《土木工程专业英语 第2版》 课件 Unit13 Design and Construction；Unit14 Design and Construction；Unit15 Scientific English Writing Skills

Unit13DesignandConstructionoftheJinMaoTower

EnglishforCivilEngineering——Teacher:Prof.ZhengLu（SchoolofCivilEngineering,TONGJIUNIVERSITY）Unit13DesignandConstructionoftheJinMaoTower

13.0Abstract13.1TheStructureSystem13.2Foundationengineering13.3Windengineering13.4Earthquakeengineering13.5Uniquestructuralengineeringsolutions/On-sitestructuremonitoringLogic

结构体系：结构的主要材料、构件、外形、主要承重体系的组成（核心筒、结构伸臂桁架）基础工程：桩、筏板、地下连续墙的结构形式风工程：风洞试验的初始条件、最终设计风压、风洞试验的结果地震工程：设计反应谱、验算构件、钢桁架特殊设计特殊结构工程解决方案：抵御横向荷载的结构体系；核心筒和巨型复合柱之间相对位移的平衡解决方案现场结构监测：基础监测（筏板）+上部结构（核心筒、巨型复合柱、剪力墙）Abstract

ThecompositestructuralsystemfortheJinMaoTowerlocatedinShanghai,Chinawasdesignedtoresisttyphoonwinds,earthquakeforces,andaccommodatepoorsoilconditionswhileprovidingaveryslendertowertobefullyoccupiedfortheofficeandhoteluses.ThestructurefortheJinMaoTowerwascompletedinAugust1997withoccupancyexpectedinAugust1998.TheToweristhetallestbuildinginChinaandthethirdtallestintheworld(asof1997).ThesuperstructureoftheTowerresistslateralloadswithacentralreinforcedconcreteshearwallcoreinterconnectedwithcompositemega-columns.Theoutriggertrussesatthree(3)two-storylevels.Gravityloadsareresistedbycompositefloormemberswhichframetostructuralsteelmega-columnsandtothecentralcoreandcompositemega-columns.ThefoundationsystemfortheTowerconsistsofopensteelpipepilescappedbyareinforcedconcretemat.Adeepslurrywallsystemformsthetemporaryretentionaswellasthepermanentfoundationsystemaroundthesite.介绍了金茂大厦的用途、结构形式和地位。slender，细长；retention，阻挡；

mega-columns，巨型柱。opensteelpipepilescappedbyareinforcedconcretemat，钢管桩筏基础；

deepslurrywall，深地下连续墙。13.1The

Structure

SystemThesuperstructureforthe421meter-tall,88-storyJinMaoTowerconsistsofamixeduseofstructuralsteelandreinforcedconcretewithmajorstructuralmemberscomposedofbothstructuralsteelandreinforcedconcrete(composite).TheprimarycomponentsofthelateralsystemforthisslenderTower,withanoverallaspectratioof7:1tothetopoccupiedfloorandanoverallaspectratioof8:1tothetopspire,includeacentralreinforcedconcretecorewall

linkedtoexteriorcompositemega-columnsbystructuralsteeloutriggertrusses.Thecentralcorewallhousestheprimarybuildingservicefunctions,includingelevators,mechanicalfanroomsforHVACservices,andwashrooms.Theoctagon-shapedcoreisnominally27mdeepwithflangesvaryinginthicknessfrom850mmatthetopofthefoundationsto450mmatthelevel87withconcretestrengthvaryingfromC60toC40.spire,塔尖;outriggertrusses,伸臂桁架;octagon-shaped,八角形。mechanicalfanroomsforHVACservices，暖通空调电风扇设备间。13.1Thestructuresystem

Four(4)–450mmthickinterconnectingcorewebwallsexistthroughouttheofficelevelswithnowebwallsonthehotellevels,creatinganatriumwithatotalheightof205mwhichleadsintothespire.Structuralsteeloutriggertrussesinterconnectthecentralcoreandthecompositemega-columnatthree2–storytalllevels.TheinterconnectionoccursbetweenLevel24&Level26,Level51&Level53,andLevel85&Level87.TheoutriggertrussesbetweenLevels85&87engagethe3-dimensionalstructuralsteelcaptrusssystem.ThecaptrusssystemwhichframesthetopofthebuildingbetweenLevel87andspireisusedtospanovertheopencore,supportthegravityloadofheavymechanicalspaces,engagethestructuralsteelspire,andresistlateralloadsabovethetopofthecentralcorewall/compositemega-columnsystem.介绍了金茂大厦的主要结构形式和布置。web，腹板；atrium，中庭；spaces，控制室。captrusssystem，帽带桁架。13.1Thestructuresystem

Inadditiontoresistinglateralloads,thecentralreinforcedconcretecorewallandthecompositemega-columnscarrygravityloads.Eight(8)built-upstructuralsteelmega-columnsalsocarrygravityloadsandcompositestructuralsteelwide-flangedbeamsandbuilt-uptrussesareusedtoframetypicalfloors.Thefloorframingelementsaretypicallyspacedat4.5mon-centerwithacompositemetaldeckslab(75mmmetaldecktoppedwith80mmofnormalweightconcrete)framingbetweenthesteelmembers.介绍巨型柱和楼板的设置情况。on-center，中心矩；compositemetaldeckslab，叠合金属板。13.2Foundation

engineering

13.2Foundation

engineering

Areinforcedconcreteslurrysystemwasdesignedandconstructedaroundtheentireperimeterofthesite(0.75kilometer).Thethicknessoftheslurrywallis1mwithaconcretedesignstrengthofC40anddepthof33m.Theslurrywallbearsonmoderatelystiff,imperviousclay,alsoactingasatemporaryretentionsystemwall,apermanentwatercut-offsystem.Atiebackgroundanchorsystemwasdesignedandsuccessfullytestedtoprovidelateralsupportoftheslurrywallduringconstruction,however,thecontractor

chosetoconstructalocallyacceptedreinforcedconcretecross-lotbracingsystemforthethree(3)fullbasementlevelswhichextendedapproximately15mbelowgrade.Thepermanentgroundwatertableiswithin1mofexistinggrade.Basedonthesiteconditionsandtheslurrywalldepth,asub-soildrainingsystemwasdesignedtocarry18.5liter/secofwater.介绍地下连续墙的结构布置情况bearson，承力在……；

impervious，不透水；clay，粘土层；contractor,承包商；sub-soil，（土壤的）底土，心土；tiebackgroundanchor，拉杆地锚体系；

cross-lotbracing,交叉支撑。13.3Wind

engineering

TyphoonwindsaswellasstrongextratropicalwindsexistinthelocalShanghaienvironment.MultipleanalyticalandphysicaltestingtechniqueswereusedtoevaluatethebehavioroftheTower.Sinceultra-tallstructureshadnotbeenpreviouslyconstructedinChina,theChinesewinddesigncodedidnotaddressstructurestallerthan160m.Therefore,coderequirementswereextrapolatedfortheTowerandwindtunnelstudieswereperformedtoconfirmCodeextrapolationsandtostudytheactual,“rational”localwindclimate.Windtunnelstudies,performedunderthedirectionofDr.NicholIsyumovatUniversityofWesternOntarioinconjunctionwiththeShanghaiClimateCenter,wereconductedforthebuildinglocatedintheexistingsiteconditionandconsideringthefuturemasterplandevelopmenttermedthe“developedPudong”condition.Theexistingsitecontextessentiallyconsistedoflow-risebuildings(3~5storiesinheight)withthefully“developedPudong”environmentconsistingof30~50storiesbuildingsandtwoultra-talltowerslocatedwithin300mofJinMao.Windtunnelinvestigationincludedalocalclimatestudy,constructionofproximitymodels,aforcebalancetest,anaeroelastictest,anexteriorpressuretest,andapedestrianlevelwindstudy.气候的特殊性和因此开展的风洞试验相关数据。extratropical，温风带；ultra-tall，超高；extrapolated，推算；

proximity，接近，近似；aeroelastic

test，气弹实验；pedestrianlevelwind，人行高度风。13.3Wind

engineering

ThefinaldesignoftheTowerconsideredboththePeople’sRepublicofChinaBuildingCodeaswellasthe“rational”windtunnelstudies.Strengthdesignforalllateralload-resistingcomponentsisbasedontheCode-defined100-yearreturnwindwithabasicwindspeedof33m/sfora10minuteaveragetimeat10mabovegrade.ThebasicwindspeedcorrespondstoadesignwindpressurefortheTowerofapproximately0.7kPaatthebottomofthebuildingand3.5kPaatthetopofthebuilding.Resultsfromthewindtunnelstudies,consideringtheexistingsiteconditionandthe“developedPudong”conditionaswellasextratropicalandtyphoonwindsconfirmedthattheChineseCoderequirementsfordesignwereconservative.Serviceabilitydesign,includingtheevaluationofbuildingdriftandacceleration,wasbasedonthe“rational”windtunnelstudyresults.Windtunnelstudieswereperformedfor1-year,10-year,30-year,50-yearand100-yearreturnperiods.Thestudiesconsideredtheactualcharacteristicsofthestructure.Thefundamentaltranslationalperiodsofthestructureare5.7secondsineachprincipaldirectionandthefundamentaltorsionalperiodis2.5seconds.Theoverallbuildingdrift,withcomparableinter-storydrifts,forthe50-yearreturnwindwith2.5%structuraldampingisH/1142fortheexistingsiteconditionandH/857forthe“developedPudong”condition.强度和舒适度中的位移满足情况。13.3Wind

engineering

Itwasdeterminedthatthetwo(2)ultra-tallstructuresproposedtobelocatedneartheJinMaoTower

wouldhaveasignificanteffectonthedynamicbehavior

resultinginsignificantlyhighereffectivestructuraldesignpressures.BuildingdriftsarewellwithintheinternationallyacceptedbuildingdriftofH/500.Considering1.5%structuraldampinganda10-yearreturnperiod,theexpectedbuildingaccelerationrangedfrom9–13milli-g’sforthetopflooroftheoccupiedhotelzone.Inaddition,expectedbuildingaccelerationrangedfrom3–5milli-g’sfora1-yearreturnperiodconsidering1.5%structuraldamping.Theinternationallyacceptableaccelerationsforahotelstructureare15–20milli-g’sfora10-yearreturnperiodand7–10milli-g’sfora1-yearreturnperiod.Becauseofthefavorableserviceabilitybehaviorofthebuilding,thepassivecharacteristicsalonecouldbeusedtocontroldynamicbehaviorwithnoadditionalmechanicaldamping

required.加速度的设计满足情况mechanicaldamping

，机械阻尼。13.4Earthquake

engineering

TheapproachforevaluatingseismicloadingsfortheJinMaoTowerconsidersbothChineseCode-definedseismiccriteriaandactualsite-specificgeological,tectonic,seismologicalandsoilcharacteristics.Actualon-sitefieldsamplingofthesoilstrataandengineeringevaluationswereperformedbyWoodward-ClydeConsultants,theShanghaiInstituteofGeotechnicalInvestigationandSurveying,andtheShanghaiSeismologicalBureau.

Alllateralloadresistingsystems,includingallindividualmembers,weredesignedtoaccommodateforcesgeneratedfromtheChineseCode-definedresponsespectrumaswellassitespecificresponsespectrums.Extremeeventsite-specifictimehistoryaccelerationrecords(10%probabilityofoccurrenceina100-yearreturnperiod)wereusedintimehistoryanalysestostudythedynamicbehaviorofkeystructuralelementsincludingthecompositemega-columns,thecentralcore,andtheoutriggertrusses.地震分析涉及的方法、构件等geological,tectonic,seismologica地理、板块、地质学。13.4Earthquake

engineering

ThesitespecificresponsespectrumsusedtodescribetheTower’sdynamicbehaviorincludedanalysesforamostprobableearthquakewitha63%probabilityofoccurrenceina50-yearreturnperiodandamostcredibleearthquakewitha10%probabilityofoccurrenceina100-yearreturnperiod）.Inaddition,theTowerwasevaluatedusinga3-dimensionaldynamictimehistoryanalysisforamostcredibleearthquakewitha10%probabilityofoccurrenceina100-yearreturnperiod.Inallcases,theChinese-definedcodewindrequirementsgovernedtheoverallbuildingbehaviorandstrengthdesign;however,specialconsiderationsweregiventotheoutriggertrussesandtheirconnections.Inalldesigncases,thesestructuralsteeltrussesweredesignedtoremainelastic.反应谱的设置；伸臂桁架的特殊要求credible，可靠的，可信的。13.5Uniquestructuralengineeringsolutions/On-sitestructuremonitoringThestructuraldesignfortheJinMaoTowercreatedanopportunitytodevelopuniquestructuralengineeringsolutions.Thesesolutionsincludedthepracticaldevelopmentofthetheoreticalconcepts,unusualdetailingoflargestructuralbuildingcomponents,andcomprehensive

monitoringofthein-placestructure.Theoverallstructuralsystemutilizesfundamentalphysicstoresistlateralloads.Theslendercantileveringreinforcedconcretecentralcoreisbracedbytheoutriggertrusseswhichactasleverstoengageperimetercompositemega-columns,maximizingtheoverallstructuraldepth.Theoverallstructuralredundancyislimitedbyengagingonlyforfour(4)compositemega-columnsineachprimarydirection.Structuralmaterialsarestrategicallyplacedtobalancetheappliedlateralloadswithforcesduetogravity.Verylittlestructuralmaterialpremiumswererealizedbecauseofthestructuralsystemused.Lateralsystempremiums

essentiallyrelatedtomaterialrequiredfortheoutriggertrussesonly

withoutmeasurablestructuralmaterialpremiums

requiredforcentralcorewallandcompositemega-columnselements.特殊结构综述；结构体系的特殊性comprehensive,综合;in-place,现场;

cantilevering

,悬臂;perimeter,周长，边界;premiums

，额外费用。13.5Uniquestructuralengineeringsolutions/On-sitestructuremonitoringEvenafterequalizingthestresslevelwithinthecentralcoreandcompositemega-columns,theexpectedrelativeshorteningbetweentheinterconnectedcentralcoreandcompositemega-columnswaslarge.Bycalculation,consideringlong-termcreep,shrinkage,andelasticshortening,theexpectedrelativemovementbetweentheseelementsatLevels24-26wasasmuchas50mm.Themagnitudeofrelativemovementwouldhaveinducedextremelyhighstressesintothestiffoutriggertrussmembersweighingasmuchas3280kg/m.Therefore,structuralsteelpinswithdiametersupto250mmweredetailedintotheoutriggertrusssystem(seeFig.13-3).核心筒与外框架相对位移interconnected，相互连接的creep

，蠕动；steelpins，钢销。13.5Uniquestructuralengineeringsolutions/On-sitestructuremonitoringThesepinswereinstalledintocircularholesinhorizontalmembersandslotsindiagonalmemberstoallowtheoutriggertrussestoactasfreemovingmechanismsforalongperiodduringconstruction.Thisallowedamajorityoftherelativemovementtooccurfreeofrestrain,therefore,freeofstress.Afteralongperiodoftime,highstrengthboltswereinstalledintotheoutriggertrussconnectionsforthefinalserviceconditionofthelateralloadresistingsystem.Theexpectedrelativemovementafterthefinalboltingwasperformedwasamaximumof15mmatLevels24-26.Consideringtheflexibilityofthelongcompositemega-columns,thefinalforcesattractedtothetrussesdidnotappreciablyincreasethememberandconnectionsizes.为消除相对位移产生的应力，而采用的铰连接的方式slots，狭槽；

restrain，约束；diagonalmembers，角部构件。13.5Uniquestructuralengineeringsolutions/On-sitestructuremonitoringAcomprehensivestructuralsurveyandmonitoringprogramwasdesignedandimplementedintotheJinMaoTower.ThematfoundationsystemundertheTowerwasinitiallysurveyedjustafterpourcompletioninOctober1995andiscurrentlystillbeingsurveyed.Basedonasubstructure/soilanalysis,theexpectedmaximumlong-termTowermatsettlementis75mm.ThelatestTowermatsettlementisshowninFig.13-4.Inadditiontosurveyingthematforlong-termsettlement,thesuperstructurewasgaugedtomonitorbehavior.Extensometerswereplacedonthereinforcedconcretecentralcoreandonthereinforcedconcreteofthecompositemega-columns.对基础和上部结构的监测内容。comprehensive，综合的全面的；pour，浇筑；

gauge，测量，检测；

extensometers，应变计；matfoundationsystem，筏板基础。13.5Uniquestructuralengineeringsolutions/On-sitestructuremonitoringInaddition,straingaugeswereplacedonthebuilt-upstructuralsteelmega-columnsaswellasonthewideflangedstructuralsteelcolumnslocationwithintheconcreteencasementforthecompositemega-columns.SampleresultsofmeasuredstrainversuscalculatedstrainareshowninFig.13-5.Basedonthemeasureddata,correlationsweremadebetweentheoreticalandactuallong-termshorteningofverticalelementsduetocreep,shrinkage,andelasticshortening.SeeFig.13-6forresultsoftheshearwall.Lasersurveyingtechniqueswereusedforbothlateralandverticalbuildingalignment.Floorlevelsofthestructureweretypicallybuilttodrawingdesignelevation,compensatingforcreep,shrinkage,andelasticshorteningwhichoccurredduringconstruction.LateralpositionoftheTowerwasconstantlymonitoredfromoff-sitebenchmarksandwasfoundtobewellwithinacceptabletolerances.上层结构的监测内容。

correlations

，纠正；draw，达到；benchmarks，基准点。lasersurveying，激光监测。13.6Conclusion

IncorporatingfundamentalstructuralengineeringconceptsintothefinaldesignoftheJinMaoTowerleadtoasolutionwhichnotonlyaddressedtheadversesiteconditionsbutalsoprovidedanefficientfinaldesign.Afinalevaluationofmonitoringandsurveydatawillbeperformed.Datafromtheas-builtstructuresubjectedtoactualimposedloadswillbecorrelatedwiththeoreticalresults.Thiscomparisonwillprovetobeinvaluableforthefuturedesignandconstructionofultra-talloccupiedstructures.将基础结构设计理念融入到金茂大厦的最终设计当中，建成结构实际检测与理论的对比结果的价值。adverse，不利的；as-built，竣工，完成。Unit14DesignandConstructionoftheBurjKhalifaTowerEnglishforCivilEngineering——Teacher：Prof.ZhengLu（SchoolofCivilEngineering,TONGJIUNIVERSITY）Unit14DesignandConstructionoftheBurjKhalifaTower14.1Introduction14.2DesignandConstruction14.2.1TowerForm14.2.2TowerSuperstructure—TheButtressedCore14.2.3WindEngineering14.2.4TowerFoundations14.2.5ConstructionMethodsandConcreteTechnology14.3ImpactandReflections14.3.1Impact14.3.2Reflections14.3.3TheNextGenerationofSupertallBuildings-LessonsLearnedfromBurjKhalifa14.1Introduction

Whilemostoftenworld’spasttallestbuildingswerealmostexclusivelyofficetowers,BurjKhalifachangedtheparadigmbycreatinganintegratedverticalcity,combiningresidential,hotelandofficespace.Creatingthetowerrequiredcollaborationandinnovationbydozensofexpertsworkingtogethertowardcommongoals.Thefinishedtoweristheresultofseveralnewadvancesinmaterialtechnologies,structuralengineering,windengineering,seismicengineeringandcomputertechnology,aswellasconstructionmethods.哈利法塔介绍paradigm范例14.1Introduction

The163storyToweristhecenterpieceofaUSD20+billiondevelopmentlocatedjustoutsideofdowntownDubai.Itisamixed-usebuilding,consistingprimarilyofresidentialandofficeusage,aswellasanArmanihotelandretailoutlets.TheprojectincludedtheTower,anadjacentpodiumstructure,andlow-riseofficeandpoolannexbuildings.Thetotalareafortheprojectis465000m2,withtheTowerportionbeing280000m2.ConstructionforthepreliminaryworksandfoundationsbeganinJanuary2004.Afterahiatusinworkonthesite,theconstructionofthesuperstructurestartedinApril2005andwascompletedinJanuary2009.TheTowerwasopenedinJanuary2010.annex附属建筑

；14.2DesignandConstruction

ThechallengeoftheBurjKhalifawasnotonlytocreatetheworld’stallestbuilding,butitwastodosoutilizingconventionalsystems,materials,andconstructionmethods,albeitmodifiedandutilizedinnewcapacities.Atowerofthisheighthadneverbeforebeenseen,whichrequiredmuchinnovation,bothintermsofnewideas,andindevelopingnewwaystouseandadvancecurrenttechnologies.Toachievethis,thedesignrequiredintensiveandconstantcollaborationbetweenarchitects,engineers,andspecialtyconsultantstodevelopabuildingformthataddressedstructuralefficiency,constructability,buildingaesthetics,andfunctionsimultaneously.哈利法塔设计和建造的挑战conventional范例

；consultants顾问；constructability施工能力

14.2DesignandConstruction

14.2.1TowerFormAprimaryconcernintheengineeringoftallbuildingsistheeffectofwindonthebuildings’structure.TheformoftheBurjKhalifaistheresultofcollaborationbetweenthearchitectsandengineerstovarytheshapeofthebuildingalongitsheight,therebyminimizingwindforcesonthebuilding,whilealsokeepingthestructuresimpleandfosteringconstructability.ThefloorplanoftheTowerconsistsofatriaxial,Y-shapedplan,formedbyhavingthreeseparatewingsconnectedtoacentralcore.AstheTowerrisesinheight,onewingateachtier“setsback”inaspiralingpattern,furtheremphasizingitsheight.结构形式triaxial三轴

；tier层14.2DesignandConstruction

Theresultis24differentprimaryfloorplates(plussomelessmajorvariations),creatingasteppinggeometrythatpresentsmultiplebuildingwidthsovertheheightofthebuilding,providinganenvironmentthat“confusesthewind”-thewindvorticesnevergetorganized,becauseateachnewtierthewindencountersadifferentbuildingshape.TheY-shapedplanisidealforresidentialandhotelusage,inthatitallowsmaximumviewsoutward,withoutoverlookinganeighboringunit.Thewingscontaintheresidentialunitsandhotelguestrooms,withthecentralcorehousingalloftheelevatorandmechanicalclosets.Additionally,theTowerisservicedbyfiveseparatemechanicalzones,locatedapproximately30floorsapartovertheheightofthebuilding.geometry几何；residential住宅；elevator电梯

14.2DesignandConstruction

AbovetheoccupiedportionoftheTowerisalargelyopenspire,whichhousesmechanicalfunctionsandfuturecommunicationsusagesatitsbase.Theoverallshapeisanextremelyefficientsolutiontothepotentiallyconflictingstructuralrequirementsofasupertallresidentialtower.Startingfromaslendertop,thebuildingspreadsoutasthegravityandwindforcesaccumulate.Asaresult,eventhoughtheglobalforcesarelarge,theforcesintheindividualmembersarenot.conflicting相互冲突的14.2DesignandConstruction

14.2.2TowerSuperstructure—TheButtressedCoreThestructuralsystemfortheTowerhasbeentermeda“buttressedcore”system.Thebuttressedcorerepresentsanewtypeofsystem,aconceptualchangeinstructuraldesignwhoseevolutionarydevelopmentbeganwithanearlierdesignforTowerPalaceIIIinSeoul.Thesystemallowsforadramaticincreaseinheight,usingconventionalmaterialsandconstructiontechniques.Itsessenceisathree-wingedstructureinwhichastronghexagonalcentralcoreanchorsthreebuildingwings.Itisaninherentlystablesysteminthateachwingisbuttressedbytheothertwo.塔式上层建筑-支撑核心buttressed加支撑的

；hexagonal六边形的14.2DesignandConstruction

Withinthewings,corridorwallsextendfromthecentralcoretoneartheendofthewing,terminatinginthickenedcrosswallsreferredtoas

hammerheadwalls.Thecentralcoreprovidesthetorsionalresistanceforthebuilding,whilethewingsprovidetheshearresistanceandincreasedmomentofinertia.Perimetercolumnsandflatplatefloorconstructioncompletethesystem.Atthemechanicalfloors,outriggerwallsareprovidedtotieallthewallsandcolumnstogetherallowingtheperimetercolumnstoparticipateinthelateralloadresistingsystem.Inthismanner,theBurjKhalifaactsasonegiantconcretebeamcantileveringoutofthegroundwiththesystemworkingtogetherasasingleunit.corridor走廊

；torsional扭转；inertia惯性

；outrigger外伸

；cantilevering悬臂14.2DesignandConstruction

Everypieceofverticalconcrete(andtherebyeverygravitationalforce)ispartofthisgiantbeam,usedtoresistthewind.Thegravitationalloadthenhelpsstabilizethestructurebyutilizingtheweightofthebuildingtoresistthewind.Theresultisaveryefficienttower,whichisalsoextremelystifflaterallyandtorsionally.Infact,becauseoftheshapeofthebuildingandtheharmonicsofthestructure,theforcesandmotionsweregreatlyreduced,andthemotionandaccelerationcriteriacouldbesatisfiedwithouttheuseofsupplementaldampingdevices.抵抗风载giant巨大的

14.2DesignandConstruction

14.2.3WindEngineeringThewindtunnelwasanessentialpartnerinthedesignprocessfromthebeginningoftheproject,asitwasimmediatelyapparentthatforabuildingofthisheightandslenderness,windforcesandtheresultingmotionsintheupperlevelswouldbecomedominantfactorsinthestructuraldesign.Anextensiveprogramofwindtunneltestsandotherstudieswasconductedutilizingboundarylayerwindtunnels.Thewindtunnelprogramincludedrigidmodelforcebalancetests,fullmulti-degreeoffreedomaeroelasticmodelstudies,measurementsoflocalizedpressures,pedestrianwindenvironmentstudies,andwindclimaticstudies(seeFig.14-1).UsingthewindtunneltounderstandandoptimizewindperformancewaskeytotheTower’sdesign.风工程slenderness细长

；dominant占主导地位的；boundary边界

；aeroelastic气弹性的14.2DesignandConstruction

SeveralroundsofforcebalancetestswereundertakenasthegeometryoftheTowerevolvedandwasrefined.Aftereachroundoftests,thedatawasanalyzedandthebuildingwasreshapedtofurtherminimizethewindeffects.Asaresultofthiseffort,severalrevisionstothebuildingweremade.SomewererelatedtothegeometryoftheTower:thesizeandshapeofthewingsweremodified,andthenumberandspacingofthesetbackschangedthroughouttheprocess,asweretheirlocations:theoriginalmassinghadthesetbacksoccurringinaspiralingcounterclockwisepattern,whichwasrevisedtobeinaclockwisedirection.reshape改造

；counterclockwise逆时针方向；clockwise顺时针方向

14.2DesignandConstruction

Takentogether,thesemeasureshadasignificantimpactinencouragingdisorganizedvortexsheddingovertheheightoftheTower.Anotherrevisionwasrelatedtotheorientationofthebuilding.TheTowerhassiximportantwinddirections,allparalleltothemajoraxesofthewings—threedirectionswherewindisblowingintothe“nose”ofeachwing,andthreedirectionswherewindisblowingintothe“tail”ofeachwingatthecenterofthebuilding.TheorientationoftheTowerwasthenselectedtobetteraccommodatethemostfrequentstrongwinddirectionsforDubai:northwest,south,andeast.vortex涡

；orientation朝向；parallel平行

14.2DesignandConstruction

14.2.4TowerFoundationsTheTowerisfoundedona3.7mthicksolidreinforcedconcreteraft,supportedby194boredcast-in-placepiles.Thepilesare1.5mindiameterandabout43mlong,withacapacityof3000t.Thediameterandlengthofthepilesrepresentedthelargestandlongestpilesconventionallyavailableintheregion.Apileloadtestingprogramwasconductedpriortoproductionpiling,wherebythe1.5mpilesweretestedtomorethantwicetheratedcapacity(over6000t).ThepilesutilizedC60self-consolidatingconcrete(SCC)andwerepl