阅读理解之说明文-2025年高考英语一轮复习（新高考）

专题突破卷07阅读理解之说明文

最新高考真题

1.（2024年新高考I卷D篇阅读理解）IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,

researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoften

intheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumber

andvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.

“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofa

mobileapplication,saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyinthe

StanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences."Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomes

fromphysicalspecimens（标本），andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspecies

arerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?"

Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtested

howwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.

“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias（使有偏差）data,like

thegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,“

saidDaru.

Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.

Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethe

peoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheir

encounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveor

eye-catchingfeatures.

Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?

“Quitealot,“Daruexplained.""Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampled

areasandleadthemtoplaces-andevenspecies-thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityof

observationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheir

uploadedimage.^^

32.Whatdoweknowabouttherecordsofspeciescollectednow?

A.Theyarebecomingoutdated.B.Theyaremostlyinelectronicform.

C.Theyarelimitedinnumber.D.Theyareusedforpublicexhibition.

33.WhatdoesDaru'sstudyfocuson?

A.Threatenedspecies.B.Physicalspecimens.

C.Observationaldata.D.Mobileapplications.

34.Whathasledtothebiasesaccordingtothestudy?

A.Mistakesindataanalysis.B.Poorqualityofuploadedpictures.

C.Improperwayofsampling.D.Unreliabledatacollectiondevices.

35.WhatisDaru'ssuggestionforbiodiversityapps?

A.Reviewdatafromcertainareas.B.Hireexpertstochecktherecords.

C.Confirmtheidentityoftheusers.D.Giveguidancetocitizenscientists.

【答案】32.B33.C34.C35.D

【解析】

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见,

建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。

【32题详解】

细节理解题。根据第一段“Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andother

digitalrecords.（今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。）”可知，现

在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。

【33题详解】

细节理解题。根据第二段“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysical

specimens（标本），andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesare

respondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?（这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原

始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?）”

禾口第四段”"Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias（使有偏差）data,

likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnext

toit,“saidDaru.（Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可

能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”广可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应

用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。

【34题详解】

细节理解题。根据第四段“"Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias

（使有偏差）data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadof

thegrassrightnexttoit,"saidDaru.（Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如

公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。"）”以及第五段“Thismakessensebecausethe

peoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheir

encounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.（这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通

常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。厂可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的

不当。故选C。

【35题详解】

推理判断题。根据最后——段“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasand

leadthemtoplaces-andevenspecies-thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,

biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.

（生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地

方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的

图像的身份。）”可知，Daru建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。

2.（2024年新高考II卷C篇阅读理解）Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,most

produceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.While

farmer^marketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm（BMF）shortensitevenmore.

BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudience

suchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweekly

supplyoffreshgreens.

Specifically,it'safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotely

monitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemis

automated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,

thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanew

pre-seededpod（容器）togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.

Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereifseatenmeanszeroemissions（排放）from

transportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there9snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollute

traditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.

BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.

Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-use

plastic.t6Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,saidaBMF

employee.

8.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?

A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood.B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.

C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance.D.Itreliesonfarmer^markets.

9.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?

A.Real-timeweatherchanges.B.Currentconditionoftheplants.

C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil.D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.

10.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?

A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.

B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.

C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.

DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.

11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

A.BMF'smajorstrengths.B.BMF'sgeneralmanagement.

C.BMF'sglobalinfluence.D.BMF'stechnicalstandards.

【答案】8.C9,B10.D11.A

【解析】

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输

距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。

【8题详解】

细节理解题。根据第一段"Whilefarmer'smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm

（BMF）shortensitevenmore.（虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短

了旅程）”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。

【9题详解】

细节理解题。根据第三段“Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.（此外，还有一

个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据）”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故

选Bo

【10题详解】

推理判断题。根据最后一段"BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthem

walkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecans

andavoidingsingle-useplastic.uaWearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinour

environment,9,saidaBMFemployee.(BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行

车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表

示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。

【11题详解】

主旨大意题。根据第一段"Whilefarmer'smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm

（BMF）shortensitevenmore.（虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短

了旅程）"、第三段"ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientapp

thatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountof

waterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeach

plan”通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。止匕外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数

据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是

为每株植物提供合适的水量）”以及最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.

Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionby

limitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.t4Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonand

chemicalsinourenvironment,saidaBMFemployee.（BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的

人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF

的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场

（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少

化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。

3.（2024年新高考II卷D篇阅读理解）GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weall

needtotakeactiontodealwithourAl-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwith

ArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressing

thechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution（变革）.

Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode（代码）that

powersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades5professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheady

intotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,

makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmost

assmartasAL

AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,

movingfromthecurrentgenerationof"narrow-AI“toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,

willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIandits

futurenow-severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwe

keepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.

CampbelFspointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAl-thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders-sothey

areonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoinf,inhistory

andmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.Weneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuture

withAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatness

ratherthanourdownfall.

AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.

12.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands“inparagraph2probablymean?

A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated.B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.

C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent.D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.

13.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?

A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes.B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.

C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions.D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.

14.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?

A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.

B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.

C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.

D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.

15.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?

A.TorecommendabookonALB.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.

C.ToclarifythedefinitionofALD.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.

【答案】12.C13.B14.C15.A

【解析】

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了CatrionaCampbellAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwith

ArtificialIntelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，

强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。

【12题详解】

词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode（代码）

thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades,professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheady

intotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,

makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmost

assmartasAL（这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20

多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角

度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明）”

可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示

“如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。

【13题详解】

推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfidly,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades'professionalexperience

translatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthan

asanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmake

youfbelalmostassmartasAI.（值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为

可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的

指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明）”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可

理解的内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。

【14题详解】

细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orrisk

beingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.（她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更

糟的风险）''和文章最后一段"WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAItopanout.Suchstructured

thinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.（我们需要考

虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走

向衰败）”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工

智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。

【15题详解】

推理判断题。根据文章第一段“GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotake

actiontodealwithourAl-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificial

Intelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthe

challengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution（变革）.（考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们

都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是NPlanforLivingwithArtificial

力回〃gence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜・坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即

将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战）”和文章最后一段“AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookon

thesubject,thisisit.（人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书）“可

知，本文主要介绍了CatrionaCampbell所著//byDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligence一书，

该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼

吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能

的书。故选A项。

2024年高考模拟真题

（2024,新疆乌鲁木齐•三模）Doublerainbowsareonething,butadoubleaurora（极光）？Theycanhappen,

thoughsomekindsarerare.Oneparticularred-and-greenauroraisespeciallyconfusing.Now,imagestakenby

amateurastronomersmayhelprevealitssecrets.

CitizenscientistslivinginCanadaandFinlandusedcamerastodocumentanunusualcombinationof

aurorasinthenightsky.Physicistshavestudiedthoseimagestolearnwhatmayhavecausedtheunusuallight

show.

AlanDyerwasoutsidehishomeinStrathmore,Canada,whenthedancingNorthernLightscaughthis

attention.Hegrabbedhiscameraandstartedfilming."IknewIhadsomethinginteresting,nsaysDyer.Atfirst

glance,thedoubleauroralookslikeafloatingsliceofwatermelon.Thegreenauroraiswell-understood.The

fruitylookingredstripismoremysterious.Scientistshaveknownabouttheseredaurorasfordecades.Butthere*s

noagreementonhowtheyform.OneideaisthatEarth'smagneticfieldcanheatupcertainareasofthe

atmosphere.Thatheatcouldknockparticles（粒子）around,likeinproton（质子）rain.

Researchershadseenthesetwotypesofaurorasoccurtogetherbefore.Butitwasalwaysmysterious,says

ToshiNishimura,aspacephysicistatBostonUniversity.Afterlookingatsatelliteobservationsalongwiththe

imagestakenbyDyerandothers,Nishimuraandhisteamconcludedhowthetwophenomenamightberelated.

Thekeyisthethinraysintheredaurora.TheymarkthepathsofelectronsfallingthroughtheEarth'smagnetic

field.Thatmeanselectronrainappearstocausetheredaurora,justasprotonraincausesthegreenone.Bothget

poweredbythesolarwind.Buttheelectronscarrylessenergythantheprotons,sotheymakeforamorereddish

color.

Electronrainmightnotbetheonlywaytoproducethestableredauroras,though.Theresultsshowthat

whafsgoingonismorecomplicatedthanresearchershadthought.TheaurorasDyersawcouldbedangerzones

forradiocommunicationandGPSsystems,saysNishimura.

Thecitizenscientistswhotookthephotoswereacriticalpartofthenewfindings,Nishimurasays.

1.Whereisthetextprobablytakenfrom?

A.Anewsreportonastronomicdiscoveries.

B.Ablogaboutskyphenomena.

C.Areviewofauroraresearch.

D.Abrochureofauroratours.

2.Whatcanbeinferredaboutredauroras?

A.Theyarefullyunderstoodbyscientists.

B•TheywerefirstspottedbyAlanDyer.

C.TheyarerelatedtoEarth'smagneticfield.

D.Theyaregeneratedfromprotonrain.

3.Whatmayaffectthecoloroftheaurora?

A.Thepathittravelsalong.B.Theenergyparticlescarry.

C.Thewavelengthofrays.D.Thesourceofsolarwind.

4.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningAlanDyer'sexample?

A.Photographydrivesscientificresearch.

B.ThedoubleauroraisathreattoGPSsystem.

C.Satelliteobservationsleadtoauroradiscoveries.

D.Citizenscientistshelpexplainthedoubleaurora.

【答案】1.A2.C3.B4.D

【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要介绍了双重极光的现象，特别是红色和绿色极光的形成原因，以及公

民科学家如何通过拍摄图片帮助科学家研究这一现象。

1.推理判断题。根据第一段"Doublerainbowsareonething,butadoubleaurora（极光）？Theycanhappen,

thoughsomekindsarerare.Oneparticularred-and-greenauroraisespeciallyconfusing.Now,imagestakenby

amateurastronomersmayhelprevealitssecrets.,?（双彩虹是一回事，但双极光呢？这种情况可能会发生，尽

管有些类型很少见。一种特殊的红绿极光尤其令人困惑。现在，由业余天文学家拍摄的图像可能有助于揭

示它的秘密。）主要介绍了双重极光的现象，特别是红色和绿色极光的形成原因，以及公民科学家如何通

过拍摄图片帮助科学家研究这一现象。所以这是一篇关于天文发现的新闻报道。故选A项。

2.推理判断题。根据文章第三段“OneideaisthatEarthsmagneticfieldcanheatupcertainareasofthe

atmosphere."（一种观点是地球的磁场可以加热大气的某些区域。）可推知，红色极光与地球的磁场有关。

故选C。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Buttheelectronscarrylessenergythantheprotons,sotheymakeforamore

reddishcolor."（但是电子携带的能量比质子少，所以它们产生更红的颜色。）可知，粒子携带的能量影响极

光的颜色。故选B。

4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段"Thecitizenscientistswhotookthephotoswereacriticalpartofthenew

findings,Nishimurasays?9（Nishimura说，拍摄这些照片的公民科学家是新发现的关键部分。）可推知，作

者提到艾伦・戴尔的例子是想说明公民科学家通过拍摄图片帮助解释双重极光。故选Do

（2024•湖北襄阳•三模）Medicineisnotexclusivelyahumaninvention.Manyotheranimals,frominsects

tobirdstononhumanprimates,havebeenknowntoself^medicatewithplantsandmineralsforinfectionsand

otherconditions.

BehavioralecologistHelenMorrogh-BemardoftheBorneoNatureFoundationhasspentdecadesstudying

theisland'sorangutans（猩猩）andsaysshehasnowfoundevidencetheyuseplantsinapreviouslyunseen

medicinalway.

Duringmorethan20,000hoursofformalobservation,Morrogh-Bemardandhercolleagueswatched10

orangutansoccasionallychewaparticularplant（whichisnotpartoftheirnormaldiet）intoafoamylather（泡沫）

andthenrubitintotheirfur.Theapesspentupto45minutesatatimemassagingthemixtureontotheirupper

armsorlegs.Theresearchersbelievethisbehavioristhefirstknownexampleofanonhumananimalusinga

topicalpainkiller.

LocalpeopleusethesameplantDracaenacantleyi,anunremarkable-lookingplantwithstalkedleaves-to

treatachesandpains.Morrogh-Bemard^co-authorsstudieditschemistry.Theyaddedextracts（提出物）fromthe

planttohumancellsthathadbeengrowninadishandhadbeenartificiallystimulatedtoproducecytokines,an

immunesystemresponsethatcausesinflammation（炎症）anddiscomfort.Theplantextractreducedthe

productionofseveraltypesofcytokines,thescientistsreportedthefindinginastudypublishedlastNovemberin

ScientificReports.

Theresultssuggestthatorangutansusetheplanttoreduceinflammationandtreatpam.Suchfindingscould

helpidentifyplantsandchemicalsthatmightbeusefulforhumanmedications.

Increaturessuchasinsects,theabilitytoself-medicateisalmostcertainlyinnate:woollybearcaterpillars

infectedwithfliesseekoutandeatplantsubstancesthatarepoisonoustotheflies.Butmorecomplexanimals

maylearnsuchtricksafteraninitialdiscoverybyonememberoftheirgroup.

Forexample,anorangutanmayhaverubbedtheplantonitsskintotrytotreatparasitesandrealizedthatit

alsohadapleasantpain-killingeffect.Thatbehaviormaythenhavebeenpassedontootherorangutans.Because

thistypeof-self^medicationisseenonlyinsouth-centralBorneo,Morrogh-Bemardsays,itwasprobablylearned

locally.

5.WhatdoweknowaboutDracaenacantleyi?

A.Itcanserveasapainkiller.B.Itisorangutansnormaldiet.

C.Itisaplantwithafoamylather.D.Lcanfunctionasbuildingmaterials.

6.HowdidMorrogh-Bemard^teamprovetheplanfshealingproperties?

A.Bystudyingtheplant'schemistry.B.Byobservingapeseatingtheplant.

C.Byextractingcytokinesfromtheplant.D.Bywatchinglocalpeopleusingtheplant.

7.Whatisthesignificanceofthefindings?

A.Botanistscanbetterunderstandplants.

B.Scientistscanfindanewwaytostudyapes.

C.Doctorsmayhavethepowertocuremorediseases.

D.Drugcompaniesmayfindnewmaterialsformedicine.

8.Whatcanwelearnaccordingtothepassage?

A.Medicineisahumanuniqueinvention.B.Plantextractsarethebesttotreat-pain.

C.Humansandanimalshavealotincommon.D.Insectshavethenaturalabilitytoselfmedication.

【答案】5.A6.A7.D8.D

【导语】这是一篇说明文，药物并不是人类的独家发明，研究人员通过观察猩猩用一种植物进行自我治疗，

发现有很多其他动物都会用植物和矿物质来自我治疗感染和其他疾病。

5.细节理解题。根据第四段中“LocalpeopleusethesameplantDracaenacantleyi,anunremarkable-looking

plantwithstalkedleaves-totreatachesandpains.（当地人用同样的植物Dracaenacantleyi（一种长着茎状叶子

的普通植物）来治疗疼痛）”可知，Dracaenacantleyi可以用来止疼，故选A。

6.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Morrogh-Bemard'sco-authorsstudieditschemistry.（Morrogh-Bemard的合著

者研究了它的化学成分）”可知，Morrogh-Bemard团队是通过研究这种植物的化学性质证明了它的药物疗效,

故选Ao

7.推理判断题o根据第五段中“Suchfindingscouldhelpidentifyplantsandchemicalsthatmightbeusefulfor

humanmedications.（这些发现可以帮助识别可能对人类药物有用的植物和化学物质）”可知，这些发现的意义

是制药公司可能会发现新的药物材料。故选D。

8.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Increaturessuchasinsects,theabilitytoself-medicateisalmostcertainly

innate（在昆虫等生物中，自我治疗的能力几乎肯定是天生的）“以及“Butmorecomplexanimalsmaylearnsuch

tricksafteraninitialdiscoverybyonememberoftheirgroup.（但更复杂的动物可能会在群体中的一个成员最

初发现后学会这些技巧）”可知，一些昆虫的自我治疗能力是天生的，而更多的动物是后天学习而得，故选

Do

（2024•江西上饶•二模）Digitalreadingappearstobedestroyinghabitsof“deepreading”.Amazing

numbersofpeoplewithyearofschoolingareineffectilliterate（不识字的）.Admittedly,somepeoplehavebeen

complainingaboutnewmediasince1492,buttoday'scomplaintshaveanevidentialbasis,LjubljanaReading

Manifestosays,“Thedigitalareamayleadtomorereadingthaneverinhistory,butitalsooffersmanyattractions

toreadinashallowandscattered（碎片化的）manner-orevennottoreadatall.Thisincreasinglyendangers

higher-levelreading.

Digitalliteracyhaschangedreading.Whenyoureadabookonpaper,youcanbeentirelyinsidethe

experience,absorbinghundredsofpagestocapturetheworld'scomplexity.Online,saysMaryanneWolfof

UCLA,weare"skimming,scanning,scrolling^^.Themediumisthemessage:doingdeepreadingonyourphoneis

ashardasplayingtenniswithyourphone.Recently,abright11-year-oldtoldmeIwaswastingtimeonbooks:he

absorbedmoreinformationfasterfromWikipedia.Hehadapoint.Butdigitalreadersalsoabsorbmore

misinformation.Andtheyseldom,absorbnuanced（微妙的）ideas.

InthewhitepaperthatunderliestheLjubljanaReadingManifesto,expertscataloguethepassivepartsof

digitalreading:"Recentstudiesofvariouskindsindicateadeclineof...criticalandconsciousreading,slow

reading,non-strategicreadingandlong-formreading.Inthe2021internationalPISAsurvey,49percentof

studentsagreedthat“IreadonlyifIhaveto”,13percentagepointshigherthanin2000.

AsprofessorsfromNorthwesternUniversityforesawin2005,wearereturningtothedayswhenonlyan

elite（精英的）“readingclass“consumeslongtexts-despitemorepeoplespendinglongerineducationandbook

salesremainingrobust.

Peoplewholosehigher-levelreadingskillsalsolosethinkingskills.Thafshorrible,because"'higher-level

reading^^hasbeenessentialtocivilization.ItenabledtheEnlightenme