（高考英语作文炼句）第15篇译文老师笔记

PAGEPAGE11.在很多亚洲国家,孩子们被迫从早到晚一直学习.就算周末他们也会被送去参加课外补习或接受家教辅导.这会使他们的童年变成考试和学术成就高于一切的无趣折磨.InmanyAsiancountrieschildrenareforcedtostudyfromearlymorninguntilwellintotheevening.Evenatweekendstheywillbetakentoattendextra-curricularclassesorreceivetutoring.Thiscan

turntheirchildhoodinto

(1.将他们的童年变成……)ajoyless

grind(2.折磨),anexistencewheretestresultsandacademicperformance

trump

(3.高于……)allelse.

1-turnAintoB词典释义：UK

[tɜ：n]

US

[tɝ：n]

verb

Phrasal

Verbs

turn(sb/sth)intosb/sth

IMPROVER

■tochangeandbecomesomeoneorsomethingdifferent,ortomakesomeoneorsomethingdothis

(使)变成;(使)成为•Thecouncilwashopingto

turn

achildren's

homeintoaresidenceforadolescentgirls.市议会希望把儿童之家变成青春期少女之家.•Thetown

turned

from

asmallseaside

resortintoamajorcommercialcentrewhenoilwasdiscovered.发现石油后,这个小镇由一个小小海滨胜地变成重要的商业中心.

外刊例句：Addingsensorsandotherdevicestobridges,tunnelsand

buildingscan

turn

them

into

"smartstructures”capableof

sensingand,insomecases,evenrespondingtoproblems.

()给桥梁、隧道和建筑物加装感应器或其他电子设备可以让它们变成"智能建筑”,也就是说,它们可以感测出问题,在某些情况下甚至能对问题做出回应.

替换表达：changeAintoB

学生错误表达：(1)

Maketheir

childhoodinto点评：没有makesomething

intosomething的搭配,这里应该改为turntheirchildhoodinto(2)

maketheir

childhoodbecome点评：语法上没有问题,但表达上不够turn

theirchildhoodinto自然.

2-grind词典释义：grind[graɪnd]

noun

onlysingular

informal

■adifficultorboringactivitywhichneedsalotofeffort

令人厌倦的苦事;苦差事

•Havingtotypeupmyhandwrittenworkwasareal

grind.还要把手写的作业用打字机打出来,这让我叫苦连天.•The

daily

grind

oflookingafter

threechildrenwaswearingherdown.每天照顾三个孩子,这个苦差事快把她累垮了.

外刊例句：Meanwhileworklesseasilybrokendownintoaseriesof

stereotypedtasks—whetherrewarding,asthemanagementofotherworkersand

theteachingoftoddlerscanbe,ormoreofa

grind,liketidyingandcleaningmessyworkplaces—hasgrownasa

shareoftotalemployment.

()与此同时,要把工作分解成一系列的模式化任务已经没以前那么容易了,无论是诸如管理其它员工或是教授小孩等让人感到成就感的工作,还是像清洁混乱的工作环境等让人心生厌倦的差事,它们都已经是充分就业的体现.

替换表达：toil/chore/slog/drudgery

学生错误表达：(1)

suffer点评：suffer是动词,这里不能当成名词用,可以改为suffering

3-trumpallelse

词典释义：trump[trʌmp]

verb

transitive

■tobeatsomeoneor

somethingbydoingorproducingsomethingbetter

打败,赢•Theirmillion-poundbidforthecompanywas

trumped

atthelastmomentbyanofferforalmosttwiceasmuchfromtheirmain

competitor.他们出价100万英镑收购那家公司,但最终输给了以几乎两倍价格竞标的主要对手.

外刊例句：Politicaleliteswhoexpectbriberyorblindpopulismto

trump

allelse

inIndonesiaareoftenleftflummoxed,and,

increasingly,outofpower.()部分印度尼西亚政治精英企图通过收买或愚弄民粹主义群体来赢得政治胜利,但他们常常因此变得晕头转向,日渐失去政治权力.

替换表达：beparamount/beprizedaboveallthings/overrideallother

concerns

学生错误表达：(1)

bemost

importantthananyother点评：这里不应该用最高级,可用比较级表达：bemoreimportantthanothers(2)

bepriorthan

anyothers点评：用词不当.Prior含义是"先前的,较先的”,不可以用来指重要性.(3)

atapriority

of点评：没有atapriority

of的搭配,这里可以改为becomethefirstpriority(4)

behigher

thananyotherthings点评：anyother用在比较结构中的时候后面的名词应该用单数形式,即behigherthananyotherthing

Q：untilwellinto：直到,这个说法第一次见到.为什么要加wellinto?until的意思表达的还不够完整吗?A：这是well的一种常见用法,用来对介词into进行强调,wellintotheevening强调已经到了深夜.

ESSENTIAL

■usedtoemphasizesomeprepositions

(用于强调某些介词)•Theresultsare

well

above/below

whatweexpected.结果比我们预想的要好／差得多.•Keep

well

awayfrom

theedgeofthecliff.离悬崖边远远的.•Itcost

well

over

£100.它的价格远远高于100英镑.•Stand

well

clearofthedoors!

离门远点!

Q：atweekends/onweekends都可以吗?A：两者都可以但atweekends是英式英语说法,on

weekends是美式英语说法.

Q：anexistencewhere的句型应该怎么用?A：可以参见今天的长难句分析.

Q：turntheirchildhoodinto

：疑问：to和into这里是否可以互换?A：不可以互换.Turnsomethingintosomething是一个固定搭配.

Q：even加状语,主句需要倒装吗?Evenin

weekendswilltheybesentto…A：不需要倒装,这里应该改为Eveninweekendstheywillbesentto…

Thiscanturntheirchildhoodintoajoylessgrind,an

existencewheretestresultsandacademicperformancetrumpallelse.

[分析]本句的主干为Thiscanturntheir

childhoodintoajoylessgrind,其中This为主语,指代上句所述亚洲国家的孩子们被迫从早到晚学习的现象,canturn为谓语,theirchildhood为宾语,ajoylessgrind为宾语补足语,对孩子们的童年进行补充说明.逗号之后的部分是ajoylessgrind的同位语,其中包含了一个where引导的定语从句,修饰anexistence.在where定语从句中,testresultsandacademicperformance是主语,trump是谓语,allelse是宾语.

2.研究显示在童年时受到压抑和逼迫的人,长大后更有可能变得神经质且情感道路不顺.虽然被敦促努力学习的孩子更有可能在学术上有所成就,但是这并不意味着他们会有更多广泛的成功,且这显然不是一条好的通往快乐之路.Ithasbeenshownthat

(1.研究显示)adultswhowerepushedandpressuredduringtheirchildhoodaremuchmorelikelytobeneuroticandhaverelationshipproblems.Althoughchildrenwhowerepushedtostudyhardaremorelikelytobeacademicallysuccessful,thisdoesnotnecessarily

translateinto

(2.转化为)morebroadsuccess,andiscertainlynot

agoodpathto(3.通往……之路)happiness.

1-Ithasbeenshownthatthat引导主语从句,注意这里的现在完成时.

词典释义：showUK

[ʃəʊ]

US

[ʃoʊ]

verb

(showed,

shown)

PROVE

证明

ESSENTIAL

transitive

■toprovesomething

ormakethetruthorexistenceofsomethingknown

证明;表明•[R]Shehasshownherself

(tobe)

ahighlycompetentmanager.她已经证明了自己是一个非常有能力的管理者.•Hisdiaries

show

him

tohavebeen

anextremelyinsecureperson.他的日记显示他一直是一个极不自信的人.•[+(that)]Thediaries

show

(that)

hewasveryinsecure.日记显示他曾经极度没有自信.•Show

me

(that)

Icantrustyou.证明给我看,让我可以相信你.•[+questionword]Ourresearchhasshown(us)

how

littleweknowaboutthisdisease.我们的研究显示,我们对这种疾病知之甚少.

外刊例句：In2004JonathanTillyofHarvardMedicalSchoolandhis

colleaguesdiscoveredstemcellsinmouseovaries.Sincethen

ithasbeenshownthat

theseovarian

stemcellscandevelopintoeggs,befertilisedandproduceperfectlyhealthy

mousepups.

()哈佛医学院的JonathanTilly及其同事于2004年,在老鼠卵巢里发现了干细胞.此类卵巢干细胞能够分化成为卵细胞,卵细胞在受精后还能发育成健康的鼠宝宝,而此理论已得以证实.

替换表达：Studieshaveshownthat/Researchhasshownthat

学生错误表达：(1)

Theresearch

shows/indicates点评：research是一个不可数名词,不可以加-es,同时,当我们泛指"研究”时,应该说research,而不能说theresearch,"研究表明引发这种疾病的原因有部分是营养不良”,应该说Researchshowsthatthediseaseiscausedinpartbybad

nutrition.而不能说Theresearchshowsthatthedisease

iscausedinpartbybadnutrition.(2)

Itisproved

that...点评：Itisprovedthat…

是指"某事被证明”,与原句意思不同.(3)

Accordingto

theresearches,...点评：research是一个不可数名词,不可以加-es,同时这里research是泛指,前面不能加the

2-translateinto注意translate所跟的介词是into,不可以改成in或者to.

词典释义：translate3.V-ERG

及物/不及物动词

(使)转变为;(使)转化为

Ifonething

translates

or

istranslatedinto

another,thesecondhappensorisdoneasaresultofthefirst.

【语法信息】：Vinton

【语法信息】：beV-edinton•ReformingWarsaw'sstagnanteconomyrequiresharsh

measuresthatwould

translate

intojoblosses...重整华沙停滞的经济需要强硬措施,这会造成工作岗位的裁减.•Yourdecisionmustbe

translatedintospecific,concreteactions.你的决定必须转化为具体明确的行动.

外刊例句：Thatisnotthecaseforcompaniesinvestinginnewplants

andequipment,whicharelesslikelytochangetheirbehaviouruntil

announcementsbegintobetranslated

into

realpolicies.

()这对那些投资新型机械设备的公司并不成立,因为它们大多要等到通告开始化为现实政策才会改变其运营方式.

替换表达：doesnotnecessarilymean/leadto/resultin

学生错误表达：(1)

ensure点评：ensure含义是"确保,保证”,例如facilitiestoensurethesafetyofcyclists确保骑车人安全的设施,不能用来指"转化为……”.

3-agoodpathto(doing)sth,注意to为介词.

词典释义：pathUK

[pɑ：θ]

US

[pæθ]

noun

countable

ACTIONS

一系列行动

ADVANCED

■asetofactions,

especiallyoneswhichleadtoagoalorresult

(尤指达到某一目的或结果的)行动步骤,途径•The

path

to

successisfraughtwith

difficulties.成功之路充满艰辛.

外卡例句：Withtheincreasedemphasisonapprenticeshipsweshouldbe

aimingtofindouthowtheseimpact,whotakesthemupandwhethertheyare

agoodpathtocontributingtothe

healthofourscienceandengineeringbase.

()随着大家强烈关注学徒期,我们应该致力于弄清楚：学徒期的影响会有多大,哪些群体会接受它以及它是不是能给我们的科学技术领域做贡献的途径.

替换表达：agatewaytosomething/theroadtosomething

学生错误表达：(1)

anaccess

to...点评：access一般指进入某具体事物的途径或方法,例如Themainaccessto(=entranceto)thebuildingisattheside.大楼的主入口在侧面.后面不能接抽象的事物,比如成功等.

Q：werepushedtostudyhard被动学习是必须加上hard么,可以写成werepushedtostudy么?A：可以说werepushedtostudy,但加上hard来修饰,意思会更加完整.

Q：relationship还可以是和同事朋友之间的关系,但情感道路一般不指这些吧?A：relationship可以指爱情关系,例如朗文词典例句：She

doesn'treallywantarelationshipwithme.她不太想和我谈恋爱.

Q：更加广泛的成功,为什么不是broadersuccess,而是morebroadsuccess,broad的比较级不是broader吗?A：more在这里修饰的是success,而不是broad,broadsuccess是一个常见搭配,含义是"广泛的成功”,例如《卫报》例句：WhileCarol,FreeheldandTheDanishGirlhavewon

broadsuccess,Sydney’supcoming

MardiGrasfilmfestivaloffersalesslimitedviewofgenderandsexuality.

3.虽然敦促孩子努力学习明显有益,但在很大程度上有一个完整轻松的童年更为重要.让孩子自由自在成长,免于过度忧虑是确保孩子全面、快乐成长的最好方式.Althoughthereareclearlybenefitsinpushingchildrentostudyhard,theseare

toalargeextent

(1.很大程度上)outweighedbytheimportanceofhavingafulland

stress-free

(2.轻松)childhood.Allowingchildrentogrowupattheirownpace

freefromundueworry(3.免于过度忧虑)is

thebestwaytoensure

(4.确保……的最好方式)theygrowintowell-rounded,happyadults.

1-toalargeextent在表示程度时,extent前的介词均为to.

词典释义：3.PHRASE

短语

在很大程度上/在某种程度上/在一定程度上

Youuseexpressionssuchas

toalargeextent,

tosomeextent,or

toacertain

extent

inordertoindicatethatsomethingis

partlytrue,butnotentirelytrue.

【搭配模式】：PHRwithcl

【语用信息】：vagueness•Itwasand,toalarge

extent,stillisagoodshow...它过去是个好节目,现在在很大程度上仍是个好节目.

•Tosome

extent

thiswasthetruth...在某种程度上,这是事实.•Toacertain

extent

it'seasierformentogetwork...在一定程度上,男性更容易找到工作.•ThisalsoendangersAmericaninterestsinotherregions,

althoughtoalesser

extent...这也危及到美国在其他地区的利益,只不过危害程度要小一些.

•Toan

extent,thatisthereasonforthemeeting.在某种程度上,那就是召开这次会议的原因.

外刊例句：Inincreasinglytenseinternationalcompetition,

differencesincosts,wagesandlandpricesarebecominglessimportantthan

factorssuchashumancapital,thelaw,marketregulationandthe

environment.Forthisreason,internationalcompetitionis

toalargeextent

acountry's

competitionwithitself.

()成本、工资和地租的差异在日益激烈的国际竞争中,越来越让位于人力资本、市场条件、法治环境和生态状况等因素的区别.因此,国际竞争很大程度上是一国自己与自己的竞争.

替换表达：largely/inlargemeasure/toagreatdegree/insomemeasure/

inlargepart/forthemostpart

学生错误表达：(1)

insomewayto点评：someway含义是"以某种方法”,用在这里不符合句子的原意.(2)

animportant

partof点评：somethingisan

importantpartofsomething含义是"……是某事物中重要的一部分”,用在这里不妥.2-stress-free名词加上"-free”表示"没有……的”,例如trouble-free无忧无虑的、tax-free免税的.

词典释义：stress[stres]

noun

WORRY

焦虑

IMPROVER

countable

or

uncountable

■greatworrycausedbyadifficultsituation,orsomething

whichcausesthiscondition

紧张,压力;造成紧张的因素

•People

under

alotof

stress

mayexperience

headaches,minorpainsandsleepingdifficulties.压力大的人可能会出现头痛、轻微疼痛和睡眠障碍.•Yogaisaveryeffectivetechniquefor

combating

stress.练瑜伽是舒缓压力非常有效的方法.•thestresses

andstrains

ofthejob工作的紧张和压力•stress

-related

illness压力引起的疾病

外刊例句：Thisishardlytheonlyevidencethatsomethingisamiss

withourassumptionthatstressequalsmisery,whilea

stress-free

lifeisbliss.Insurveys,themoststressed

countriesarealsoamongthehappiest,andviceversa.

()我们提出假设,认为压力会使人难过,而没有压力的生活则会使人快乐,但该证据证明了此假设是错误的,而且还有其他证据也同样证明了这一点.调查发现,压力最大的国家是最快乐的国家,反之亦然.替换表达：carefree/relaxed

学生错误表达：(1)

relaxed-free点评：没有relaxed-free的说法,这里应该改为stress-free(2)easystress-free点评：stress-free已经包含有easy的含义,前面的easy应该去掉.(3)

without

excessworry点评：这里改为without

excessiveworry会更为常见.

3-freefromundueworry

词典释义：undueUK

[ʌn'dju：]

US

[-'du：]

formal

adjective

[beforenoun]

■toalevelwhichismorethanisnecessary,acceptableor

reasonable

过分的,过度的•Suchahighincreasewillimposean

undue

burdenon

thelocaltaxpayer.涨幅如此之高会给当地纳税人增加过度负担.

外刊例句：Mostofthemarepaidabout£16,900,accordingtotheCof

E.Strictlyspeakingthisisnot'pay'atallbut'anallowancetoallowthe

priesttolivewithout

undue

financial

worry,inneither

povertynorriches'.ButeventheCofEthinksthis1943definitionand

systemisoutdated.

()根据CofE,大部分牧师能拿到16900英镑薪水.严格来说这不能叫做"支付薪水”,应该说是让"牧师不用负担财务压力,能过着既不清贫也不奢华的生活.”但就算是CofE也认为这个1943年的定义与系统已经过时了.

替换表达：freefromunnecessaryworry

学生错误表达：(1)farfromanxious点评：farfromsomething含义是"远非……”,例如：Conditions

arestillfarfromideal.条件仍很不理想.这里应该改为freefromundue

worry

4-thebestwaytoensure词典释义：way[weɪ]

noun

METHOD

方法

ESSENTIAL

countable

■anactionthatcanproducetheresultyou

want;amethod

•Therearemany

ways

of

solving

theproblem.

•[+

to

infinitive]That'snotthe

way

to

doit-letmeshow

you.

•Thatmethodhasn't

worked,solet'stryyour

way.

外刊例句：Thatisunderstandable：itisbetterthatterroristsare

unawarehoweasyitmightbetodupescreeners.Butthenagaintransparency

isprobably

thebestwaytoensure

thatproceduresaretightened.

()这可以理解：恐怖分子若意识不到欺骗安检员有多么简单的话,那就更好了.不过,程序透明化仍然是确保能有效监管流程的最好方法.

Q：第一句的clearly做副词修饰are吗?可以说thereareclearbenefits吗?A：clearly在这里是副词,含义相当于obviously,显而易见的.不可以写成thereareclearbenefits

UK

['klɪə.li]

US

['klɪr-]

adverb

CERTAIN

明确地

ESSENTIAL

■usedtoshowthatyouthinksomethingisobvious

orcertain

明显地;明确地;无疑地•Theaccidentwas

clearly

thelorrydriver'sfault.这次意外显然是卡车司机的过错.•Clearly,youshouldtellherthetruth.毫无疑问,你应该告诉她真相.

Q：ensure后面应该要接that才能接句子吧?A：ensure后面的that可以省略,例如剑桥词典例句：Theroleofthepoliceistoensure(that)thelawisobeyed.员警的职责就是确保人们遵守法律.

Q：请问"Allowingchildrentogrowupattheirownpace

freefromundueworry”这里的"free”是什么词性?A：free在这里是形容词,freefrom

something是一个固定搭配,含义是"免于……”,这里相当于Allowingchildrento

growupattheirownpacethatisfreefromundueworry

Q：请问为什么well-rounded,happyadults,这两个形容词用了逗号连接,而不是and?在意思表达上会有区别吗?A：这里用逗号或者and连接都可以,意思上没有区别.

Q：thesearetoalargeextentoutweighedbythe

importanceof可以不写中间那部分outweighedbythe么A：不可以,toalargeextent可以理解为插入语,句子主干是theseareoutweighedbytheimportanceof…

Q：push和urge在这里可以互换吗?2.toalargeextent和inalargepart在这句话中可以替换?A：push和urge不可以替换.push在这里是指孩子被家长施加压力要求学习,urge一般是指督促某人做某事,常见搭配为urgesomebodytodosomething,没有somebody

isurged的说法.

Q：toalargeextent和inalarge

part在这句话中可以替换?A：可以替换,但inalargepart应该改为inlargepart,这是一个固定用法.

4.为了紧跟数字时代的发展,每一所大学都要配备足够数量的电脑.学生也需要被教授基本的计算机科学知识,这样他们才不会落后.电脑技能的重要性可以被一个事实证明：大部分公司都要求他们潜在的员工熟练掌握常用的软件,比如微软的办公软件.Inorderto

keepabreastof(1.跟上……的发展)thedigitalera,everyuniversityshouldbeequippedwithanadequatenumberofcomputers.Studentsshouldalsobetaught

thebasicsof

(2.关于……的基础知识)computersciencesothattheywillnot

lagbehind(3.落后).Theimportanceofcomputerskillsis

evidencedby

(4.被……证明)thefactthatmostcompaniesrequiretheirprospectiveemployeestobeproficientincommonlyusedsoftware,suchasMicrosoftOffice.

1-keepabreastof

词典释义：keepabreastofsth

■tomakesureyouknowallthemostrecentfactsabouta

subjectorsituation

了解…的最新情况;跟上…的最新进展•Itrytokeep

abreast

ofanydevelopments.我试着了解新的进展情况.

外刊例句：Theabilityofaspecialistoutsourcingfirmto

keepabreastof

thelatest

developmentsinitsfield.Thishasbeenaparticularlysignificantfactorin

theareaofinformationtechnology,wheretechnologicalchangehasbeenso

rapidthatcompanies'in-housecapabilitiesarehardpressedtokeepupwith

it.()专业外包公司在该领域紧跟发展潮流的能力.这种能力已经是信息技术行业中至关重要的因素;在信息技术行业,技术日新月异,以至于公司的内部能力难以跟上发展潮流.

替换表达：keepup/pacewiththelatestdevelopment

学生错误表达：(1)

followthe

development点评：中式表达,没有followthe

development的说法,这里应该改为keepabreastofthelatest

developments

2-thebasicsofsth.

词典释义：basics

●○○○○1.N-PLURAL

复数名词

基础;基本内容;基本原则

The

basics

of

somethingareitssimplest,mostimportantelements,ideas,orprinciples,in

contrasttomorecomplicatedordetailedones.

【搭配模式】：usutheN•Theywillconcentrateonteachingthe

basics

ofreading,writingandarithmetic...他们将集中教授阅读、写作和算术基础知识.•Astrongcommunitycannotbebuiltuntilthe

basics

areinplace...只有基本原则确立了才能建立起一个强大的团体.

•Let'sgetdownto

basics

andstophorsingaround.别胡闹了,我们还是收收心想想要紧事吧.

外刊例句：Howthegovernmentmighteventuallyharvestdataforsocial

controliscauseforconcern,butfornowlendersaremerelytryingtomaster

thebasicsof

creditratings.

()人们已经开始担心政府最终将如何收集到用于社会控制的数据,不过目前为止,借款人仅仅在尝试弄明白信用系统的基础知识.

替换表达：abasicknowledgeof

学生错误表达：(1)

somebasicof

computerscience点评：basic是形容词,不能当名词使用,这里可以改为thebasicsofcomputerscience

3-lagbehind

词典释义：lag

●●○○○1.VERB

动词

落后;赶不上

Ifonethingorperson

lagsbehind

anotherthingorperson,theirprogressisslowerthanthatoftheother.•Britainstill

lagsbehindmostof

Europeinitsprovisionsforwomenwhowanttimeofftohavebabies...英国在妇女生