阅读理解说明文-2020-2024年高考英语试题分类汇编（新高考专用）（解析版）

专题12阅读理解说明文

【好题汇编】五年（2020-2024）高考英语

真题分类汇编（新高考专用）

5年考情•探规律

主题语境考情分布

文化教育类2023新课标II卷一纸质书籍和阅读；

2024浙江1月卷一棉花糖测试的背后；

2023新课标I卷一极简生活方式

2023新课标I卷一群体智慧效应；

社会生活类

2022新课标I卷一饮食影响语言发展；

2022新课标II卷一体育锻炼有利于心脏；

2020新课标卷一影响食物摄入量因素.

2024新课标I卷一科学记录生物多样性；

2024新课标I卷一巴比伦微农场

环境保护类2024浙江1月卷一农民担心冰雹计划；

2023浙江1月卷一太阳能农场；

2023新课标II卷一保护城市野生生态；

2024新课标II卷一人工智能安全发展；

科学技术类2022新课标I卷一改善老年人孤独项目；

2022新课标II卷一软件应对司机分神；

一、命题趋向

说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。题材涉及科技、社会和文化

生活等各个领域。说明文的结构特点：1、新闻报道类：总体——细节或过程说明。2、科普类：社会现象

或变化——细节（运作原理或原因阐述）——社会效应和相关启示。3、研究调查类：引出话题——调查结果

——调查过程（方法、步骤、人员等）——对现实的影响和未来的展望。4、说明呈现类：总体呈现——细节

描述（中心句一般在段首）一总结。

二、技巧点拨

1、关键是抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时也要注意说明的顺序，说明的顺序有时间顺序（如事物的发展变

化）、空间顺序（如建筑结构）、逻辑顺序（因果、现象与本质）。

2、掌握说明文的说明方法：举例子、作比较举例子、作比较（对比说明相异、类比说明相似）、列数字、

作诠释、下定义、作引用、打比方等。

3、把握文章的脉络和长难句的分析。

5年真题•分点精准练

考点1文化教育类

2023新课标II卷一纸质书籍和阅读

ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject——thebook,representedherein

almostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,

inartmadelongbeforebooksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing.Inartists5representationsofbooksand

reading,weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobeyondcultureandtime.

Inthis“bookofbooks,artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnections

betweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebook

asafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed（描绘）aloneinmanysettingsandposes

一absorbedinavolume,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpainted

hundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.

Booksthemselvesmaybeusedsymbolicallyinpaintingstodemonstratetheintellect（才智），wealthorfaithof

thesubject.Beforethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbeworksofartin

theirownright.Morerecently,asbookshavebecomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway,artistshaveusedthemasthe

rawmaterialforartworks-transformingcovers,pagesorevencompletevolumesintopaintingsandsculptures.

Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpage

outdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveas

anybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeactivatedbyauser:thecoveropened,thepages

parted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasingly

networkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechance

ofawhollyprivate,ttoff-line^^activity.

8.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?

A.Anintroductiontoabook.B.Anessayontheartofwriting.

C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.

9.Whataretheselectedartworksabout?

A.Wealthandintellect.B.Homeandschool.

C.Booksandreading.D.Workandleisure.

10.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"relateto“inparagraph2mean?

A.Understand.B.Paint.

C.Seize.D.Transform.

11.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?

A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.

B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.

C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.

D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.

【答案】8.B9.C10.A11.A

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。

8.推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Read加gArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneveryday

object-thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.{Reading

Art:ArtforBookLovers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件

艺术品）''以及倒数第二段"Befbrethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbe

worksofartintheirownright.（在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品）”

可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。

9.细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnections

betweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebook

asafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.（艺术品的选择和排歹（J方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。

我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点）”可知，选定的艺术品是关

于书籍和阅读的。故选C。

10.词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnections

betweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebook

asafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.（艺术品的选择和排歹U方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。

我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点）”以及“Thesescenesmay

havebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmoments（这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记

录了一些时刻）”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relateto”意思最相近

的为A项“理解、认识到"。故选A。

11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“itremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader（它仍然像任何电池

供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性）”以及"printedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,44ofF-line^^

activity卸刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会）”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是

印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。

考点2社会生活类

1.2024浙江1月卷一棉花糖测试的背后；

TheStanfordmarshmallow（棉花糖）testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistWalterMischelinthelate

1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat,selectedbythe

child,wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbe

givenasecondtreat.Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.Follow-upstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowed

aconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.

Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We'renottempted（诱惑）bysugarytreats,but

byourcomputers,phones,andtablets-allthedevicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarious

typesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.

Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacalorie-poorworld,andourbrainsdeveloped

aresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue-afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.Butaswe've

reshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhave

thesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggleto

resisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn'teat.

Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponsetoinformation.Ourformativeenvironmentasaspecieswas

information-poor,soourbrainsdevelopedamechanismthatprizednewinformation.Butglobalconnectivityhas

greatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded（轰炸）withnewinformation.

Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemore

thoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationofthemental"junkfood^^inorderto

manageourtimemosteffectively.

32.WhatdidthechildrenneedtodotogetasecondtreatinMischeFstest?

A.Takeanexaminationalone.

B.Showrespectfortheresearchers.

C.Sharetheirtreatswithothers.

D.Delayeatingforfifteenminutes.

33.Accordingtoparagraph3,thereisamismatchbetween.

A.thecalorie-poorworldandourgoodappetites

B.theshortageofsugarandournutritionalneeds

C.therichfoodsupplyandourunchangedbrains

D.thetemptingfoodsandoureffortstokeepfit

34.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?

A.Absorbnewinformationreadily.

B.Beselectiveinformationconsumers.

C.Usediverseinformationsources.

D.Protecttheinformationenvironment.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.EatLess,ReadMore

B.TheBitterTruthaboutEarlyHumans

C.TheLater,theBetter

D.TheMarshmallowTestforGrownups

【答案】32.D33.C34.B35.D

【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们

摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。

32.细节理解题。根据第一段第四句"Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,they

wouldbegivenasecondtreat.（每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励

可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。

33.细节理解题。根据第三段最后——句"Butaswe，vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecost

andeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavethesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthis

mismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn'teat.（但

是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前

一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。）”可知，根据第三段

可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。

34.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句"Therefbre,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloric

consumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationof

thementalt4junkfbod^^inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.（因止匕，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热

量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我

们的时间。广可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。

35.主旨大意题。根据第二段“Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We'renottempted

（诱惑）bysugarytreats,butbyourcomputers,phones,andtablets-allthedevicesthatconnectustotheglobal

deliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.（作为成年人，

我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将

我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。）”可知，

文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃

圾食品故选D。

2.2023新课标I卷一极简生活方式

Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatit

asksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideifsrightforyou.

Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigital

minimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople'sdigitallivesincreasingly

intolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.

Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.

Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,

youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassive

benefitstothethingsyouvalue.

Inthefinalchapterofpartone,rilguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I'll

drawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You,llhear

theseparticipants?storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyou

shouldavoid.

Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate（培养）asustainable

digitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude（独处）andthe

necessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Each

chapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.

Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsfor

yourparticularcircumstances.

8.Whatisthebookaimedat?

A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.

C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.

9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter“inparagraph3mean?

A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.

10.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?

A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.

C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.

11.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?

A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.

C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.

【答案】8.B9.A10.C11.A

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方

式。

8.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includinga

detailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyou

decidersrightforyou.（这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后

如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学）”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。

9.词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirty

days.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthat

youbelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.（这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活

动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动）”

可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。

10.推理判断题。通过文章第四段“Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I'llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourown

digitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I'lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperform

adigitaldeclutter.（在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借

鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理）”可推知，第一部分的最后一章

介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。

11.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuilda

minimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcircumstances.（你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助

你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式）”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部

分中提及的实践。故选A。

3.2023新课标I卷一群体智慧效应

OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascome

tobeknownasthe"wisdomofcrowds^^effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsome

cases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.

Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Some

peoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,

theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesame

errors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthat

people'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,the

accuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.

ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist（转折）onthisclassicphenomenon.The

keyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohavea

discussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependent

individuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewas

significantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.

Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroup

membersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Did

theyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominant

response.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey"sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.^^Somehow,

theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashave

limitationsandmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingare

enormous.

12.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?

A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.

C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.

13.Navajas9studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif.

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimates

C.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent

14.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?

A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.

C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.

15.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas9studies?

A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.

【答案】12.B13.D14.C15.D

【语篇解读】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大

量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。

12.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrors

aren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenoughofthese

errorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilar

andtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,the

wisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbecome

correlatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.（这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯

错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均

在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错

误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们

的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。）”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不

相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而

导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。

13.细节理解题。根据第二段的"Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbe

independent.（从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。）”和第三段的“Thekeyfindingof

thestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,

theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.

Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymore

accuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.（这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划

分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五

人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。厂可知，人们在没有独立的

情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也

是可以做到的。故选D。

14.推理判断题。根据第四段的“Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogeta

bettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemost

confidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?（在——项针对100名大

学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对

自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？）”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图

更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过

程。故选C。

15.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestions

remain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.（尽管Navajas领导的研

究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。户可知，作者认为虽然Navajas

领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的

研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。

4.2022新课标I卷一饮食影响语言发展

Theelderlyresidents（居民）incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeeling

lonely.

Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity（慈善组织）toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople's

wellbeing,Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomes

havereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.

Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:"IusedtokeephenswhenIwas

youngerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.9,

“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthere

againatnighttoseethey'vegonetobed.^^

"It'sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidents

comeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I'menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomething

useful.9,

Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhas

beengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.

WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:

""Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefits

andfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.^^

LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:"Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwill

reallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.^^

28.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?

A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes.

B.Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.

C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.

D.Topromotetheelderlypeople'swelfare.

29.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?

A.Shehaslearnednewlifeskills.

B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.

C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory.

D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.

30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"embarkon^^meaninparagraph7?

A.Improve.B.Oppose.

C.Begin.D.Evaluate.

31.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.Itiswellreceived.B.Itneedstobemorecreative.

C.Itishighlyprofitable.D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.

【答案】28D29.B30.C31.A

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。

28.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity（慈善组织）toreduceloneliness

andimproveelderlypeople'swellbeing（该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康

状况）”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。

29.推理判断题。根据文章第五段”"It飞goodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenin

toseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I'menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeels

greattohavedonesomethinguseful."（有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外

面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好）”可推知，RuthXavier通过该项目获

得了一种成就感。故选B。

30.词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.

Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.（居民们非常欢迎该项目的想

法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣）”以及划线处前的“oneofthefirst（第一批

人之一广可知WendyWilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin（开始）”含义相近。故

选C。

31.推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.

Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.（居民们非常欢迎该项目的想

法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣）”以及最后一段“LynnLewis,directorof

NottingHillPathways,said:t4Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidents

throughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”（"诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩•刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这

个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来）”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选

Ao

5.2022新课标II卷一体育锻炼有利于心脏

Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon"m"and"a"totherareclicksof

somesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,

five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalf

theworld'slanguages.

Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas"f'

and"v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.Nowateamofresearchersledby

DamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.

Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned（对齐），makingit

hardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjaws

changedtoanoverbitestructure（结构），makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.

TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithic

period.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrow

tobesolarge.

Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworld

languagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof'f'and"v"increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousand

years.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.

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