工程管理英文论文(汉译英)

Thestudyonthestageoftheprojectcostmanagement

(Jack(YanGenfeng);StudentID:11B310043;Administrationspecialty)

Abstract:Projectcostmanagementisthebasiccontentstodeterminereasonableandeffectivecontroloftheprojectcost.Describedthecurrentstageoftheprojectcostmanagementsituationonthestrengtheningofthevariousstagesofconstructioncostmanagementoftheimportanceofandraisedanumberofkeyinitiatives.

Keywords:costoftheconstructionproject;thestatusofconstructioncostmanagement;managementofinvestmentunderthemarketeconomyofdecision-makingstage;thedesignphase;theimplementationphase

Introduction

EvenundertheWTOandChina'saccessiontotheworldcommunity,China'sconstructionindustryhowtoeffectivelycontrolconstructioncostoftheconstructionandmanagementofanimportantcomponentpart.However,thecurrentbudgetfortheconstructionprojects-estimate,budget,Superbudgetaccountsforthe"superthree"isstillwidespreadandthateventuallyledtoaseriouslossofcontrolofprojectinvestment.Projectcostmanagementisthebasiccontentstodeterminereasonableandeffectivecontroloftheprojectcost.

Astheprojectcosttotheprojectrunsthroughtheentireprocess,stagebystagecanbedividedintoInvestmentDecisionstage,thedesignandimplementationphases.Theso-calledProjectCosteffectivecontrolistheoptimizationoftheconstructionplansanddesignprogramsonthebasisofinthebuildingprocessatallstages,useofcertainmethodsandmeasurestoreducethecostoftheprojectshaveareasonablecontrolonthescopeandcostoftheapprovedlimits.

Engineeringandcostmanagementworkofthecurrentstatusofprojectcost

Managementsystemwasformedinthe1950s,andperfecttogetherinthe1980s.

Itistheactivitiesthatthecountrydirectlyinvolvedinthemanagementofeconomic.Provisionsinthedesignstagetodifferentestimatesorbudgetpreparationaswellasgovernment;Nothingrelevantdepartmentstoformulateabudget,content,methodsandapproval,thebudgetwillprovidethefixedcostofequipmentandmaterialsandfixedpriceofthebudgetpreparation,approval,managementauthority,andsoon.

Withthehistoricalprocessofthereformanddevelopment,Itisformedarelativelycompletebudgetestimateofquotamanagementsystem.However,asthesocialistmarketeconomicdevelopment,thesystem'smanyproblemshavealsoexposed.Generallyspeaking,thebudgetestimateisbasedondirectparticipationinthemanagementofnationaleconomicactivityasaprecondition.Enterpriseisnottheactualeconomicentities.Duetothecharacteristicsoftheplannedeconomy,and,atthetimeundertheconditionsofproductivity,willinevitablybecomeashortageintheeconomy.

Insevereshortageofcommoditiesundertheconditions,aslongasacertainlevelofinvestment,willbecertainoutputs.Inthisenvironment,theprojectplanningandtechnicalargumentationtherecanbenoeconomicanalysis.Statecontroloftheprojectcost,thatconstituteskeyfactorsequipmentandmaterialsprices,wagesandtaxesofartificialdistribution.Inthisrelativelystableeconomicenvironment,thebudgetestimateforthesystemapprovedprojectcost,helpthegovernmenttocarryoutinvestmentplanstoplayamajorrole.

Asthesocialistmarketeconomicsystemestablished,requiresustopredictprojectinvestmentandcontrol.Inrecentyears,internationalinvestmentprojectdevelopedtotherequirementsofpriorpre-controlandinthemiddleofcontrol.China,thetraditionalpracticeinanobjectivelightonthecausedecision-making,implementationheavy,lighttheeconomyandtechnology,

First,theconsequencesofvictimization,Duetothetechnicalpersonneloftheprojecttechnicalandeconomicconceptsandaweakawarenessofcostcontrol,costmanagementmakesthequalitydifficulttoraise.ProjectCostcontrolisdifficulttoachievelong-termgoals.

Second,thevariousstagesoftheprojectmanagementviewoftheabovecircumstances,Myfirstacademiainthe1980smadethewholeprocessofcostmanagementandcontrolconcept,buildingdepartmentswillstudythefeasibilityofprojectsandthebudgetsandfinalaccountstotwoextendedattherequestofthecorrespondingregulationsputourcostmanagementconceptsandmethodsreferredtoanewheight.

OurtasknowistobemodernandcostmanagementinlinewithChina'snationalconditionsofthemarketeconomysystemgoal,learnfromtheadvancedexperienceofthedevelopedcountries,andestablishsoundmarketeconomiclawsofprojectcostmanagementsystem,effortstoincreasetheprojectcostlevels.Aninvestmentdecision-makingphaseoftheprojectcostmanagementconstructionprojectinvestmentdecision-makingstageisproposedprojectproposals;conductafeasibilitystudytodetermineinvestmentestimationandthefinalpreparationofdesigntask.Atthisstage,theproject'stechnicalandeconomicdecision-making,oftheconstructionprojectcostoftheprojectafterthecompletionoftheeconomicbenefitshaveadecisiveinfluence,Theconstructioncostisanimportantstagecontrol.

China'scurrentstageoftheprojectcostfortheprojectmanagementforthepurposeofclearingprice,andfocusingonlyontheconstructionprocessofcostcontrol,neglectedbeforethestartoftheprojectinvestmentdecision-makingstageofcostcontrol.Investmentdecision-makingphaseofinvestmentprojectsisestimatedanimportantbasisfordecision-making.Ithasadirectimpactonnationaleconomicandfinancialanalysisoftheresultsofthereliabilityandaccuracy.Becauseofthisphaseisthepreliminaryworkofprojects,theinformationcannotbefully,comparableworksmoreorlessthatinformationaccumulatedrelativelysmall,estimatedinadequateandunscientific.Makesprojectcostmanagementandcostworkersisdifficultatthisstagedosomething.

Thevariousstagesoftheprojectcostcontrolinthedecision-makingphaseprojectcostcontrol.Rightprojectplanningphaseofthecost,manyownershavethewrongunderstandingthatthelowerthecostthebetter.Costcontrolisnotaunilateralissue,andshouldbeanumberoffactors,acombinationofpractical,comprehensiveconsideration.Theconstructionprojectinvestmentdecision-makingstage,theproject'stechnicalandeconomicdecision-making,Costoftheprojectafterthecompletionoftheprojectandtheeconomicbenefits,withadecisiveroleinprojectcostcontrolisanimportantstage,rationallydefineandcontrolthedirectionoftheprojectcostofaccuratepositioningandbuildingOptimizationguidingrole.

Inthedecision-makingphaseofthemostimportantistodoagoodjobfeasibilitystudy,theworkisdonewell,returnsoninvestmentandcanformagoodproportion.Otherwise,investmore,lesseffective,resultinginlossofcontrolandwasteofinvestment.

Atpresent,someoftheprojectsplannedtheownersofdeparturefromthesubjectivedesiresofafeasibilitystudyonthelackofscientificproof.FeasibilityStudyuntrue,falseorengineeringfunctionsobtainingtheapprovaloftheirsuperiors,actuallyputintothefeasibilitystudywillbeawardedinthestudyfortheprojectafterthesmoothfunctioningburiedalotofhiddenproblems,leadtoinsufficientfollow-upfundsfortheprojectandhadtoextendthetimelimitsothattheprojectcouldnothaveplannedtheuseofcost-effective,evenbecomehopelesscompletionofthebeardworks.

Therefore,inordertophaseintheinvestmentdecision-makingeffectivelycontrolconstructioncosts,wemustdothefollowingaspects:

Implementationoftheconstructionprojectandcorporateaccountability,Constructionoftheprojectfromplanningtoimplementationoftheentireprocessandtheuseofthefundstorepayresponsibilitiestothepeople.inadditiontoestablishingalegalsystemandtheprojectsupervisionmatchingmechanismbythedepartmentsinchargeoftheindustryandsupervisiondepartmentsforsettingupamonitoringgrouptooverseetheuseoffunds.

Arealisticapproachtomarketanalysis,toavoidtheblindnessoftheprojectdecision-making,reducesandreducesinvestmentrisk.Fullyconsiderbuildingprojectsinthefuturemarketcompetitiveness,designtaskmorescientificandreliability.

Capitalfinancingmusthaveaformalcommitmentdocument,thepartiesmustdoinvestmentfundsinplace,andfundsmusthavedocumentstoensurethattheprojectcanbeapprovedafterthescheduledimplementation.Tothevariousloanconditionsshouldbecarefullyanalyzedtominimizetheburdenofinterestandrepaymentpressure.

Tostrengthentheengineeringgeology,hydrology,geologyandland,water,electricity,transport,environmentalprojectssuchasexternalconditionsfortheworkofdepthtomaketheinvestmentestimatetherearesufficientgrounds.

Afterfulltechnicalappraisalandeconomicevaluation,andthefinaltechnologicallyadvanced,functionalandreliable，reasonableeconomicprojects,thuscalculateamoreaccurateandrealisticestimationoftheamountofinvestment,sothattheprojectcostfromthestartpositioninginamorereasonablelevel.

Designphaseoftheprojectcostcontrol

Thedesignphaseoftheprojectcostcontrolforalongtime,China'sbuildingcontrolveryeffective,-investmentprojectsisnotuncommon,thiswillaffectownersof

investmentreturns,itaddstotheownersandwithinbudget,aswellasdifficultiesinfundowners,theimpactonthefuturemanagementortheownersmakepaymentsinarrears,andsoon.Hence,thecontroloftheprojectcostisofgreatsignificance,howevertheprojectcostistheprimarymeansofcontroldesign,

Currentlymostofthepropertyownersinthedesignstageseldomworksoncostcontrol,andtheyfoundthatthecostofthedesignwillnothaveagreatimpact,itiswrong,onthecontrary,Designphaseoftheprojectcostcontrolisthemostimportantstep.Becauseitdeterminesengineeringdesign,constructionmethods,materialsandequipmenttypes,modelsoftheprojectcostisofcriticalsignificance,designoptimizationphaseoftheprogramorminorchanges,projectcostwillhaveasignificantimpact,Designphaseoftheprojectcostcontrolofthetotalprojectcostof70%.FollowingishowtocontroltheprojectfromdesigntocreatetheLaw:

3.1Astheownersmustdesign

Thedesignselectedonthequalitylevelisadirectimpactonthequalityofproductdesignlevel,andthedesignqualityproductsinthelevelofdirectinfluenceonthepricingoftheworks.Differentdesignunitsonthesameprojectdesignaredifferent.thesameitemofdifferentdesigninstituteworksbetweencertainaspectsoftheprojectcostontheexistenceofdifferencesbetween,Weassumethatwithadesignfromtwodifferentdesigninstitutetodesign,Constructionplansafterthecompletionofarequestedadvisoryunitcosttodothebudget,certainlydifferentdesigninstitutethetotalcostoftheprojectisabsolutelynotthesame,andmostofthedifferencebetweenthetwoover10%evenmorethan30%,andnotnecessarilyhighcostthanthedesignoflowcost,andgooddesignisoftenlowcost,Weallknowthatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentdesignstylesanddifferentlevels,thedesignworksnaturally,thereforechosentodesignunitsisthecontrolonthefirststep.Throughtendertoselectthedesignoftheunitsisagoodmethod,thetenderdocumentstoelaborateonthisparticularaspectoftherequirements,costcontroltargets,andsoon.

Otherwise,inthesubsequentdesignprocessdesignunitswillputanincreaseinthecostofthedesignrequirements;throughtenderingtheprojectdesignintothemarket,comparedtoselectthebestdesignunits.

3.2Promotingthedesignbiddinganddesignoptimizationcampaignmode

DesignunitsassessedbyexpertsusingscientificgroupFrance,inaccordancewithapplicable,economic,aestheticprinciplesandadvancedtechnology,reasonablestructuretomeetbuildingenergyefficiencyandenvironmentalrequirements,comprehensiveassessmentofthemeritsoftheprogramdesign,selectionofthebestdeterminationofthesuccessfulprogram.

Successfulinvestmentprogramestimatedtobeclosetothegeneralconstructionprojectscopeofinvestment.Thismeanstwodesigncontractswillhelpdesigntheprogramofchoiceandcompetitiontoensurethattheselecteddesignadvancedtechnology,uniquenovelty,adaptability,aswellastocontrolthecostoftheproject.Designunitsshouldstrivetoimprovetheirqualityoftheprojectdesigncleveridea,contemporaryreducingtheprojectcostontoracktheirbrainstoimprovedesignquality,strivetoputthedesignphaseoftheprojectcostcontrolapprovaloftheinvestmentceiling.

3.3Strengtheningthedesignstage

ThedesignphasetostrengthensupervisionoftheCommissionertodetermineareasonabledesign,maturetechnology,reductionintheconstructionphasemajordesignchangesandchangesintheprogram,intheeffectivecontroloftheprojectcostwillplayarole.1tothedesignoftheprojectiftheprojectsupervisiontogetinvolved,excludingunfavorablefactorsmaygenerallyisexcludedfromthe80%errors.Intheentireprocessofbuildingcostcontrol,constructionbeganatbesttosaveandinvest20%,thekeyliesintheconstructionphaseoftheidentificationandcontrolcosts.Supervisionofthedesignphaseinclude:DesignInstituteunderthedesigndrawingsandnoteshelpownersdealwithdifferentdesignoptionsfortheeconomy,capitalexpendituretodevelopthepreliminaryestimates,toensurethattheinvestmentcanbemosteffectivelyutilized.WiththeownersoftheCommissionerinclude:

AccordingtotheDesignInstitutetoprovidedesigndrawingsandnotestohelpownersdealwithdifferentdesignoptionsfortheeconomy,capitalexpenditurestodevelopthepreliminaryplantoensurethatinvestmentcanbemosteffectivelyused;withtheownersofdifferentdesignoptions,theneedtocalculatetheirownmaterialsandequipmenttoconductacostanalysisandstudy,tothedesignstaffcosts,toassistthemintheinvestmentlimitwithinlimitsdesignedtosaveandinvest.Toseekaone-timesmallinvestmentandeconomicgooddesignprogrammadethemostrationaleconomicindicators.

3.4Designactivelypromotetheso-calledcaplimitdesign

Evenwiththeapprovalofthedesigntaskandinvestmentestimates,guaranteethefunctionalrequirementsofthepremise.Thepreliminarydesignandcontrolbudget,accordingtothepreliminaryapprovalofthetotalbudgetforthedesignandconstructiondesigncontrol.Limits,andeveryoneprofessional,eachofwhomhaveadesignthresholdofatarget.Inthedesignprocess,designersshouldprogresstomoreprograms,designoptimization,ensuringthatthedesignistechnicallyadvancedandreasonable,innovative,stylish,anddonotbreakthelimitinvestmentobjectives,thuseliminatingtheengineeringdesignraisethefactorofsafetyanddesignstandards,oronlyconsiderthetechnicalfeasibilityoftheprogram,ratherthaneconomicrationalityphenomenon,theprojectcosttoensureeffectivecontrol.

Alsoknownasthevalueofvalueengineeringanalysis,isamodernscientificmanagementtechnique,isanewtechno-economicanalysis,istheproductoffunctionalanalysistoconserveresourcesandreducethecostofthepurposeofaneffectivemethod.Itmadeupforthetraditionalcostmanagementsimplyfocusoncostreductionandqualitymanagementonlyemphasizesimprovingthequalitydeficiencies,constructionisconducivetoresolvingthelong-standinglongperiod,alotofwastage,poorquality,high-costproblems.ValueEngineeringlawsgenerallydividedintothreesteps:assessmentofthedesignofobjecttechnologyandeconomicScore;Calculationofthetargetgroupoftechnicalandeconomicindicators;calculatethegeometricdesignoftheobject,onaverage;fromcomparisonchoosethebestdesign.

Constructionphaseoftheprojectimplementationunitconstructioncostmanagement

Itisreasonabletocontrolthecostoftheprojectintheprojecttomeetqualitystandardspremise,intheinvestmentdecision-makingstage,thedesignphaseandconstructionphaseoftheprojectputtheprojectapprovaloccurredinthecontrollimits,striveinvariousconstructionprojectsrationaluseofhuman,materialandfinancialresourcestoachievegoodinvestmentreturnsandsocialbenefits.

Theprojectcostcontrolandmanagementisadynamicprocess.Thedynamicmarketeconomy,tomaketheinvestmentintheidentificationandcontrolbecomemorecomplex,thiswillrequiretheconstructionunitstothemanagementofprojectcosttotheprojectrunsthroughtheentireprocess,itisnecessarytohaveacomprehensivefocus.

Theimplementationphaseoftheprojectcostmanagementistheimplementationoftheentireprocessofprojectmanagement.Projectimplementationphaseoftheprojectcostmanagementcanbedividedintothreeparts:thetendermanagement,constructionmanagementandsettlementmanagement.

4.1Biddingfortheconstructionphaseoftheconstructionunits

Biddingsystemcontrolengineeringcosteffectivemeans,bidorganizationcanimprovethecost-effectivenessofconstructionprojectsandensurethequalityofconstructionprojects,shorteningtheconstructioncyclereturnontheinvestment,constructionunitscantakefulladvantageofbiddingfortheeffectivemeansofcostcontrol.

ConstructionNo.10onthe7thministerialdecreeissueda"contractwiththeConstructionContractPricingManagement."clearlypointedoutinbiddingforprojectsusinginventories.Thisrequiresthebuildingofunitsconductingthetenderexercise,inthetenderdocumenttoincludenotonlytheusualcontent,liketendernotesbeforeschedule,tendernotes,theconditionsofthecontract,thecontracttermsoftheagreement,contractformat,technicalspecifications,drawings,tenderdocumentsandotherreferenceformat,itisalsonecessarytoprovidetheengineeringinventory,Biddingasareferencedocumentoftheimportantcomponents.

Constructionunitsinthetenderdocumentfortheprojectinventory,inaccordancewithstateorlocalrulespromulgatedbythecalculationthatthereunificationofthedividedprojects,unifiedmeasurementunitsandthereunificationoftheengineeringcalculationrules,accordingtodesigndrawingstobecalculatedandstatisticalarranged,obtainthelist.Quantitiestobefollowedinthepreparationofanobjective,impartial,scientific,andrationalprinciple.Compilersmusthavestrongmanlybudget,andshouldhavecertainknowledgeoftheengineeringdesignandconstructionexperience,andthematerialandmechanicalconstructiontechnologyforcomprehensivescientificknowledge,inordertocalculatethevolumeoftheworkswithoutheavymissed.Thebasisofwhichmustbeinaccordancewithstateregulationsengineeringcalculationrules,andthesub-projectsdivisionengineeringunits,andinaccordancewithdesigndrawings,designessentialLovetenderdocumentationrequirementsarecalculated.

Quantitiesoftheprojectshouldhaveatestinggeneral,theentriesmustbesimple,whilenotappearLousingwrongitemsPricingshouldguaranteethecorrectnessoftheproject.Shouldtherequirementsofthedifferentgradesseparateengineeringdivision,thesituationwasdifferent;wemayhavedifferentpricesfortheitemsseparately.Thisrequiresthepreparationofthelistcompilers,seriouslystudydesigndrawings,Analysisofthetenderdocumentsincludetheelementsoftheworkandthedifferenttechnicalrequirements,allfamiliarwiththeprocess,andtothesceneofseriousinvestigation,isforecasttomakepossibletheconstructionofthecase,rightwillhaveanimpactonthePriceofprojectstobebrokendown.Inaddition,becausetheprojectinventoriestocalculatetheamountoftheprojectisnotcompleteengineeringandconsidertheinterestsoftheconstructionunits,clearlypayingthepriceforthesameoverallprice,thequantitylistbythenumberofactualconstructionisapracticalterms.

IntheevaluationandreviewofthetenderoffershoulddotheunitstotalindividualPricequotationsandthecomprehensiveassessment.PricedoesnotmeettherequirementsofindividualshowsPricemeetstherequirements,andthelowesttotalPricecouldnotexplainthesinglelowestbidder.Biddersoftenknowthetotalcosttomaintainthesamecircumstances;theprojectislikelytochangesmallerprojectstolowertheprice.

Changesmaybelargerprojectspriceincreasestoachievethecompletionofclearingworkswillbeaddedforthepurpose.Wewouldalsodopriceandthecorrespondingquantityofcomprehensiveengineeringassessmentofthelargevolumeofprojectstofocusonthepriceanalysis.Pricewilldowiththecontentsofthework,constructionprogram,acomprehensivetechnicalevaluationprocess,therebypreferredchoiceofaconstructionunit.Constructionoftheconstructionphaseofthecontractcostcontrolbasis.Signedtightconstructioncontract,whilestrengtheningtheconstructioncontractmanagementcanguaranteethatthecontractpriceisreasonable,legitimacyandreducetheperformanceofthecontractA,Bindisputesandsafeguardtheinterestsofboththecontract,effectivecontroloftheworksinvestmentcosts.

Afterthesigningofthecontract,todothemanagementcontractdocumentation,contractandthesupplementarycontractagreementuntiltheregularmeetingsiteinminutes.Workcontactssuchasasinglecontentofacontractextensionandexplainedthattheintegritymustbepreserved,inadditiontoestablishingatechnicalfiles,Implementationofthecontractfordynamicanalysis,resultsoftheanalysistotakeproactivemeasures.

4.2Constructionphase

IntheconstructionphaseconstructionplanisbasedonthebudgetorKenworkscontractpriceofthetarget,Kencontrolthecostoftheproject.Atthisstageofconservationhasroomforasmall,butthepossibilityofwasteisgreat.Therebytocontrolthecostoftheprojecttogivesufficientattention.

4.2.1Constructionprogram

Constructionprogramtostrengthenthecomparativetechnicalandeconomicconstructionprogramisconstructiondesignofare-tothecontentsofthework,areasonableconstructionplan,shortentheconstructionperiodandensurethequalityoftheproject,improvingeconomicefficiency,Constructionoftheprogramrightfromthetechnicalandeconomicevaluationwerecompared,throughqualitativeandquantitativeanalysis,thequality,time,Costthreetechnicalandeconomicindicators,berational,andeffectiveuseofmanpower,materialandfinancialresources,achievebettereconomicefficiency,goodconstructionmanagementrelations,acomprehensivecostmanagementisanimportantway.

4.2.2Strictlyrelatedchangestotheprojectbudgetcontrolintheproposedbudget.

Constructionofthechangescausedbymanyreasons,includingworkspoorlydesigned,sothattheengineeringcontractwiththedrawingsprovidedinconsistent;Thecurrentmarketsupplyofmaterialsdonotmeetthestandardspecificationsofthedesignrequirements.Theseissueshavetoleavebreadwinnerprojectcostfactors.Therefore,intheconstructionprocess,wemusttightencustomschange,throughnodesignchangestoexpandthescaleandimprovethedesignstandards;increasetheconstructionandcontents,thebestimplementationofthe"gradecontrol,visaquota"system.Righttochangethedesign,particularlyasitrelatestothecostofthedesignchangesmustbeapprovedbythedesignunits,constructionunitsscenerepresentatives,supervisionengineerscommonsignature,andshouldbeaheadofthistypeofchange,reducelosses,becauseithasbeencompletedorpartiallycompletedprojectwillentailthedemolitionofthecontents,itisboundtocausemajorchangestotheloss.Therefore,theconstructionunitsshouldbeassignedtotheprojectcostmanagementprofessionalsPermanentconstructionsite,tograspatanytime.Controlprojectcostofthechanges.

4.2.3Worksonthescenevisaformalities

Throughstrictcontroloftheconstructionprojectsupervisionsystem,theestablishmentofspecializeddepartments,Professionaluseoftheprofessionalmanagementofprojectsandtoavoidprojectmanagementpersonneljustvisas,noteconomicaccountofthephenomenon.Investmentoutofcontrolcausedseriousconsequences.Toseriouschangevisaprocedurestobetakentothebuilding,Supervisor,theconstructionsitetogetherrepresentativessignedthewaytoensurethatchange,visaauthenticity,legitimacy,economicandavoidfraudandtheresultingphenomenaarisingfromthedispute.

Inthecourseofconstruction,theconstructionunitstoenhanceon-siteconstructionmanagement,supervisionandconstructionsideaccordingtothedrawings,andstrictlycontrolthechangeofthenegotiations,materialssubstitution,thescenevisas,andvariousadditionalextrabudgetarylaborcostsforthenecessarychangesshouldbedonefirstafterwards,aftermoney,Changeeventonthetimelychangeinthecalculationoftheworkloadandthecostofchangeoccurredtograspatanytimecostoftheprojectlevel,thingstoavoidabacklogofworkthatthetruecostoftheproject.

Constructionunitrepresentativestothescenetosupervisedoingagoodjobrecord,particularlyconcealedrecordsandvisas,reduceclearingthepassingphenomenon.Manyworksvisasceneisnotasserious,workstobringaverylargesettlementofthetrouble,leadtoconsiderableeconomiclosses,thescenestrictvisamanagementoftheconstructionphaseoftheprojectcostcontrolkey.

Ofprojectlistrigorousreviewoftheprojectonthereviewofinventories

Engineers’monitorlistofmeasurestocontroltheproject.BOQtoprovidethelistofmeasuresistocompleteconstructionprojects,occurredinthepre-constructionengineeringandconstructionprocesstechnology,lifeandsafetyaspectsofnon-engineeringprojectsentities.Atthisstagebecausemanyprojectsareinconstructionplansandtheconstructionsiteoftheimperfectionsonthetenderwaituntiltheconstructiontenderoftheprojectdesignandactualscenehavebetteraccess.ManagementEngineeraddressesthegatheringfirst-handinformationontheoriginal,itemizedcheckingidentification,inconsistentmakerevisions.

Controlmaterialconsumption,rationallyd