→men，child→children，tooth→teeth,foot→feet,mouse→mice,medium→media,bacterium→bacteria（四）动词/形容词变为名词用法考点1：动词转化为名词的后缀后缀例词－ion/－tion/－sion/ationcorrect→correction改正celebrate→celebration庆祝conclude→conclusion结论；结束discuss→discussion讨论；论述admit→admission承认；准许加入permit→permission允许，许可invite→invitation邀请explain→explanation解释graduate→graduation毕业expect→expectation期望－er/－orsail→sailor海员，水手drive→driver司机；驾驶员gather→gatherer收集者，采集者teach→teacher老师announce→announcer广播员conduct→conductor指挥；售票员－mentpunish→punishment惩罚achieve→achievement成就argue→argument辩论；论据treat→treatment对待；治疗equip→equipment装备；设备govern→government政府－ance/－enceappear→appearance出现；外貌guide→guidance指引；指导perform→performance表演；表现exist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏爱refer→reference参考，查阅－ure/turefail→failure失败；倒闭press→pressure压力depart→departure离开；出发mix→mixture混合(物)－inghear→hearing听力，听觉begin→beginning开始－yrecover→recovery恢复discover→discovery发现考点2：形容词转化为名词的后缀后缀例词－ageshort→shortage短缺percent→percentage百分比－cyefficient→efficiency效率fluent→fluency流利accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私－domfree→freedom自由wise→wisdom明智；智慧－encedifferent→difference差异evident→evidence证据－nessweak→weakness虚弱；弱点thick→thickness厚度kind→kindness仁慈，友好careless→carelessness粗心大意－thstrong→strength力气；优势warm→warmth温暖；热情－y/－ty/－itysafe→safety安全disable→disability缺陷；伤残responsible→responsibility责任honest→honesty诚实考点一：不定冠词例1．Theheavyrainlasted3hoursonendandcameto______endwhentheclasswasover.【答案】an【解析】考查冠词。句意：这场大雨连续不断地下了三个小时，当放学时才停住。结合句意可知空白处考查短语cometoanend结束。故填an。考点二：定冠词例2．Jane’sgrandmotherhadwantedtowriteachildren’sbookformanyyears,butonethingoranotheralwaysgotin________way.【答案】the【解析】考查介词短语和冠词。句意：简的祖母多年来一直想写一本儿童读物，但总是有一件事或另一件事阻碍了她。根据句意可知，尽管简的祖母多年来一直想写一本儿童读物，但总有事情阻碍了她；getintheway是固定短语，意为“挡道；妨碍”。故填the。考点三：不定冠词a(n)区别例3．Everymorninghespends________hourdoingexercise,thenhegoestowork.【答案】an【解析】考查冠词。句意：他每天早上花一小时锻炼身体，然后去上班。根据句意，空白处表示数量“一”，此处表示“一个小时”，应用不定冠词，且hour以元音音素开头，所以用an。故填an。考点四：不定冠词a(n)区别例4．Everymorninghespends________hourdoingexercise,thenhegoestowork.【答案】an【解析】考查冠词。句意：他每天早上花一小时锻炼身体，然后去上班。根据句意，空白处表示数量“一”，此处表示“一个小时”，应用不定冠词，且hour以元音音素开头，所以用an。故填an。考点五：固定句型中冠词的用法例5．morelearnedamanis,moremodestbeusuallybecome.【答案】The;the【解析】考查冠词。句意：一个人越有学识，他就越可能更谦虚，使用the+比较级+主谓，the+比较级+主谓的句型，所以填The;the。考点六：抽象名词具体化的用法例6．Wehaveeveryreasontobelievethatthe2022BeijingWinterOlympicGameswas_____success.【答案】a【解析】考查冠词。句意：我们完全有理由相信2022年北京冬奥运会是成功的。分析句子可知，success是抽象名词具体化，表示泛指“一件成功的事”，且以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。考点七：名词所有格用法例7．Thetouristcenterisfarawayfromhereindeed.It’stwo________(hour)walk.【答案】hours’【解析】考查名词所有格。句意：旅游中心离这里确实很远。走路要两个小时。分析句式结构可知，此处用名词所有格形式作定语修饰名词walk。所以用twohours’walk表示“两小时的路程”符合语境。故填hours’。考点八：名词单数变复数不规则变化例8．Statisticsconsistentlyshowthathalfof________(child)preferridingbicyclestoplayingoncomputersorsmartphones.【答案】children【解析】考查名词复数。句意：统计数据一致显示，有一半的孩子更喜欢骑自行车，而不是玩电脑或智能手机。child为可数名词，零冠词用可数名词复数表泛指。故填children。考点九：固定句型中冠词的用法例9．Now,nearly500acresofsandisbeingturnedintofarmsproducingcorn,________(tomato)andsunflowers.【答案】tomatoes【解析】考查名词。句意：现在，近500英亩的沙地正在变成生产玉米、西红柿和向日葵的农场。分析句子可知，空格处应用名词，作“producing”的宾语，“tomato”意为“西红柿”，为可数名词，根据句意可知，生产的不止一个西红柿，故空格处应用“tomato”的复数形式“tomatoes”。故填tomatoes。考点十：动词或形容词变为名词的用法例10．China’sindustrialoutputisexpectedtorisebyaround6.5percentthisyear,markingthebest________(perform)since2010.【答案】performance【解析】考查名词。句意：中国今年的工业产出预计将增长6.5%左右，这标志着自2010年以来的最佳表现。分析句子可知，空格处应用名词，作“marking”的宾语，“perform”意为“表演，表现”，动词词性，对应的名词为“performance”，意为“表现”，为不可数名词。故填performance。第一组（冠词）阅读下面句子，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。1.（2022新高考I卷）Coveringanareaaboutthreetimes___________sizeofYellowstoneNationalPark,theGPNPwillbeoneofthefirstnationalparksinthecountry.2.（2022新高考II卷）___________BrownfamilyliveinanapartmentbuildingoutsideToronto.Onthedayoftheaccident,Mrs.BrownwasatworkandEricwasathomewithhisfather.3.（2022全国甲卷）___________friendofhis,WuFan,volunteeredtobehiscompanionduringthetrip.4.（2022全国乙卷）Tocelebrate___________festival,anumberofeventstookplaceattheChineseBusinessmanMuseuminBeijingonThursday.5.（2022浙江1月卷）Cobb,forherparty,startedtoaskconferenceorganizerswhoinvitedhertospeakifshecoulddosoremotely;aboutthree-quartersof___________time,theyagreed.6.（2021年新高考I卷）Whileyou’reinChina,MountHuangshanis___________musttovisit!7.（2021年全国甲卷）Ittookusabout3hourstogoall___________wayaroundtheXi'anCityWall.8.（2021年全国乙卷）Dueto___________growingpopularityofenvironmentally-relatedandadventuretravel,varioustypesoftripsarenowbeingclassifiedasecotourism.9.（2020年浙江1月卷）AchildbornintheUStodayhas___________veryrealisticchanceoflivingbeyond100andneedstoplanaccordingly.10.（2021浙江卷）___________Lincolnsenlargedthehousetoafulltwostoriesin1856tomeettheneedsoftheirgrowingfamily.11.（2020年浙江卷）Thisstyleoffarminglastedforquitealongtime.Then，with___________riseofscience，changesbegan.12.（2020年全国II卷）Theplumtreesare___________firsttoflowerevenasthesnowismelting(融化).Theyrepresentthepromiseofspringandarenewaloflife.13.(2019全国I卷)Of___________nineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining,sixarestable,oneisincreasing,andninelackenoughdata.14.(2019浙江卷)Everybodywears_________samestyleofclothes.15.（2018全国II卷）Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentover

__________past25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.16.（2018全国III卷）Unexpectedly,I'mface-to-facewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingat_________topofherlungs.17.(2017·新课标卷I)As65result，peoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethingmissing.18.(2017全国II卷)Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,layingthetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofover________top.19.（2017全国III）Instead,sheisearning$6500adayas___________modelinNewYork.20.（2015全国II卷）Theadobedwellings(土坯房)builtbythePuebloIndiansoftheAmericanSouthwestareadmiredbyeven___________mostmodernofarchitectsandengineers.第二组（名词）阅读下面句子，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。1.（2022新高考I卷）TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate_____________(population)andhomesofgiantpandas,andeventuallyachieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.2.（2022新高考II卷）Hesavedmy_____________(son)life,"saidMrs.Brown."Idon'tknowhowtothankhim.”3.（2022全国甲卷）CaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad,inordertopromoteenvironmental_____________(protect).4.（2022全国乙卷）“AsamainpromoteroftheInternationalTeaDay,thebirthplaceofteaandthelargesttea-producingcountry,Chinahasa_____________(responsible)toworkwithothercountriestopromotethehealthydevelopmentoftheteaindustry.5.（2022浙江1月卷）Cobb,forherparty,startedtoaskconferenceorganizerswhoinvitedhertospeakifshecoulddosoremotely;aboutthree-quartersofthetime,theyagreed.Whentheanswerwasno,shedeclinedthe_____________(invite).6.（2021新高考1卷）Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe_____________(human)are.7.（2021新高考II卷）Acompany_____________(represent)wrotebackandtoldmetheairlinewasswitchingoverfromplastictopapercupsonallofits1,200dailyflights.8.（2021全国甲卷）Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand_____________(watchtower)totakepictures...9.（2021全国乙卷）_____________(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking（远足）andaccommodationsaimtohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.10.（2021全国乙卷）Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecomeeducatedabouttheareas—bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe_____________(develop)ofthelocalareas.11.（2022浙江1月卷）Itiscalculatedbydividinga_____________(person)weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared,andaBMIofbetween19and25isconsideredhealthy.12.（2021浙江6月卷）In1844theyboughtitfor＄1,200andsomelandfromCharlesDresser,whoperformedtheir_____________(marry)ceremonyin1842.13.（2021北京卷）Whydowedream?Scientistsaren'tcompletelysure,andtheyhavediverse_____________(idea).Dreamsmightbeasideeffectofmemorymaking.14.（2020全国I卷）Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular_____________(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山)，moresothanthefamiliarnearside.15.(2020全国II卷)ChineseNewYearisa_____________(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.16.(2020全国III卷)Filledwith_____________(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.17.（2020新高考卷）AttheJorvikCentreinYork,thecity’sVikingsettlementisrecreated,andpeopleexperiencethesights,soundsandsmellsoftheoldtown.Historical_____________(accurate)isimportantbutsoisentertainment.18.（2020浙江6月卷）Later,theylearnedtoworkwiththe_____________(season),plantingattherighttimeand，indryareas,making(make)useofannualfloodstoirrigate(灌溉)theirfields.19.（2020天津卷）Thehealthsecuritysystemsofmanycountriesareundergoingconsiderable_____________(transform).20.（2020北京卷）Now,lotsof_____________(country)andregionsaretakingactiontobanthesaleofsuchbagstostoppeopleusingthem.第一组（冠词）阅读下面句子，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。1.ThebookFromtheSoilprovides________uniqueopportunitytolearnmoreaboutChinesesociety.2.TwoChineseastronautsheadedoutsidethenation’sTiangongspacestationonFebruary9,2023for________seven-hour-longspacewalk,________firstoftheongoingShenzhou15mission.3.Itwas______pitythatJimmydidn’twinthefirstprizeintheEnglishcompetition,butitwasreally______unusualexperience.4.“Well,”saidtheCoachashehitPaulon________shoulder,“you’vejustearnedyourplaceontheteam.”5.Grandpasurvivedtheillnessintheend,anditwas____greatcomforttoourwholefamily.(用适当的词填空)6.Withanyaccident,it’sneverjustonething.It’s__________seriesoffaultsthattogethercreateanunfortunateoutcome.7.Oneofmyroommatesincollegeworkedas________editorinthepublishinghousenexttomyapartmentbutwenevercameacrosseachother.8.G20isanintergovernmentalforumsetupin________efforttoaddresssuchissuesaseconomiccooperationandclimatechange.9.Historyismuchmorethanthestudyofdustyoldobjectsandeventslongpast.Itis_________essentialpartofwhowearetodayandwhowewillbecome.10.Inthiscompany,shehasworkedasasecretaryfor5years,orrather,_________personalassistant.11.Inourcitypeoplehaveusedsmartwatermeterstotake________placeoftraditionalwatermeters.12.OnMid-AutumnDay,peopleeatmooncakesandwatch_______moon.13.Aftertheearthquake,_______injuredwerequicklytakentodifferenthospitals.14.Couldyoutellmethewayto__________Johnsons,please?15.Themomenttheshakingstopped,MissBrownsenseditwas_________besttimefortheclasstomaketheirescape.16.In________last500years,modernartlikeabstractarthasmadeabigleap.17.Itseemsthatprotectingtheenvironmentisverycostly,butin________longterm,itwillbenefitthewholesociety.18.McGregormuststayinbedforamonthon__________basisofthemedicalreportshisdoctorhasreceived.19.Youdon’tnecessarilyhavetoown________latesteverythingbutyoushouldhave________roughideaofwhatischanging.20.LinShuhao,________NBAstar,isoneof________fewbasketballplayerswhoareverypopularwithChin